Ancient and Medieval Western Civilization
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive overview of the major developments, ideas, and institutions that shaped Western civilization from ancient times through the medieval period. Beginning with the early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome, the course explores their political systems, cultural achievements, religious beliefs, and lasting legacies. It then traces the transformation of the Roman world, the rise of Christianity, the formation of medieval Europe, and the complex interplay of power, faith, and culture through the Middle Ages. Students will examine significant events, influential figures, and enduring themes such as the growth of cities, feudalism, intellectual currents, and encounters with non-Western cultures, fostering a deeper understanding of the foundations of the modern Western world.
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Western Civilization 10th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations
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Q1) The Epic of Gilgamesh teaches that
A)the gods are benevolent and care greatly for their people.
B)a wish fulfilled is not always a good thing.
C)human life is difficult and immortality is only for the gods.
D)a periodic flood is necessary to cleanse the world.
E)immortality is guaranteed for the believing worshippers.
Answer: C
Q2) The Egyptians fought the Sea Peoples at the Battle of Kadesh.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Growing appreciation of astronomy among European peoples after 4000 B.C.E.is best seen in
A)cuneiform star charts.
B)wall paintings of galaxies.
C)megalithic observatories.
D)epic poems about the cosmos.
E)use of the astrolabe.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) The Persian Royal Road stretched from Sardis to the capital at A)Persepolis.
B)Byblos.
C)Athens.
D)Susa.
E)Ephesus.
Answer: D
Q2) The Medes and the Persians were both Semitic speakers.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The Persian Empire reached its largest territorial boundaries under A)Cyrus.
B)Darius.
C)Xerxes.
D)Cambyses.
E)Darius III.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Civilization of the Greeks
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Q1) Which Greek philosopher said, with regard to the polis, "We must rather regard every citizen as belonging to the state"?
A)Plato
B)Xenophanes
C)Socrates
D)Aristotle
E)Pythagoras
Answer: D
Q2) The poetry of Sappho reflected
A)the thoughts of an aristocrat who detested the lower ranks of society.
B)an interest in respect for divine forces and human honesty.
C)the political biases of a sixth-century political figure.
D)the Trojan War from the side of the Trojans.
E)a woman's homosexual and heterosexual feelings in a world dominated by males.
Answer: E
Q3) The first of the great writers of tragedy whose plays survived was Aeschylus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: The Hellenistic World
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Q1) The Alexandrian scholar Euclid's most famous achievement was
A)systematizing the study of geometry.
B)calculating the earth's circumference.
C)formulating and synthesizing the predominant elements in military science.
D)transferring the capital of Hellenistic science from Athens to Alexandria.
E)inventing the Archimedean screw.
Q2) Scholarship on the legacy of Alexander the Great has suggested he sought
A)to emulate the Homeric warrior-hero Achilles.
B)to create a new ruling class in which only Greeks would attain positions of political authority.
C)to refuse divine status, despite requests by his subjects to vote him a living god.
D)to encourage rural development and prohibit the establishment of new cities for fear of rebellion by newly conquered peoples.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) Why did Alexander of Macedonia's empire not last beyond his lifetime?
Q4) In what ways did the life and legacy of Alexander of Macedonia both initiate a break with the past and promote a continuation of earlier values and practices?
Q5) Did women's lives improve during the Hellenistic Era? Why or why not?
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Chapter 5: The Roman Republic
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Q1) The Roman Dictator
A)was the spokesman for the plebeian order.
B)exercised unlimited power for a period of usually two years.
C)was responsible for getting Rome involved in the Punic Wars.
D)was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) In their struggle with the patricians, Roman plebeians employed which of the following tactics?
A)allying with the Etruscans against Rome
B)the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more political reforms
C)open civil war
D)assassination of political opponents
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) During the Third Punic War against Carthage, the Romans made Egypt a Roman province.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Compare and contrast Roman religion with the religion of the Greeks.How did its religion help Rome become such an important state?
Q5) What were the causes and the results of the Punic Wars?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Roman Empire
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Q1) What advantages and disadvantages faced those living in the city of Rome during the second century C.E.?
Q2) Which of the following trends developed during the reigns of the Julio-Claudian emperors?
A)Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate.
B)All efforts to achieve bureaucratic organization of imperial government eventually failed.
C)Emperors turned over more and more of the daily affairs of government to the Senate.
D)The power of imperial military forces stationed in Rome declined.
E)The Senate seized political power, against the wishes of the weak emperors.
Q3) Which of the statements BEST describes the Julio-Claudian emperors?
