Animal Diversity Exam
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Course Introduction
Animal Diversity is an introductory course that explores the vast array of animal life found on Earth, emphasizing the evolutionary relationships, structural adaptations, life cycles, and ecological roles of major animal phyla. The course covers the fundamental characteristics that distinguish different animal groups, examines morphological and physiological adaptations to various environments, and highlights the processes of evolution and speciation. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of how animals are classified, the significance of biodiversity for ecological stability, and current issues related to conservation and the impact of human activities on animal populations.
Recommended Textbook
Integrated Principles of Zoology 17th Edition by Cleveland P Hickman
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which kingdom contains multicellular organisms that ingest their food?
A)Protista
B)Animalia
C)Plantae
D)Fungi
Answer: B
Q2) What is the goal of using the experimental method to investigate proximate causes in biology?
A)To disprove biological principles or theories
B)To test our understanding of a biological system
C)To better mankind by inventing something unique
D)To prove or disprove the existence of God
Answer: B
Q3) When the paradigms of science are shifted or replaced,we consider this a
A)scientific discovery.
B)scientific revolution.
C)change in scientific principles.
D)theoretical breakthrough.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Origin and Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a steroid?
A)Vitamin D
B)Adrenocortical hormones
C)Sex hormones
D)Cholesterol
E)All of the choices are steroids
Answer: E
Q2) A solution that has a pH of 5 has
A)a concentration of H<sup>+</sup> 20 times higher than water.
B)a concentration of H<sup>+</sup> 100 times higher than water.
C)a concentration of H<sup>+</sup> the same as water.
D)a concentration of H<sup>+</sup> 20 times lower than water.
E)a concentration of H<sup>+</sup> 100 times lower than water.
Answer: B
Q3) The fact that nucleic acids are very complicated molecules suggests that
A)the RNA-first hypothesis is impossible.
B)the protein-first hypothesis is therefore the only plausible hypothesis.
C)no natural system could ever generate them.
D)None of the choices is correct.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Cells As Units of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which occurs during anaphase?
A)Centrioles move to opposite poles
B)Chromosomes line up along the equator of the dividing cell
C)Chromatids move to opposite poles
D)The nuclear envelope disappears
Answer: C
Q2) A paramecium is placed in a hypotonic solution.Which will occur?
A)Salts will move into the paramecium from the surrounding solution
B)Water will move into the paramecium from the surrounding solution
C)Salts will move out of the paramecium into the surrounding solution
D)Water will move out of the paramecium into the surrounding solution
Answer: B
Q3) A multinucleate mass formed by the fusion of many cells rather than by nuclear proliferation is called a ____________.
Answer: syncytium
Q4) Phospholipids in a plasma membrane are oriented such that the water-soluble or _________ ends face outside and the fat-soluble or hydrophobic ends face inward.
Answer: hydrophilic
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Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which process involves chemiosmotic coupling?
A)The Krebs cycle
B)Glycolysis
C)The electron transport system
D)Fermentation
Q2) Which is true of enzyme-catalyzed reactions?
A)All enzymes promote only catabolic reactions
B)Reactions catalyzed by most enzymes tend to go predominantly in one direction
C)All enzymatic reactions are reversible and produce equal amounts of products in both directions
D)All enzymes promote only anabolic reactions
Q3) If anaerobic glycolysis is only one-eighteenth as efficient as complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide,then why would an organism use such an inefficient pathway?
Q4) Both NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub> are produced by
A)the Krebs cycle.
B)glycolysis.
C)the electron transport system.
D)oxidative phosphorylation.
Q5) Can virtually any organic compound be broken down (assuming it is non-toxic)?
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Chapter 5: Genetics: a Review
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following are sex chromosomes of a normal human male?
A)XY
B)XX
C)XO
D)YO
Q2) What was the relationship between Gregor Mendel's work and the growing understanding of cells and chromosomes?
A)Mendel's work immediately generated great interest in what was the genetic material
B)Mendel was unaware of chromosomes and genes,which were not identified for 30 years
C)Breakthroughs in cytology and the structure of chromosomes were the factor that led Mendel to his experiments
D)Mendel's work led cell biologists to discover the nucleus and its role
Q3) _________ _________ are enzymes derived from bacteria;they cleave double-stranded DNA at a particular site determined by the particular base sequences (recognition site)at that point.
