Anatomy and Physiology for Health Sciences
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology for Health Sciences provides a foundational understanding of the structure and function of the human body, focusing on how anatomical systems interact to maintain health and support life. The course covers major body systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems, emphasizing the integration of physiological concepts relevant to health science professions. Students will engage with topics such as cellular structure, tissue organization, and organ system interactions, gaining practical knowledge applicable to clinical, laboratory, and allied health settings. This course is designed to develop critical thinking skills and a comprehensive understanding of human biology, preparing students for advanced study and professional healthcare roles.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 4th Edition by Eldra Pearl Solomon
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24 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing the Human Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) A _______________
A)Abdominal cavity
B)Pleural sac
C)Pelvic cavity
D)Pericardial cavity
Answer: B
Q2) All the chemical processes that take place within the body are referred to as its _______.
A) catabolism
B) metabolism
C) anabolism
D) energy
Answer: B
Q3) When a structure is closer to the body midline or point of attachment to the trunk, it is described as _______.
A) distal
B) medial
C) proximal
D) anterior
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cells and Tissues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A small membrane-enclosed structure that holds or transports some type of cargo within the cell is called a _______.
A) lysosome
B) flagellum
C) vesicle
D) cellular respiration
Answer: C
Q2) Almost every organ in the body has a framework of _______ tissue that supports it.
A) adipose
B) connective
C) muscle
D) nervous
Answer: B
Q3) Smooth muscle _______.
A) is found in the wall of the heart
B) contracts rapidly
C) has a striated appearance
D) can be found in the wall of the intestine
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ and _______ in the skin are an important part of the body's temperature regulating system.
A) Vitamin D; sweat glands
B) Capillary networks; subcutaneous layer
C) Capillary networks; sweat glands
D) Vitamin D; subcutaneous layer
Answer: C
Q2) Located within the skin, _______ detect touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.
A) integumentary receptors
B) thermal sensors
C) sensory receptors
D) epidermal sensors
Answer: C
Q3) The _______ is the body's tough, outer protective covering.
A) stratum basale
B) skin
C) dermis
D) subcutaneous layer
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ reduce(s) friction during joint movement and absorbs shock.
A) Bursae
B) Cartilage
C) Connective tissue
D) Synovial fluid
Q2) A ___________
A)Vomer
B)Malar (zygomatic)
C)Temporal
D)Frontal
E)Sphenoid
F)Parietal
G)Mandible
H)Maxilla
I)Nasal
J)Lacrimal
K)Ethmoid
Q3) How is the structure of the foot different from that of the hand? Why?
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Chapter 5: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) B ___________
A)Biceps femoris
B)Deltoid
C)Gluteus maximus
D)Trapezius
E)Latissimus dorsi
F)Gastrocnemius
G)Biceps brachii
H)Gluteus medius
Q2) In muscle fibers, the _______ has/have many inward extensions that form a set of transverse tubules.
A) plasma membrane
B) myofibrils
C) perimysium
D) fascicles
Q3) Synergists are muscles that _______.
A) relax when the agonist is contracted
B) are responsible for muscle tone
C) stabilize joints
D) contract isometrically
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Chapter 6: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ filters and evaluates incoming sensory information for survival decisions.
A) hippocampus
B) cerebellum
C) medulla
D) amygdala
Q2) L ___________
A)Medulla
B)Midbrain
C)Hypothalamus
D)Corpus callosum
E)Cerebellum
F)Thalamus
G)Fornix
H)Optic chiasma
I)Pineal body
J)Pituitary
K)Spinal cord
L)Pons
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Page 8
Chapter 7: The Peripheral Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) D ___________
A)Ventral root
B)Spinal ganglion
C)Autonomic branch
D)White matter
E)Spinal nerve
F)Ventral branch
G)Gray matter
H)Dorsal root
I)Dorsal branch
Q2) B __________
A)Ganglion
B)Afferent neuron
C)Interneuron
D)First efferent neuron
E)Spinal cord
F)Second efferent neuron
Q3) How would messages from the brain be affected if the spinal cord became damaged?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Sensory Receptors
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Sample Questions
Q1) For vision to occur, light must pass through the eye and _______.
A) stimulate the iris
B) form an image on the retina
C) refract the lens
D) stimulate opsin and retinal to form rhodopsin
Q2) J __________
A)Round window
B)Oval window
C)Eustachian tube
D)Cochlear nerve
E)Pinna
F)Semicircular canals
G)Ossicles
H)External auditory meatus
I)Cochlea
J)Tympanic membrane
K)Vestibule
Q3) How do eyeglasses correct vision?