A)They were all competent rulers.
B)They varied in ability and effectiveness.
C)They were responsible for a tremendous amount of social legislation.
D)They undid all the military reforms of Augustus.
E)They were all completely incompetent.
Q4) Compare and contrast the second century and the third century C.E.in the Roman Empire.
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Chapter 7: Late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) The political, economic, and social policies of the restored empire under Diocletian and Constantine
A)meant the destruction of the civil and military bureaucracies.
B)renewed the support of the Roman peasants and lower classes for the Empire.
C)led to the economic rejuvenation of the Empire.
D)were based on coercion and the loss of individual freedom.
E)led to the abandonment of the Eastern Mediterranean with a renewed focus upon Italy.
Q2) In 597, who did Pope Gregory the Great send to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons?
A)Anthony
B)Leo
C)Constantius
D)Augustine
E)Ambrose
Q3) After Constantine's death, the Roman Empire began to divide into western and eastern parts and by the end of the fourth century had become virtually two independent states.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Q1) The best known of the Abbasid caliphs was
A)al-Ma'mun.
B)Ibn Fadlan.
C)Abu al-Abbas.
D)al-Mas'udi.
E)Harun al-Rashid.
Q2) The Magyars
A)helped end Muslim expansion in northern Spain.
B)were originally from western Asia.
C)won their most successful victory at the battle of Lechfeld against German troops.
D)were wiped out as a people in the tenth century for their rejection of Christianity. E)became Muslims.
Q3) The Arabic name for Spain was
A)Córdoba.
B)al-Andalus.
C)al-jabr.
D)Berber.
E)al-Hakim.
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Chapter 9: The Recovery and Growth of European Society
in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to
A)the violence of lords.
B)the high consumption of alcohol.
C)generally poor diet and nutrition.
D)fears of witchcraft.
E)religious heresy.
Q2) In northern European countries, the most common drink of the medieval peasant was
A)ale.
B)beer.
C)wine.
D)cider.
E)milk.
Q3) In what ways does the artistic and literary culture of the High Middle Ages reflect the religious preoccupations and problems of medieval society?
Q4) To what extent was Thomas Aquinas emblematic of his era, and to what extent did he challenge mainstream medieval intellectual culture?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church Power
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Q1) Explain the importance of the veneration of saints, the use of relics, and the act of pilgrimage for ordinary people in the High Middle Ages.
Q2) The Islamic world in the mid-eleventh century was largely unified and dominated by the
A)Fatimids.
B)Ottomans.
C)Berbers.
D)Abbasids.
E)Seljuks.
Q3) Cluny was
A)a commercial city in northern Italy.
B)the capital of Flanders.
C)the site where King John signed Magna Carta.
D)a cathedral school in Burgundy.
E)a Benedictine monastery in France.
Q4) The Crusades have been called "successful failures." Is that an accurate assessment? Why or why not?
Q5) What does the Inquisition suggest about the interconnections among society, the Catholic Church as an institution, and political power?
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Chapter 11: The Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) The crucial battle of the Hundred Years' War that was won by Henry V in 1415 and that led to the treaty and apparent victory in the war for Henry and England was the Battle of
A)Brétigny.
B)Tours.
C)Poitiers.
D)Calais.
E)Agincourt.
Q2) It is estimated that famine in the early fourteenth century killed 35 percent of the European population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The English Peasants' Revolt of 1381
A)was caused by the rising economic expectations of ordinary people.
B)was halted when leaders Wat Tyler and John Ball betrayed the peasants' cause.
C)succeeded in getting the government to agree to the peasants' demands.
D)gained long-term results for the peasants.
E)led to the end of the Hundred Years' War.
Q4) What led to the papacy's decline during the fourteenth century?
Page 13
Q5) What were the greatest short-term and long-term consequences of the Black Death?
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Chapter 12: Recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) The Peace of Lodi served to
A)limit the sexual scandals that plagued the Papal court.
B)keep Naples from interfering in northern Italian affairs.
C)maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years.
D)maintain peace between the Italian communes and the Habsburgs.
E)ensconce the Medici in both Florence and Naples.
Q2) Compare and contrast warfare in the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance with regards to causes, aims, financing, and technology, as well as who fought and for what motives.
Q3) The liberal education taught by Vittorino da Feltre
A)contained as its primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens.
B)was for all segments of society, rich and poor.
C)advocated concentration on science and research, not rhetoric and verbal skills.
D)almost entirely excluded Christian teachings.