Q4) mRNA molecules attach themselves to a _______ for the production of proteins.
Q5) Males are said to be ___________ for traits carried on the X chromosome.
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Chapter 6: Organic Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how Malthus' work in socioeconomics applied to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Q2) The generation of ecologically diverse species from a common ancestral stock is called ________________.
Q3) Which of the following would form a nested hierarchy or hierarchies of homologies?
A)Humans share most common blood types but we have fewer in common with monkeys and share fewest with rats
B)Birds have feathers,muscles and nucleated cells;fish have muscles and nucleated cells;an amoeba has a nucleus
C)Skeletal measurements cluster among modern apes and humans;ape-man fossil skeletal features also cluster and overlap with both modern apes and humans
D)All of the choices include nested hierarchies of homologies
Q4) Explain why extinction is a necessary aspect of evolution.What would happen if nothing died and there were no extinction?
Q5) Compare the ideas of phenotypic gradualism with those of punctuated equilibrium.
Q6) Define sexual selection and provide an example.
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Chapter 7: The Reproductive Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which association concerning structures in the human male is NOT correct?
A)Testes-produce sperm
B)Testes-produce testosterone
C)Vas deferens-carries urine
D)Prostate gland-seminal fluid
E)Urethra-conducts sperm
Q2) What would be associated with animals that produce litters?
A)The uterus would be designed for more implantation sites
B)More nipples and mammary gland tissue would be present
C)More eggs are triggered to develop than in humans
D)There may be a tendency to have identical twins from division of the fertilized egg
E)All of the choices would be possible with an animal that regularly produces a litter
Q3) The acrosome functions to
A)contain enzymes that help a sperm head "digest" its way into an egg.
B)increase the sperm's motility.
C)direct the sperm to the egg.
D)transport the chromosomes out of the egg.
E)store energy for swimming to the egg.
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Chapter 8: Principles of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cleavage in mammals
A)is faster than most other groups.
B)does not begin,like most other animals,with a first cleavage plane through the animal-vegetal axis.
C)is asynchronous,meaning that all blastomeres do not divide at the same time.
D)is very loose,with cells drifting about in a loose amorphous,bubble-like mass.
Q2) In land vertebrates,the function of the chorion is to
A)become umbilical cord.
B)enclose the entire embryonic system and then fuse to form the chorioallantoic membrane.
C)grow from the embryonic hindgut to become a repository for the wastes of metabolism.
D)surround the embryo and provide a marine environment for development.
Q3) The nervous system of vertebrates develops from which germ layer?
A)Epiderm
B)Ectoderm
C)Endoderm
D)Mesoderm
E)Myoderm
Q4) Distinguish "germ cells" and "germ layers."
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Architectual Pattern of an Animal
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two major fluid compartments of the metazoan body are
A)the extracellular space and the interstitial space.
B)the extracellular space and the intracellular space.
C)the extracellular space and the intercellular space.
D)None of the choices is correct.
Q2) Which statement most closely represents the diversity of animal patterns resulting from the Cambrian time period?
A)The Cambrian saw the first animal ancestor;all animal architecture dates back to these fossils.
B)About 33 phyla evolved by the end of the Cambrian and there are now perhaps 100 phyla that have radiated from them.
C)About 100 phyla evolved by the end of the Cambrian and there are now about 33 surviving animal phyla.
D)Through the Cambrian,only non-animal ancestors existed,but after that time nearly 100 phyla evolved.
Q3) In animal anatomy,distal parts are farther from the middle of the body than are __________ parts.
Q4) An animal that possesses an ectoderm,mesoderm and endoderm is called
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Chapter 10: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The table represents a: \[\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Domain } & \text { Eukarya } \\
\text { Kingdom } & \text { Animalia } \\
\text { Phylum } & \text { Chordata } \\
\text { Class } & \text { Amphibia } \\
\text { Order } & \text { Amura } \\
\text { Family } & \text { Raridae } \\
\text { Genus } & \text { Rana } \\
\text { Species } & \text { sphenocephala } \end{array}\]
A)classification of the frog Rana sphenocephala.
