Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professions
Final Exam
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive overview of human anatomy and physiology tailored for students pursuing careers in the health professions. It covers the structure and function of the major organ systems, emphasizing how these systems interrelate to maintain homeostasis and support overall health. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and case studies, students gain foundational knowledge of topics such as cellular function, tissues, musculoskeletal dynamics, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, nervous system regulation, and reproductive health. The course is designed to provide a solid grounding in anatomical terminology and physiological processes, preparing students for advanced studies and clinical applications in various healthcare fields.
Recommended Textbook
Anatomy and Physiology for Health Professions An Interactive Journey 2nd Edition by Bruce
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19 Chapters
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1999 Flashcards
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Page 2
J. Colbert
Chapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology: Learning the Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The abbreviation for nothing by mouth is _____________
Answer: NPO
Q2) The process of recording the electrical activity of the heart is a(an) ____________ (Do not use abbreviation).
Answer: Electrocardiography
Q3) Changes in objective measurable values such as temperature (________) and subjective patient perceptions (symptoms) can indicate disease is present.
Answer: Signs
Q4) ____________ or macro anatomy represents the study of the structures visible to the unaided or naked eye.
Answer: Gross
Q5) The ________ is the prediction of the outcome of a disease.
A)Prognosis
B)Diagnosis
C)Acute determination
D)Syndrome
Answer: A
Q6) ____________ are the combining forms for nose.
Answer: Rhin/o
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Chapter 2: The Human Body: Reading the Map
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Sample Questions
Q1) The skin is ________ to the bones.
A)Superficial
B)Medial
C)Inferior
D)Deep
Answer: A
Q2) Give the opposite of: caudal, distal, external, superficial, and posterior.
Answer: Cranial (cephalic), proximal, internal, deep, and anterior.
Q3) The liver can be found ________.
A)In the right upper quadrant (RUQ)
B)In the epigastric region
C)In the hypogastric region
D)Both a and b
Answer: D
Q4) The frontal or____________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
Answer: Coronal
Q5) The transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior and ____________ areas.
Answer: Inferior
4
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Chapter 3: Biochemistry: the Basic Ingredients of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Glycogen is a polysaccharide made of long chains of glucose.Glucose is a
A)Polysaccharide
B)Disaccharide
C)Monosaccharide
D)Saccharin
Answer: C
Q2) During this series of reactions, your cells use glucose to make energy ________.
A)Metabolism
B)Enzyme catalyzed
C)Cellular respiration
D)Blood clotting
Answer: C
Q3) All the chemical reactions in a cell are collectively referred to as _________________.
Answer: Metabolism
Q4) The nucleus of an atom contains protons and _______________.
Answer: Neutrons
Q5) The _____________ scale is used to measure the strength of acids and bases.
Answer: PH
5
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Chapter 4: The Cells: the Raw Materials and Building Blocks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mitosis is the division and sorting of the genetic material, while ________ is the division of the cytoplasm.
Q2) Describe how isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic salt solutions affect osmotic pressure.
Q3) Viruses cannot grow, eat, or reproduce by themselves, but must enter another ________ to do its cellular activities.
Q4) Following the analogy in your book, consider ribosomes the manufacturing plant for building materials used for ________ and repair.
Q5) Metastasis is spreading of benign cancer cells.
A)True
B)False
Q6) ____________ are short, hair-like projections found on the outer surface of specific cells.
A)Capsids
B)Vesicles
C)Cilia
D)Flagella
Q7) Examples of fungal infections are athlete's foot and a mouth fungus called ________ or candidiasis.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Tissues and Systems: the Inside Story
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the steps in wound healing.
Q2) The lining of the urinary bladder is composed of which type of cell?
A)Simple squamous
B)Transitional
C)Simple cuboidal
D)Simple columnar
Q3) Veins carry blood away from the heart.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The movement of food is a function of ________ muscles.
A)Involuntary
B)Sensory
C)Cardiac
D)Striated
Q5) Muscle tissue possesses contractility, also known as the ability to ________.
A)Swell
B)Mutate
C)Shorten
D)Strengthen
Q6) Adipose tissue is more commonly known as _______________.
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System: the Framework
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the steps in bone repair.
Q2) This term refers to the ends of a long bone ________.
A)Epiphyses
B)Periosteum
C)Diaphysis
D)Endosteum
Q3) A bone fracture in your arm would be part of the ________ division of the skeleton.
A)Thoracic
B)Appendicular
C)Axial
D)Spinal
Q4) This movement occurs when you turn your foot toward the other foot ________.
A)Eversion
B)Inversion
C)Pronation
D)Flexion
Q5) ________ is a condition in which the upper portion of the spine exhibits a posterior curve, producing what is commonly called a humpback or hunchback.