E)was designed to achieve political success as the paramount goal of an educated man.
Q4) Is it accurate to refer to the monarchies of the late fifteenth century as "new monarchies"? Why or why not?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) Which of the following was NOT a central belief of Lutheranism?
A)Justification is by faith alone.
B)Only two of the Catholic sacraments were accurate and worth keeping.
C)God's word is found in scripture alone.
D)The pope is a false representative of Christ on earth.
E)The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.
Q2) The Peasants' War of 1524-1525
A)was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B)furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C)was praised by Luther, as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D)was strongly opposed by Luther, who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E)had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.
Q3) Henry VIII had no male heirs survive him.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Ulrich Zwingli's most important contribution to the reform movement was his work Institutes of the Christian Religion.
A)True
B)False
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1500-1800
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Q1) Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at
A)one million.
B)two million.
C)five million.
D)ten million.
E)twenty-five million.
Q2) The Treaty of Tordesillas divided
A)the Spice Islands between Portugal and the Dutch Republic.
B)South Africa between the English and the Dutch.
C)the New World between Spain and Portugal.
D)the North Atlantic between England and France.
E)the South Pacific between Spain and the Dutch Republic.
Q3) Printed editions of Ptolemy's Geography did not become available until 1600, too late to make any significant difference in the efforts of early European explorers.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What was "exchanged" in the Columbian exchange, and who gained the most?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: State Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) In 1529 and again in 1683, Vienna was seriously threatened by A)Russia.
B)France.
C)Prussia.
D)Austria.
E)the Ottoman Empire.
Q2) Thomas Hobbes
A)felt that humans were suited best to be in a pristine state of nature, without government interference.
B)stated that human nature was animalistic, and needed a strong government to maintain social order.
C)was a firm believer in democracy.
D)said that the best form of government was a theocracy.
E)argued in favor of revolution when the ruler violated religious doctrines.
Q3) Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, developed the first standing army of conscripts, an army notable for its flexible tactics.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why were women the prevalent victims of Europe's witch craze?
Page 17
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Q1) Unlike many Protestants, the Catholic Church did not denounce and condemn the theories of Copernicus until the works of Galileo appeared over seventy-five years later.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Galileo's Dialogue on the Two World Systems was chiefly an attempt to
A)expose the errors in the thinking of Copernicus.
B)support Copernicus through a publication in Italian accessible to a wide audience.
C)attack Luther and Protestant theological restrictions on scientific inquiry.
D)apologize to the church for earlier theories he now saw as mistaken.
E)oppose the dogma and doctrine of the Catholic Church.
Q3) Descartes believed that the world could be understood by
A)the same principles inherent in mathematical thinking.
B)quiet contemplation and following of the Scriptures.
C)mystical experiences.
D)interpreting dreams and applying that knowledge to our everyday lives.
E)incorporating the mind with the body.
Q4) Why is Descartes considered "the founder of modern rationalism," and how and why did rationalism influence the Western view of humankind?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Eighteenth Century: An Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers choose new religious movements?
A)Scotland and Ireland
B)France and Austria
C)Italy and Spain
D)Sweden and Poland
E)England and Germany
Q2) European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by
A)growing anti-Semitism and sharper persecution of minorities in universities.
B)the emergence of secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
C)sophism and the mockery of past traditions.
D)a return of monastic schools and medieval modes of training religious thinkers.
E)an intense pessimism about the possibility of human progress.
Q3) What were the major ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? In what ways were Rousseau's ideas unique, differing from those of his predecessors?
Q4) What ideas and values defined the Enlightenment?
Q5) What role did women play in the development of the Enlightenment?
Page 19
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Chapter 18: The Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Given the numerous social and economic changes of the eighteenth century, those at the bottom of society often found themselves much worse off than in earlier centuries.Why?
Q2) The problem of poverty in eighteenth-century Europe was
A)most severe in Great Britain, a country lacking a system of poor relief.
B)solved largely through the efforts of private and religious charities.
C)aggravated by the hostile feelings of government officials toward the poor.
D)solved in France in the 1770s through massive royal public works projects.
E)entirely the result of the Industrial Revolution.
Q3) Although Enlightenment intellectuals attacked many elements of their society, they enthusiastically supported the divinely sanctioned division of society into traditional "estates" or "orders."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Poland was dismembered through a single partition of its land in 1772 by Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Was there an agricultural revolution in the eighteenth century? Why or why not?
Chapter 19: A Revolution in Politics: The Era of the French Revolution
and Napoleon
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Q1) In what ways did Napoleon's policies repudiate the accomplishments of the French Revolution? In what ways did his policies strengthen the accomplishments of the French Revolution?