B)phylogenetic tree of Rana sphenocephala.
C)cladogram of Rana sphenocephala.
D)hierarchical list of the taxonomic ranks and taxa to which Rana sphenocephala belongs.
E)listing of the scientific names of Rana sphenocephala.
Q2) "An irreducible (basal)grouping of organisms,diagnosably distinct from other such groupings,and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent" describes the ________ ________ _______.
Q3) A derived character shared by members of a clade is a _______________.
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Chapter 11: Unicellular Eukaryotes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which unicellular eukaryote is NOT correctly linked to the type of movement structure it possesses?
A)Amoeboids-pseudopodia
B)Ciliates-cilia
C)Dinoflagellates-flagella
D)Paramecium-flexibility of the pellicle
E)Apicomplexa-reticulopodia
Q2) What are long,thin pseudopodia supported by axial rods of microtubules called?
A)lobopodia
B)filopodia
C)axopodia
D)reticulopodia
E)actinopodia
Q3) The structure in a Euglena that functions to orient it to light is the _______________________ or eyespot.
Q4) The protozoan group that contains only endoparasitic forms is the ____________________.
Q5) Small spined extrusomes in ciliate protozoa that are discharged apparently to aid in the capture of prey or to serve as a defensive mechanism are called
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Chapter 12: Sponges and Placozoans
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Q1) Concerning producing larger organisms without cellular differentiation,
A)nature has never evolved larger organisms because it would never work.
B)nature has evolved larger unicellular organisms but they are rare and have surface-to-volume limitations.
C)this has never occurred since the ancestral cell was small.
D)the more derived the organism,the more differentiated and the smaller the cell size.
E)the more primitive the organism,the smaller the cell size.Larger size and complexity is accomplished through multicellularity.A workable surface-to-mass ratio in an increasingly large single cell cannot be maintained.
Q2) The outer thin,flat,epithelial-like cells that cover the outside and some inside surfaces of sponges,are
A)amoebocytes.
B)pinacocytes.
C)choanocytes.
D)spicules.
E)spongin.Pinacocytes line the outer surface of the body wall of sponges.They may ingest food by phagocytosis and many are contractile to help regulate water flow.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cnidarians and Ctenophores
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Sample Questions
Q1) The free-swimming __________ larva is similar to an adult ctenophore and develops directly into an adult.
Q2) Throughout most cnidarian groups,the basal or pedal disc serves to A)be the base of the tentacles.
B)attach the cnidarian to the substrate.
C)generate buds.
D)perform extracellular digestion.
E)harbor sensory cells.
Q3) The presence of amoeboid cells and fibers in the mesoglea,as well as lack of a velum,would indicate that a medusa was in the class A)hydrozoa.
B)scyphozoa.
C)anthozoa.
D)ctenophora.
E)cubozoa.
Q4) "Glue" cells in ctenophores that function in catching small animals are called ___________.
Q5) Water in the gastrovascular cavity serves as a ________________ skeleton.
Q6) The polypoid stage of scyphozoans is called ________________.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most monogeneans are external parasites of ____________.
Q2) A farmer in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by A)eating infected snails.
B)drinking water contaminated with eggs.
C)eating infected fish that is undercooked or uncooked.
D)swimming or wading in infected water,where the cercariae enter the skin.
E)None of the choices is correct
Q3) The intermediate host of the blood fluke is a A)crayfish.
B)human.
C)frog.
D)dog.
E)None of the choices is correct
Q4) The region used for attachment of a tapeworm is called the A)proglottid.
B)cercaria.
C)sporocyst.
D)scolex.
E)hydatid.
Q5) Turbellarians have light-sensitive organs called _______________ or eyespots.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa
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Sample Questions
Q1) The lophophore is
A)an arrangement of ciliated tentacles.
B)an efficient feeding device.
C)extended from a ridge that surrounds the mouth but not the anus.
D)a respiratory surface for the exchange of gases.
E)All of the choices are correct
Q2) Ectoprocta
A)live in both marine and freshwater habitats.
B)form colonies.
C)resemble cnidarian hydroids.
D)excludes the entoprocts.