Q6) Explain the microanatomy of compact bone.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System: Movement for the Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) The movement that is opposite of flexion is ________.
A)Abduction
B)Rotation
C)Extension
D)Supination
Q2) A strong, tough strand or cord of dense connective tissue that serves as an attachment for muscle to bone is ________.
A)A ligament
B)Cartilage
C)Adipose tissue
D)A tendon
Q3) This bacteria releases a toxin that keeps muscles constantly contracted and causes tetanus.
A)Meningitis
B)E.Coli
C)Staphylococcus aureus
D)Clostridium tetani
Q4) ________ is the study of muscles and movement.
Q5) Explain why corpses become stiff.
Q6) ____________ is a condition of muscle wasting.
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Chapter 8: The Integumentary System: the Protective
Covering
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Sample Questions
Q1) A first-degree burn has damaged only the ________ layer of skin, the epidermis, and is classified as a partial-thickness burn.
Q2) The most dangerous type of skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which statement is not true of the epidermis?
A)It is a stratified squamous epithelium.
B)It is composed mostly of connective tissue.
C)It is the outermost layer of skin.
D)It contains the stratum corneum.
Q4) ________ or bilirubin is the substance that gives skin a yellow hue.
Q5) Plantar warts are found ________.
A)On children's hands and fingers
B)Around the mouth and nose
C)On the genitals
D)On the sole of the foot
Q6) Folliculitis presents with formations of small ________ that surround the follicle.
Q8) Hair is composed of fibrous protein called ____________. Page 10
Q7) This __________________ layer of the skin regenerates easily after injury.
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Chapter 9: The Nervous System Part I: the Information
Super Highway
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurons with the ability to monitor the environment are called ____________ neurons.
A)Accessory
B)Motor
C)Sensory
D)Output
Q2) A synapse is a junction between two nodes of Ranvier.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk of the body and lower extremities as a result of a spinal cord injury describes __________.
A)Peripheral neuropathy
B)Quadriplegia
C)Paraplegia
D)A slipped disk
Q4) List the three phases of the action potential.
Q5) ____________ are the simplest form of motor output.
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Q6) The ____________ or parasympathetic branch of the nervous system deals with maintenance of homeostasis.
Chapter 10: The Nervous System Part Ii: the Traffic Control Center
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Sample Questions
Q1) The internal anatomy of the brain has which structure?
A)White matter only
B)White matter surrounded by gray matter
C)Gray matter only
D)Gray matter surrounded by white matter
Q2) Explain why hands, lips, and head have so many neurons.
Q3) The system that controls mood ________.
A)reticular
B)somatic
C)sympathetic
D)limbic
Q4) The diencephalon includes the ____________, hypothalamus, pineal body, and pituitary gland.
Q5) The parasympathetic system controls the "fight or flight" response.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The size of the map of a body part in the postcentral gyrus is determined by the _____________ of the body part.
Q7) The _______ is divided into two hemispheres.
Q8) The XII cranial nerve, the ____________, is under the tongue. Page 13
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Chapter 11: The Senses: the Sights and Sounds
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of sound waves traveling to the brain is known as ____________ conduction.
A)Sound
B)Sensorineural
C)Bone
D)Neural
Q2) Farsightedness is also known as ________.
A)Hyperopia
B)Myopia
C)Presbyopia
D)Amblyopia
Q3) The ________ glands produce tears, spread over the eye surfaces by blinking, which are needed for constant cleansing and ?lubrication.
Q4) The ____________ contain sensors necessary for equilibrium.
A)Cochlea
B)Semicircular canals
C)Vestibule
D)Incus
Q5) Pain is felt for as long as the stimulus is there that is c.ausing it or unless a person is under ________.
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Chapter 12: The Endocrine System: the Bodys Other Control System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prednisone is used to prevent organ rejection.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which hormone, produced by the pituitary gland, is responsible for decreased urination?
A)Prolactin
B)Antidiuretic hormone
C)Adrenocorticotropic hormone
D)Luteinizing hormone
Q3) The most common cause of hypothyroidism is ________.
Q4) In children, failure to attain normal height or abnormally slow growth are symptoms of ________.
A)Gigantism
B)Dwarfism
C)Type II diabetes
D)None of the above Short
Q5) Hypopituitarism causes loss of any or all anterior ________ hormones, including ACTH, GH, LH, and TSH, causing a variety of symptoms.
Q6) Why is the use of injected steroids so dangerous?
Q7) ________ is the primary side effect of insulin therapy. Page 16
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Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System: Transport and Supply
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the name of the structure that separates the lower chambers of the heart?
A)Atrial mitral valve
B)Ventrical SA node
C)Interatrial septum
D)Interventricular septum
Q2) Extremely low blood pressure, as in shock, can affect blood profusion to vital organs and cause tissue damage and ________.