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Chapter 9: Endocrine Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) F __________
A)Pancreas
B)Thymus
C)Testis
D)Hypothalamus
E)Pituitary
F)Pineal
G)Ovary
H)Parathyroid glands
I)Adrenal
J)Thyroid
Q2) Hormone secretion is typically regulated by _______.
A) the thyroid gland
B) positive target tissues
C) negative feedback
D) oxytocin
Q3) Why is it advantageous for endocrine glands to be ductless, releasing their secretions directly into surrounding interstitial (tissue) fluid or into the blood?
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11
Chapter 10: The Circulatory System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ is a form of cancer in which one of the several types of white blood cells multiply wildly within the bone marrow.
A) Leukemia
B) Sickle cell
C) Sarcoma
D) Carcinoma
Q2) _______ is a pale yellowish fluid that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
A) Plasma
B) Serum
C) Thrombin
D) Prothrombin
Q3) Red blood cells are adapted for producing and packaging _______, the red pigment that transports oxygen.
A) fibrinogen
B) gamma globulin
C) hemoglobin
D) albumin
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Chapter 11: The Circulatory System: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on what you have learned about how the sinoatrial (SA) node works, describe how a mechanical pacemaker would function to assist the heart.
Q2) The right and left sides of the heart are completely separated by a wall, or _______.
A) pericardial cavity
B) thorax
C) septum
D) auricle
Q3) F ___________
A)Apex
B)Right atrium
C)Arch of aorta
D)Inferior vena cava
E)Superior vena cava
F)Left pulmonary veins
G)Auricle of left atrium
H)Pulmonary arteries
I)Right ventricle
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13
Chapter 12: The Circulation of Blood and Lymph
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Sample Questions
Q1) G _________
A)Aortic arch
B)Right common carotid
C)Ascending aorta
D)Brachiocephalic
E)Abdominal aorta (part of descending aorta)
F)Left common carotid
G)Celiac trunk
H)Thoracic aorta
Q2) A _________
A)Aortic arch
B)Right common carotid
C)Ascending aorta
D)Brachiocephalic
E)Abdominal aorta (part of descending aorta)
F)Left common carotid
G)Celiac trunk
H)Thoracic aorta
Q3) Why are chest compressions so important for people who suffer cardiac arrest?
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Chapter 13: Immune System: Internal Defense
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some complement proteins _______.
A) destroy macrophages and neutrophils
B) promote production of plasma cells
C) reset the body's thermostat, causing fever
D) stimulate phagocytosis and inflammation
Q2) In _______, a cell flows around a bacterium and engulfs it.
A) phagocytosis
B) antigen presentation
C) interferon release
D) inflammation
Q3) Transplanted tissues have foreign antigens that stimulate _______, an immune response in which T cells destroy the transplant.
A) graft rejection
B) immunosuppression
C) autoimmune disease
D) allergic reactions
Q4) How do major burns reduce the functional ability of the immune system?
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15
Chapter 14: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ is a strong, dome-shaped muscle and is the floor of the thoracic cavity.
A) alveolus
B) diaphragm
C) intercostal
D) visceral pleura
Q2) The opening into the larynx is the _______.
A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) Adam's apple
D) trachea
Q3) The respiratory system consists of the _______ and the _______.
A) lungs; pulmonary arteries
B) trachea; alveoli
C) airway; pulmonary vessels and nerves
D) lungs; airway
Q4) Why does the body produce more mucus during infections and allergic reactions?
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ is the breakdown of food into small molecules.
A) Ingestion
B) Digestion
C) Absorption
D) Elimination
Q2) The amount of energy used by the body per unit of time is a measure of _______.
A) calories
B) metabolic rate
C) nutritional status
D) malnutrition
Q3) An inflammation of the peritoneum is called _______.
A) peritonitis
B) gastritis
C) diverticulitis
D) peristalsis
Q4) During digestion, most carbohydrates are broken down into _______.
A) simple sugars like glucose
B) amino acids
C) fatty acids
D) glycerol
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Chapter 16: The Urinary System and Fluid Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aldosterone _______.
A) decreases blood pressure by decreasing ADH production
B) increases urine volume
C) stimulates the release of angiotensin II by the kidney
D) increases sodium reabsorption, which results in an increase in blood pressure
Q2) During glomerular filtration, _______.
A) blood is filtered out of Bowman's capsule and into the collecting duct
B) plasma leaves the capillaries of the glomerulus and enters Bowman's capsule
C) intracellular fluid is filtered and becomes part of the urine
D) the juxtaglomerular apparatus secretes fluid into the renal tubule
Q3) When fluid output is greater than fluid intake, _______ occurs.