E)All of these choices are correct
Q3) The lophophore contains an extension of the A)protocoel.
B)metacoel.
C)mesocoel.
D)pseudocoel.
E)None of the choices is correct
Q4) Colonies of Ectoprocts begin from a single zooid called an _____________.
Q5) The larva of phoronids is called the _____________.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Molluscs
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Q1) The central axis around which the shell of a snail coils is called the A)aperture.
B)columella.
C)sinistral.
D)dextral.
E)torsion.
Q2) The solenogasters
A)live free on the sea bottom and feed on cnidarians.
B)have a shell of eight articulating plates.
C)resemble the squids.
D)are called chitons.
E)have the primitive radula and gill mollusc plan.
Q3) How has the problem of "fouling" been resolved by the various groups of molluscs?
Q4) How do you account for the enormous radiation of the molluscs? Give factual support for your answer.
Q5) Scaphopods have a captacula or head with long tentacles;how do they differ from the tentacles of cephalopods? Are these two types of tentacles homologous?
Q6) The tongue-like,rasping organ in the head of many molluscs is the _____________.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Annelids and Allied Taxa
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Q1) Why does the wound from the bite of a leech bleed profusely?
Q2) Compared to earthworms,freshwater oligochaetes
A)have more conspicuous setae.
B)have better-developed sense organs.
C)are more mobile.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices is correct.
Q3) Why do zoologists not have a well-accepted theory for the origin of segmentation?
Q4) Polychaetes differ from other annelids because polychaetes
A)lack any head or specialized sense organs.
B)have paired parapodia on most segments.
C)have a clitellum used for reproductive purposes.
D)lack setae.
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q5) Discuss the importance of a trochophore larva in both the Annelida and the Mollusca.
Q6) Discuss why segmentation is such an important innovation in the Annelida.
Q7) The feathery arms of fanworms that trap food particles are called ___________
19
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Chapter 18: Smaller Ecdysozoans
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Q1) In what two roundworm parasite cycles do worms get "coughed up" and swallowed in order to complete their cycle?
A)Ascaris and trichina
B)Ascaris and hookworm
C)Elephantiasis and trichina
D)Hookworm and trichina
Q2) Amphids and phasmids
A)are two kinds of nematodes.
B)perform a sensory function.
C)are found in the intestine.
D)are acquired by eating uncooked beef.
E)are reproductive stages in nematodes.
Q3) Loriciferans
A)are tiny,about 0.10 to 0.50 mm long.
B)live in spaces between grains of marine gravel.
C)widely distributed in the world.
D)are dioecious.
E)All of the choices are correct.
Q4) Explain why the Tardigrada and Onychophora are lumped with Arthropoda in the clade Panarthropoda.
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Chapter 19: Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods
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Q1) What is the evolutionary significance of arthropodization? Aren't tetrapods such as humans as successful as arthropods? Explain your reasoning.
Q2) The parasitic or micropredatory arachnids belong to the order ________.
Q3) Eurypterids
A)resembled insects.
B)are extinct.
C)are called sea spiders.
D)were very small aquatic scorpions.
E)were huge ancient scorpions that wandered on land.
Q4) Groups of segments fused or combined into functional groups are called __________.
Q5) The millipedes
A)bear two pairs of legs on most body segments.
B)are very beneficial because they feed on insects.
C)are more active than centipedes because they have more legs.
D)have flattened bodies in contrast to centipedes.
E)lack spiracles and tracheae and therefore differ from centipedes.
Q6) The mouthparts of ticks and mites are carried on an anterior projection called the __________.
Q7) Tactile organs on the ventral side of scorpions are ________________.
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Chapter 20: Crustaceans
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Q1) If crayfish are raised in a very clean aquarium that only has iron filings in the floor,and they are allowed to go through several molts so that an iron filing is now serving as a statolith,what would be the effect of a large magnet suspended above the aquarium?
A)There would be no effect at all.
B)The crayfish would swim sideways.
C)The crayfish would swim upside down.
D)The crayfish would be unable to detect food.
E)The crayfish would be blind.
Q2) The ancestral larval form of crustaceans is the __________.
Q3) How do crustacea differ from other arthropod groups?