Q2) In the French Constitution of 1791, who had the right to vote?
A)all men.
B)all men and wealthy women.
C)male citizens who met a tax qualification.
D)male citizens with noble titles.
E)all adults.
Q3) The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was
A)the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems.
B)the blocking of attempted reforms by the French Parlements.
C)the radical calls of the philosophes for reform.
D)Louis XVI's rejection of the cahiers de doléances.
E)violent uprisings by the common people who were demanding political and economic equality.
Q4) How did the leaders of the Reign of Terror justify its violence, and what does the Reign of Terror indicate about the changing goals and practices of the French Revolution?
Page 21
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Chapter 20: The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were
A)France and Italy.
B)Belgium and Germany.
C)Prussia and Poland.
D)Russia and Austria.
E)the Scandinavian countries.
Q2) The English Poor Law Act of 1834
A)established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
B)placed a tax rate of 50 percent on the wealthy and redistributed that money to the poor.
C)never got out of parliament.
D)reclassified people with less than one hundred pounds annual income as poor.
E)forced the poor into the British navy.
Q3) The early center of American industrialization was
A)the South.
B)the Midwest.
C)the Northwest.
D)the Northeast.
E)All of these are correct.
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Chapter 21: Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Neo-Gothic buildings exhibited the nineteenth-century revival of A)medieval architecture.
B)Greek architecture.
C)Roman architecture.
D)Byzantine architecture.
E)Renaissance architecture.
Q2) David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that
A)wages would rise as competition eliminated inefficient producers.
B)wages would decline as productivity drove prices down.
C)wages would fall when the population of workers increased.
D)wages would rise as workers organized into unions.
E)wages were irrelevant; only commodities like pig iron mattered.
Q3) Napoleon's escape from exile and return to France delayed the negotiations of the Congress of Vienna and resulted in the Congress's decision to return France's borders to those of 1790.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In what specific ways did Europe respond to the need for order in society in the first half of the nineteenth century?
Page 23
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Chapter 22: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) The Crimean War was caused primarily by the Ottoman Empire's attempt to destroy the Christian holy places in Jerusalem and Palestine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The First International
A)failed due to Marx's preoccupation with Das Kapital.
B)became the largest working-class trade union in Europe in the nineteenth century. C)was rejected by Marx as a "bourgeois-dominated institution."
D)served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
E)led the various revolutionary movements in the uprisings of 1848.
Q3) Compare and contrast the practice of Realpolitik in the leadership of Napoleon III of France and Otto von Bismark of Prussia.What were their strengths and weaknesses as leaders, and what were their achievements?
Q4) Compare and contrast slavery in the United States with the serfdom in Imperial Russia.How and why was the abolition of both accomplished, and what consequences followed for former slaves and former serfs?
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Chapter 23: Mass Society in an Age of Progress, 1871-1894
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Q1) During the reign of Alexander III, ethnic Russians constituted what percentage of the population of the Russian Empire?
A)25.
B)40.
C)55.
D)70.
E)80.
Q2) Between 1890 and 1914, family patterns among the working class
A)emphasized child labor as an important necessity for family survival.
B)required all women to work outside the home.
C)allowed for dependence on the income of husbands and the wages of grown children.
D)experienced almost no change from the earlier industrial period.
E)were shaped by growing rates of infant mortality.
Q3) Compare and contrast middle-class and working-class families.How do you explain the similarities and the differences?
Q4) France's defeat by Prussia in 1870 ended the Third Republic.
A)True
B)False
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1894-1914
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Q1) Britain's Fabian Socialists
A)demanded the immediate nationalization of all British industry and transportation facilities.
B)as Marxists, urged the Proletariat to begin a revolt against the government.
C)refused to participate in the political process.
D)favored evolution toward a socialist state by democratic means.
E)practiced civil disobedience against the power of Parliament.
Q2) During the nineteenth century, Jews
A)were persecuted in almost every European country.
B)received complete emancipation in France and Germany.
C)were emancipated in most countries, but still faced restrictions
D)were not allowed into certain professions.
E)achieved full social and legal equality in all the countries of Europe except Germany.
Q3) How do the philosophical trends of the late nineteenth century compare to the same era's artistic achievements?
Q4) What did women hope to achieve in the feminist movement? To what extent were women successful by 1914?
Q5) What were the causes and consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1905?
Page 26
Q6) What did the New Physics and concepts of psychoanalysis contribute to Modernism?