Q3) When an infection occurs, the body produces a(n) ________ than normal number of neutrophils, which are one type of WBC.
Q4) During ventricular systole, the __________________ valves are closed.
Q5) ________ is the chemical symbol for mercury.
Q6) Peripheral vascular disease is a condition caused by plaque buildup called atherosclerosis in the ________ arteries.
Q7) ________ is a chronic increase in pressure and can be caused by heredity, diet, or smoking.
Q8) Trace the flow of blood through the heart from superior and inferior vena cave to aorta.
Q9) The epicardium is also the ________________________. Page 18
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) The thoracic cage consists of twelve pairs of elastic arches of bone called ribs.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The vocal cords are located in the ____________.
A)Nasal cavity
B)Larynx
C)Oropharynx
D)Laryngopharynx
Q3) The diaphragm is covered by a serous membrane called the ____________.
A)Visceral membrane
B)Visceral pleura
C)Musculo-serous membrane
D)Parietal pleura
Q4) The "clean-up" cells are located in the ________ layer of alveolar membrane.
A)Surfactant
B)Epithelial
C)Interstitial space
D)Capillary endothelium
Q5) The smallest blood vessels are known as ________.
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Chapter 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems: Your Defense Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macrophages ingest invaders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The activated lymphocytes must make thousands of copies of themselves in order to fight off the thousands of pathogens reproducing in the body.This reproduction of lymphocytes is called ________.
A)Lymphocyte proliferation
B)Lymphocyte activation
C)Differentiation
D)Immunization
Q3) Complement ________ is a complex series of reactions that activate 20 proteins that are usually inactive in the blood unless activated by a pathogen invasion.
Q4) What name is given to the series of reactions responsible for activation of twenty normally inactive proteins?
A)Complement cascade
B)Inflammatory response
C)Margination selection
D)Differentiation process
Q5) Lymph capillaries empty into lymphatic ____________.
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Chapter 16: The Gastrointestinal System: Fuel for the Trip
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Sample Questions
Q1) The stomach can increase its diameter because of rugae.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the last section of the small intestine, before it empties into the large intestine, called?
A)Duodenum
B)Stomach
C)Jejunum
D)Ileum
Q3) Define and describe GERD.
Q4) Which hormone is responsible for inhibiting the release of gastric juice?
A)SIP
B)Pepsin
C)CCK
D)Gastrin
Q5) The chief digestive enzyme in the stomach is ____________.
Q6) Directly after leaving the stomach, materials go to the jejunum.
A)True
B)False
Q7) ________ is the term for a loss of appetite.
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Chapter 17: The Urinary System: Filtration and Fluid Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is a general term for kidney disease particularly damage to the filtering apparatus of the nephrons.
Q2) Each afferent arteriole leads to a ball of capillaries called a(n) ________.
Q3) The ____________ carries urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder.
Q4) The glomerulus is protected from minor changes in blood pressure by a mechanism called ________.
Q5) Even though this structure is part of the circulatory system, it is included in the discussion of the urinary system ________.
A)Glomerulus
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Renal pelvis
D)Loop of Henle
Q6) A sphincter controls the release of urine.
A)True
B)False
Q7) When blood flow to the nephrons decreases for a period of time, the oxygen being delivered to the nephron also decreases leading to tissue injury.This injury is classified as
Q8) Blood enters the renal corpuscle via the ____________.
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Chapter 18: The Reproductive System: Replacement and Repair
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the most important procedures to detect breast cancer at an early, more treatable stage is regular ________.
A)Pap tests
B)Breast self-examinations
C)Testicular self-examinations
D)None of the above
Q2) Erectile dysfunction medications such as Viagra and Levitra increase the likelihood of erection by increasing ________ accumulation in the erectile tissue.
Q3) The absence of normal menstruation is called ________.
A)Dysmenorrhea
B)Amenorrhea
C)Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
D)Endometriosis
Q4) Normally, an adult human has 23 chromosomes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ are posterior to the bladder in males.
Q6) Patients with ____________ have an extra copy of chromosome 21.
Q7) Trace the path of a sperm during ejaculation.
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Chapter 19: The Journeys End: Now What
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Sample Questions
Q1) In children is it nearly impossible to tell the sex of a skeleton.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain how DNA is used to solve crimes or identify remains.
Q3) What are some of the potential behavior changes related to pain?
A)Euphoria
B)Increased mobility
C)Increased energy
D)Agitation and confusion
Q4) Smoking mothers tend to have babies of ________ birth weights, a tendency toward premature births, and a higher rate of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Q5) The elderly are increasingly more difficult to medically evaluate due to the three major changes in the patients.Which of the following is not one of them?
A)Worsening vision
B)Decreased hearing
C)Increased memory
D)Possible mental abilities
Q6) Many types of cancer can be prevented or managed with a healthy diet and
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