A)They possess a telson tail
B)Only crustaceans have two pairs of antennae
C)Only crustaceans have chitinous exoskeletons
D)Only Crustacea possess a two-part body plan of cephalothorax and abdomen
E)A hemocoel is only found in Crustacea
Q4) The major body space in arthropods is called the ______________.
Q5) The organ in crayfish that functions in ion and water regulation and,to some extent,excretion is the ________ _________.
Page 22
Q6) In crustaceans,the molt-inhibiting hormone is produced in the ______________.
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Chapter 21: Hexapods
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Q1) Wings of butterflies,order _________________,are covered with minute scales.
Q2) The stages in the life cycle of a holometabolous insect are egg,larva,________________,adult.
Q3) Which is an advantage(s)of a more complex form of metamorphosis where an adult is very different from the larvae?
A)This would allow an insect species to exploit two different food sources.
B)An insect could evade a predator specialized for one stage.
C)It allows an insect to overwinter in resistant stage.
D)All of the choices are advantages.
E)None of the choices is correct.
Q4) When an insect larvae slowly consumes and eventually kills its host,it is called a A)hyperparasite.
B)phytophagous.
C)saprophagous.
D)hyperpredaceous.
E)parasitoid.
Q5) Each stage of an insect between molts is called a(n)_____________.
Q6) The dorsal sclerite of a body segment is the ________________.
Q7) Discuss hypotheses for the evolution of insect wings.
Page 23
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Chapter 22: Chaetognaths, echinoderms, and Hemichordates
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Q1) Water for filter feeding in the hemichordates is driven by _________ _________.
Q2) ________________ is the porous plate on the aboral surface where water enters the water vascular system of a sea star.
Q3) The larva of an acorn worm is
A)always a juvenile that grows into a bigger adult.
B)a tornaria larvae that resembles an echinoderm bipinnaria larvae.
C)very close in structure to a tunicate larva.
D)nearly identical to a lancelet.
E)None of the choices is correct.
Q4) How do the tube feet of sea stars and sea urchins operate?
A)Sticky threads lead back to the mouth and primitive brain
B)Cilia transport hemolymph from chamber to chamber
C)Actin and myosin in muscles in the five arms or "rays" constrict the tube feet directly when stimulated by nerves from the sea star brain
D)A hydraulic system regulates water pressure in the tube feet
E)Each tube foot is an independent organism and the sea star is a colonial mass
Q5) Hemichordates are marine animals that were formerly considered a subphylum of ____________.
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Q6) On the inner end of each tube foot is a muscular sac called an ______________.
Chapter 23: Chordates
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Q1) The oldest jawed fishes are extinct and are called ____________.
Q2) While several invertebrate groups (phyla)have in the past been proposed as chordate ancestors,embryological evidence indicates the chordates are most probably a sister group to the _____________.
Q3) The name Urochordata means literally
A)"tail chordates."
B)"head chordates."
C)"kidney chordates."
D)"tunic chordates."
E)"larval swimmer."
Q4) The urochordates are enclosed in a nonliving cellulose-containing structure called a _________ or test.
Q5) Of the five chordate hallmarks,adult tunicates have only two,the _______ _______ and the endostyle.
Q6) The early vertebrate fossils belong to an extinct group of jawless fishes known as ____________.
Q7) Outline the process that may explain how vertebrates evolved jaws.Be sure to discuss Meckel's cartilage and the significance of that structure.
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Q8) "Sea squirts," the most common kind of tunicate,belong to the class ___________.
Chapter 24: Fishes
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Q1) Discuss the efficiency of swimming versus walking or flying,in energy cost per kilogram per unit distance covered.How does this translate into advantages for being small or large?
Q2) How do we determine the age of a fish from its scales? Why are there rings on the scales? What do the rings represent?
Q3) Discuss the difficulty of sound detection faced by fish and the adaptations that have evolved in certain groups to help increase their hearing sensitivity.
Q4) Explain why the discovery of a complete conodont animal was so important to understanding the evolutionary history of fishes.
Q5) Outline and compare the life histories of Pacific Salmon and the North Atlantic eel.Which of these two life histories is the more evolutionarily successful (in your opinion)?