A) uremia
B) diabetes insipidus
C) dehydration
D) dialysis
Q4) The principal metabolic by-products are _______.
A) amino acids, nucleic acids, carbon monoxide, and glucose
B) water, protein, and carbon monoxide
C) carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes, and glucose
D) water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) A __________
A)Labia majora
B)Bladder
C)Vaginal opening
D)Uterine (fallopian) tube
E)Rectum
F)Cervix of uterus
G)Clitoris
H)Vagina
I)Body of uterus
J)Ovary
K)Urethral opening
L)Labia minora
M)Anus
Q2) After the second month, the embryo is referred to as a _______.
A) fetus
B) zygote
C) neonate
D) viable embryo
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Anatomy and Physiology: A Comprehensive Guide
to the Human Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) B _____
A)Centrioles
B)Cytoplasm
C)Golgi complex
D)Lysosome
E)Mitochondrion
F)Nuclear membrane
G)Nucleolus
H)Nucleus
I)Plasma membrane
J)Ribosomes
K)Rough endoplasmic reticulum
L)Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Q2) Before a cell divides to form two cells, the chromosomes are precisely duplicated and the cell undergoes _______.
A) phagocytosis
B) osmosis
C) mitosis
D) interphase
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Chapter 19: Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) B __________
A)Biceps brachii
B)Deltoid
C)Pectoralis major
D)Serratus anterior
E)Sternocleidomastoid
Q2) The central canal of the spinal cord is surrounded by an area of ________.
A) white matter
B) gray matter
C) pia mater
D) dura mater
Q3) The brain stem is made up of the _______.
A) medulla, pons, and midbrain
B) hypothalamus, pons, and midbrain
C) thalamus, hypothalamus, and pons
D) medulla, pons, and thalamus
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21
Chapter 20: Anatomy and Physiology: Bones, Muscles, and Joints
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Sample Questions
Q1) E _________
A)Carpels
B)Fibula
C)Humerus
D)Metatarsals
E)Pubic symphysis
F)Radius
G)Sternum
Q2) Muscle contraction occurs when actin and _______ filaments slide past one another.
A) neural
B) myosin
C) lactic acid
D) synaptic
Q3) The main shaft of a long bone is known as its _______.
A) epiphysis
B) diaphysis
C) endosteum
D) periosteum
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) _______ are free nerve endings that allow us to recognize cold, cool, warm, and hot.
A) Photoreceptors
B) Mechanoreceptors
C) Nociceptors
D) Thermoreceptors
Q2) The _______ system prepares the body for action. It is most active during stressful situations.
A) parasympathetic
B) peripheral
C) sympathetic
D) somatic
Q3) A _________
A)Cochlea
B)Cochlear nerve
C)Eustachian tube
D)Semicircular canals
E)Tympanic membrane
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Chapter 22: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?
A) Collect and return interstitial fluid.
B) Circulate blood from the heart to the organs of the body.
C) Defend the body against disease by producing lymphocytes.
D) Absorb lipids from the intestine and transport them to the blood.
Q2) _______ circulation connects the heart and all the organs and tissues.
A) Hepatic
B) Pulmonary
C) Coronary
D) Systemic
Q3) The normal heart rate is about _______ beats per minute.
A) 90
B) 120
C) 54
D) 72
Q4) The left ventricle pumps blood into the largest artery in the body, the _______.
A) jugular
B) carotid
C) superior vena cava
D) aorta
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Chapter 23: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
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Q1) Angiotensin II ______.
A) causes blood pressure to decrease
B) is a hormone that acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor
C) is released by the kidneys
D) decreases the retention of sodium ions
Q2) Urine consists mainly of _______.
A) urea
B) uric acid
C) salts
D) water
Q3) Which of the following are most closely associated with clotting?
A) Macrophages
B) Platelets
C) Erythrocytes
D) Neutrophils
Q4) The function of hemoglobin is to ______.
A) regulate red blood cell production
B) transport oxygen
C) prevent anemia
D) initiate the clotting process
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Chapter
24: Anatomy and Physiology: Respiratory and Digestive Systems, Urinary System, and Reproductive System
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Q1) As blood circulates through the tissues, ________ moves from the blood (where it is more concentrated) into the cells (where it is less concentrated).
A) carbon dioxide
B) interstitial fluid
C) water
D) oxygen
Q2) Compounds such as salts, that form ions, are among the most important components of body fluid and are called _______.
A) ionic concentration
B) electrolytes
C) potassium ions
D) anions
Q3) The part of the pleural membrane that covers the lung is the ________.
A) visceral pleura
B) parietal pleura
C) serous membrane
D) pericardial membrane
26
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