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War and Revolution
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Q1) The Great War annihilated which of the following basic precepts on which Western civilization seemed to have been founded?
A)The belief in democracy.
B)The belief in progress.
C)The belief in equality.
D)The belief in the benevolence of the Christian God.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) Because of sexual discrimination and traditional conservative attitudes, women played little role in World War I.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Why can 1917 be viewed as the year that witnessed the decisive turning point of World War I?
Q4) The new state of Yugoslavia had as its nucleus
A)Latvia.
B)Lithuania.
C)Serbia.
D)Bosnia.
E)Austria.
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Chapter 26: The Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars 1919-1939
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Q1) The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by A)failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots.
B)the cooperation of kulaks.
C)the destruction of the collective farms.
D)immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants.
E)widespread famine.
Q2) Other than the Great War having ended, about what was there to be hopeful as the 1920s dawned?
Q3) The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed
A)the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture.
B)real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically.
C)millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps.
D)an abundance of permissive social legislation.
E)an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.
Q4) What explains the collapse of Weimar Germany? What does the Weimar Republic's failure suggest about the fragility of democracy in western Europe after World War I?
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Chapter 27: The Deepening of the European Crisis: World
War II
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Q1) Among the factors that led to World War II was
A)the aggressive foreign policy of the United States following World War I.
B)the inability of Britain and France to agree on the terms of the Versailles treaty.
C)the inability of the Soviet Union to oppose Germany.
D)the failure of efforts of collective security such as the League of Nations and treaties.
E)All of these are correct.
Q2) The Grand Alliance was cemented by the agreement of the Allies to
A)divide their resources between the war in Europe and the war in the Pacific equally.
B)fight until the Axis powers surrendered unconditionally.
C)find ways to resolves their political and ideological differences while they pursued their military operations against the Axis powers.
D)defeat Japan first before launching an invasion of Europe.
E)All of these are correct.
Q3) What were Hitler's major goals and policies from 1933 to 1939? How did other European powers respond to those goals and policies, and why did they lead to war?
Q4) Who bears responsibility for the enactment of the "Final Solution"?
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Chapter 28: Cold War and a New Western World 1945-1965
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Sample Questions
Q1) Television did not become readily available until A)the 1930s.
B)the 1940s.
C)the 1950s.
D)the 1960s.
E)the 1970s.
Q2) The first area of conflict in the unfolding of the Cold War was A)Scandinavia.
B)Western Europe.
C)North Africa.
D)Eastern Europe.
E)East Asia.
Q3) All of the following is characteristic of the United States in the 1950s EXCEPT A)an economic boom.
B)confidence in the American way of life.
C)an intensification of the "Red Scare."
D)the collapse of labor unions.
E)a commitment to the traditions of the New Deal.
Q4) How and why did the Cold War in Europe differ from the Cold War in Asia?
Q5) In what ways were Khrushchev's policies a departure from those of Stalin?
Page 31
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Chapter 29: Protest and Stagnation: The Western World
1965-1985
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Q1) The author of The Feminine Mystique who was also a founder of the National Organization of Women was
A)Rachel Carson.
B)Betty Ford.
C)Simone Beauvoir.
D)Kathleen Windsor.
E)Betty Friedan.
Q2) Mikhail Gorbachev became the head of the Soviet state immediately following the retirement of Nikita Khrushchev in 1964.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Under the U.S.presidency of Jimmy Carter, a major goal of American foreign policy was
A)a new effort to contain Communism around the globe.
B)the protection of human rights globally.
C)American withdrawal from European defensive alliances to counter Soviet power.
D)the emplacement of new nuclear weapons systems in Europe for possible use against Russia.
E)to weaken the Islamic Republic of Iran by military force.
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Q4) What major economic problems and consequences plagued the West during the 1970s?
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Chapter 30: After the Fall: The Western World in a Global Age
Since 1985
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Q1) In the 2008, Barack Obama won the U.S.presidential election on a platform of change "we can believe in" and ending the war in Iraq.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What role has popular culture played in the Western world since 1985?
Q3) In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in Eastern Europe for forty years took place in
A)Hungary.
B)Austria.
C)Poland.
D)Estonia.
E)Lithuania.
Q4) How have terrorism and the war on terrorism suggested the advent of a "clash of civilizations"?
Q5) Because of the success of Russia's new free-market society, introduced after the collapse of the Soviet Union, by the early twenty-first century, less than five percent of the Russian people were still living in poverty.
A)True
B)False
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