Q6) Discuss the vascularization of the gills of fish.Is this homologous or analogous to the vascularization of mammalian lungs?
Q7) Explain why there are relics of the transformation of Meckel's cartilage during the development of modern sharks.
Q8) Sarcopterygians are the sister group of the ________.
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Chapter 25: Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians
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Q1) A frog skeleton
A)has a vertebral column consisting of only nine vertebrae and a urostyle.
B)has a highly flexible vertebral column,an adaptation for transmitting force from the hindlimbs of the body.
C)is,like that of crossopterygian,entirely cartilaginous.
D)bears limbs with four digits on each hand and foot.
E)All of these choices are correct.
Q2) All of the following are characteristics of modern amphibians except one.Select the exception.
A)Ten pairs of cranial nerves
B)Separate sexes
C)Smooth moist skin
D)Endothermic
E)Bony skeleton
Q3) Which of the following regulates amphibian metamorphosis?
A)Calcitonin hormone from the adrenals
B)Thyroxine,a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland
C)Estrogen and testosterone from the gonads
D)Growth hormone by the thyroid gland
E)Salt levels from the environment
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Chapter 26: Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which describes viviparity in living reptiles?
A)It has evolved at least 100 times.
B)It increases the length of time the eggs are kept in the oviduct.
C)It is usually associated with cold climates.
D)It is only found in squamates.
E)All of these choices are correct.
Q2) Describe sex determination in the Crocodilia.Speculate on the evolution of such a system.
Q3) Turtle fossils appear in the _____.
A)Permian
B)Triassic
C)Carboniferous
D)Jurassic
E)Cretaceous
Q4) A unique anatomical design in turtles is that the
A)cranium is fused to the ribs.
B)ribs articulate with the backbone.
C)ribs have been totally lost.
D)limb girdles are inside the ribs.
E)sternum is fused with the ribs.
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Chapter 27: Birds
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a correct association of bird nervous system and function?
A)Dorsal ventricular ridge of cerebrum-integrates eating,singing,flying
B)Cerebellum-coordinates muscle-position,equilibrium,visual cues
C)Pecten-controls pecking and perching
D)Columella-transmits vibrations
E)Optic lobes-visual associations
Q2) A bird's respiratory system is more efficient than the respiratory system of nearly any other vertebrate.Explain the attributes of the bird lifestyle that selected for this highly efficient gas-exchange system.
Q3) The ___________,a group of small feathers on the first digit (or "thumb")of the bird's wing,functions to prevent stalling at low flight speeds.
Q4) The bird that makes the longest known migrations of any bird,between the Arctic and the Antarctic,is the ______ _______.
Q5) Flying birds with keeled sternums are known as Neognathae or ___________.
Q6) Detail four non-trivial likely reasons for the recent decline in songbirds.
Q7) The stomach of a bird is comprised of the enzyme-secreting proventriculus and the muscular ____________.
Page 29
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Chapter 28: Mammals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The North American mammal that shows 10-year cycles in population density,and that is preyed upon by lynx and other predators,is the ______ ______.
Q2) A species of North American mammal that makes mass migrations of several hundred miles between the boreal forests and the tundra is the ___________.or
Q3) The four kinds of teeth that are generally recognized in mammals are molars,premolars,canines,and ________.
Q4) Discuss the importance of NOT over-harvesting wild stocks of animals.What might happen,especially if the world's predatory species decline precipitously because of over-harvesting?
Q5) Discuss the significance of the evolution of echolocation in bats.Could that partially explain why bats are the most diverse group of mammals today?
Q6) The calls of echolocating bats are "frequency modulated," meaning that
A)each pulse repeatedly rises and falls in frequency.
B)the rate of pulse production declines as the bat nears an object.
C)the frequency of the pulse is high at the beginning and drops toward the end.
D)the transmission-to-reception time increases as the bat nears an object.
E)None of the choices is correct
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Chapter 29: Support, Protection, and Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) The number of cervical vertebrae is nearly constant in all vertebrate animals,whether the neck is short or long.Explain this evolutionary phenomenon.
Q2) Define the following terms: keratin,keratinization,cornification,stratum corneum,dermis,epidermis.
Q3) At intervals along the actin strand of skeletal muscle is a complex of protein called ___________ that acts as a calcium-dependent switch.
Q4) Outline the basic sequence of chemical and physiological events involved in the contraction of a muscle fiber.
Q5) Why is the endoskeleton of vertebrates superior to the exoskeleton of insects when it comes to size? Discuss the physical limitations of each.
Q6) Which is NOT a correct association of animal pigments?
A)Melanins-black or brown pigments
B)Carotenoids-yellow and red pigments
C)Iridiophores-blue and green pigments
D)All of the choices are correct
Q7) The thick filament of striated muscle is composed of the protein _____________.
Q8) Outline the function of the two actin-binding proteins tropomyosin and troponin.
Q9) The first two cervical vertebrae are the ___________ and the axis.
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Chapter 30: Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) An animal having a body temperature that is determined solely by the temperature of the environment is said to be
A)poikilothermic.
B)homeothermic.
C)ectothermic.
D)endothermic.
E)None of the choices is correct
Q2) You notice that some flour beetles have been living in a kitchen canister of "dry" flour for a year.As animals,beetles must have water for internal cellular metabolism,hemolymph,etc.How are they probably getting their water?
A)By flying to a water source at night
B)By cannibalism
C)By breakdown of sugar into water and carbon dioxide
D)They are probably 100% efficient and can continually recycle the water in their body
E)None of the choices is correct.
Q3) What is so "adaptive" about adaptive hypothermia in birds and animals? Why not just become ectothermic?
Q4) Freshwater animals tend to lose too much salt and gain too much ____________.
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Chapter 31: Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration
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Sample Questions
Q1) Outline the formation of red blood cells and white blood cells.Why have red blood cells (erythrocytes)lost the nucleus?
Q2) The lymphatic system drains lymph back into the A)large intestine.
B)heart.
C)vena cava.
D)veins of the liver.
E)veins of the lower neck.
Q3) Interstitial fluid is constantly formed by A)the lymphatic system producing it.
B)lightweight elements in the blood plasma filtered through capillary walls.
C)absorption across the gut lining.
D)absorption across the lung surface.
E)reabsorption in the kidney tubules.
Q4) The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles in the heart,and the ___________ valves prevent backflow from the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Q5) Is the completely separate double circulation of a mammal really superior to that of the incompletely separate circulation of amphibians? Explain your reasoning.
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Chapter 32: Digestion and Nutrition
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a food molecule is split by a digestive enzyme
A)water is produced.
B)water is used.
C)proteins are produced.
D)food calories are produced.
E)simple sugars are broken apart.
Q2) A bird,insect or worm gizzard is a
A)food storage area.
B)site of food molecule absorption comparable to our small intestine.
C)food crushing and grinding organ.
D)site of water absorption similar to our large intestine.
Q3) The distinction between segmentation and peristalsis (as digestive processes)is mainly
A)separating versus rejoining lumps of food.
B)forward movement versus backward movement.
C)holding useful food versus moving wastes along.
D)dividing and squeezing contents of the intestine in one place versus moving food along.
E)before versus after saliva is added.
Q4) Canine teeth are adapted for seizing and piercing prey and then _________ meat.
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Chapter 33: Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs
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Sample Questions
Q1) The event at an electrical synapse
A)always involves acetylcholine.
B)always involves some neurotransmitter that stimulates the next neuron.
C)is a point at which ionic currents flow directly across a narrow gap junction.
D)involves either an inhibitory or stimulating neurotransmitter chemical.
E)None of the choices is correct.
Q2) Trace the neuromuscular sequence of events that occur from when your finger tip touches a sharp tack to the action of pulling your hand back and feeling the pain.
Q3) A cat learns to walk and take steps when young without having to think through "lift-paw-move-leg-set-down-paw" because the sequence has been practiced and coordinated automatically in it's
A)autonomic nervous system.
B)midbrain.
C)hind brain.
D)forebrain.
E)spine.
Q4) The vertebrate ear functions in hearing and in ____________.
Q5) What is the difference between a reflex arc and a reflex act? List the components and functions of each.
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Chapter 34: Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two hormones involved in insect metamorphosis are molting hormone and the __________ hormone.
Q2) A hormone that lowers the blood calcium level by inhibiting bone resorption by the osteoclasts is
Q3) The thyroid gland
A)regulates the gonads.
B)is the smallest endocrine gland in humans.
C)acts on the kidney to restrict urine flow.
D)stimulates metabolic rate and promotes normal growth.
E)has a high concentration of calcium.
Q4) _____________ is a newly discovered hormone that regulates eating behavior and energy balance,probably in communication with the brain.
Q5) Why is it said that the brain neuropeptides blur the distinction between the endocrine and nervous systems?
Q6) Discuss hormonal control of diapause in insects.
Q7) Many hormones,upon arriving at a target cell,combine with a receptor site on the membrane to cause the release of an enzyme called the ______ ______.
Page 36
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Chapter 35: Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the principal tests of the ability of invertebrate tissues to recognize nonself is grafting a tissue from another individual of the same species.This is called a(n)_________.
Q2) Cells bear substances on their surfaces that are the basis of nonself recognition.These substances are _______ ________ _______.
Q3) What type(s)of cell(s)conduct(s)phagocytosis?
A)Macrophages in lymph nodes
B)Kupffer cells in sinusoids
C)Microglial cells in the brain
D)Neutrophils
E)All of the choices are able to phagocytize
Q4) The ________________ recognize antigen on the surface of macrophages and activate B cells.
Q5) Antibodies are large protein molecules classified as ______________.
Q6) An immune response against an invading organism or other tissue damage that involves mobilizing leukocytes from capillaries to the site of injury is called the ___________ response.
Q7) Many immune responses involve little,if any,________ and depend on the action of cells only.
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Chapter 36: Animal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a behavior is most closely associated with an organism's genetic makeup and is identical to behavior in other members of the species,the behavior is referred to as A)Innate.
B)Conditioned.
C)Trial-and-error.
D)Learned.
Q2) The function of territoriality may be
A)to reduce intraspecific fighting.
B)to ensure food supply.
C)for mating and rearing of young.
D)all of the choices are correct.
E)none of the choices are correct.
Q3) A territory
A)is a defended area from which animals of the same species are excluded.
B)is a defended area from which animals of all species are excluded.
C)is the same as an animal's home range.
D)is much more common among mammals than birds.
E)none of the choices is correct.
Q4) Why is territoriality considered an alternative to dominance behavior?
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Chapter 37: Animal Distribution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Deep sea communities on the abyssal plain are centered around ________ ________.
Q2) A famous ecologist,Dan Jantzen,has proposed that temperate forests can have a few dominant tree species in high density because winter keeps the insect populations suppressed and they cannot build up to numbers to decimate all the tree seeds.Meanwhile,the tropical forest insect populations can increase until they have destroyed all seeds,because there is no winter to interrupt their population growth.Propose a test for this hypothesis.
Q3) Of what value is knowing the former positions of the tectonic plates and their continental passengers?
Q4) The vast open ocean is known as the ____________ zone.
Q5) According to the theory of continental drift,all of the continents of the earth were once joined together as one large landmass (called Pangaea)that split into two smaller masses: a northern Laurasia and a southern ____________.
Q6) A family tree based on known vicariant events would be called a(n)
A)vicariant phylogeny.
B)dispersal map.
C)evolutionary template.
D)general area cladogram.
E)None of the choices is correct.
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Chapter 38: Animal Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the role of decomposers in the cycling of carbon? What would eventually occur if decomposers lost the ability to break down plant and fungal matter?
Q2) How does mutualism differ from commensalism? How would you experimentally determine if two species are living in a commensal or mutualistic relationship?
Q3) Describe the functioning and possible patterns associated with metapopulation dynamics.
Q4) Can the biomass of all animals on earth ever exceed the biomass of all of the plants? Why? or why not?
Q5) There can usually be no more than 4 or 5 trophic levels in a food chain because there is such a great loss of __________ between trophic levels.
Q6) Does competition promote the process of speciation? Why or why not?
Q7) If severe floods reduced the amount of agricultural land in China,which term in the logistic growth formula will change? A)r
Q8) Almost all life depends on the energy from the _______.
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