American History to 1877 Final
Exam
Course Introduction
American History to 1877 offers an in-depth exploration of the social, political, economic, and cultural developments in the United States from pre-Columbian times through the end of Reconstruction. The course examines the diverse Indigenous societies of North America, European exploration and colonization, the growth of British colonial settlements, the struggle for independence, nation-building in the early Republic, westward expansion, the institution of slavery, reform movements, sectional conflict, the Civil War, and the major changes and challenges during Reconstruction. Through analysis of primary and secondary sources, students gain a deeper understanding of the complex forces that shaped the early United States and laid the groundwork for its future.
Recommended Textbook
American Pageant Volume 1 16th Edition by David M. Kennedy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: New World Beginnings, 33,000
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Q1) The development of "three sister" farming on the southeast Atlantic seaboard
A) led to the dominance of the potato.
B) enabled the Anasazis to prosper.
C) ultimately failed to produce adequate amounts of food.
D) was attributed to three young women of the Cherokee peoples.
E) produced a rich diet that led to high population densities.
Answer: E
Q2) All of the following contributed to the emergence of a new interdependent global economic system except
A) Europe providing the markets and capital.
B) Africa providing the labor.
C) European explorers' desire to create new cultures.
D) the New World providing its raw materials.
E) the advancement and improvement of technology.
Answer: C
Q3) ____ Asia
Answer: 9
Q4) ____ England
Answer: 5
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Chapter 2: The Planting of English America, 1500-1733
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Q1) ____ Maryland
Answer: 8
Q2) After the Second Anglo-Powhatan War, the Powhatan tribe
A) were banned from their ancestral lands by the 1646 peace treaty.
B) were forced to live in separate designated areas away from white settlers.
C) were isolated in an early form of what would become the reservation system.
D) were considered extinct by the English in 1685.
E) All of these
Answer: E
Q3) Pocahontas saved Captain John Smith by
A) agreeing to marry him.
B) interposing her head between his and his captor's clubs.
C) pleading with her father on Smith's behalf.
D) nursing him back to health after a battle with her tribe.
E) All of these
Answer: B
Q4) ____ Pennsylvania
Answer: 1
Q5) Savannah
Answer: Student answers will vary.
4
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Chapter 3: Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619-1700
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Q1) Roger Williams' beliefs included all of the following except
A) breaking away from the Church of England.
B) denying Catholics and Jews complete religious freedom in Rhode Island.
C) condemning the taking of Indian land without fair compensation.
D) denying the authority of the civil government to regulate religious matters.
E) challenging the legality of Massachusetts Bay's charter.
Answer: B
Q2) Pennsylvania
A) introduced an unusually liberal land policy that attracted a heavy flow of immigrants.
B) had fertile soil that produced surplus grain for export.
C) was first settled by small colonies of Swedes.
D) was founded with the intention of making a profit.
E) was named after William Penn.
Answer: A, B, D
Q3) ____ Massachusetts Bay
Answer: 5
Q4) ____ New York City
Answer: 6
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Chapter 4: American Life in the Seventeenth Century, 1607-1692
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Q1) In contrast to the Chesapeake colonies, those in New England
A) had a more diversified economy.
B) expanded westward in a less orderly fashion.
C) had a more ethnically mixed population.
D) were more oriented toward the individual than toward community interests.
E) followed the land use pattern established by the local Indians.
Q2) During the seventeenth century, indentured servitude solved the labor problem in many English colonies for all of the following reasons except that
A) the Indian population proved to be an unreliable work force because they died quickly after contact with whites.
B) African slaves cost too much money.
C) in some areas families formed too slowly.
D) Spain had stopped sending slaves to its New World colonies.
E) families procreated too slowly.
Q3) freedom dues
Q4) family stability
Q5) Write your definition of mass hysteria.Then use this definition to argue that the Salem witchcraft episode was or was not a simple case of mass hysteria.
Page 6
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Chapter
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Q1) triangular trade
Q2) In 1775, the ____ churches were the only two established (tax-supported)churches in particular colonies in America.
A) Methodist and Anglican
B) Presbyterian and Congregational
C) Congregational and Anglican
D) Quaker and Catholic
E) Presbyterian and Anglican
Q3) Great Awakening
Q4) George Whitefield
Q5) John Singleton Copley
Q6) Slaves in colonial America
A) included a few who became skilled artisans and tradesmen.
B) engaged in frequent acts of organized rebellion.
C) were mostly menial field hands.
D) contributed almost nothing to the developing American culture.
E) failed to reproduce in large numbers.
Q7) John Peter Zenger
Q8) Jacobus Arminius
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Q9) Jonathan Edwards
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Duel for North America, 1608-1763
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Q1) New France
Q2) The Proclamation of 1763
A) was warmly received by American land speculators.
B) removed the Spanish and Indian menace from the colonial frontier.
C) declared war on Chief Pontiac and his fierce warriors.
D) prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
E) opened Canada to American settlement.
Q3) Write your definition of world war.Then use this definition to argue that the Seven Years' War was or was not a world war.
Q4) During the Seven Years' War
A) colonial militiamen were impressed with the seeming invincibility of the British regulars.
B) British officers roundly praised the skillful fighting ability of colonial troops.
C) British officials were disturbed by the lukewarm support of many colonials.
D) the colonists lost confidence in their own military capability.
E) all American trade with Spain and France ended.
Q5) ____ New Orleans
Q6) ____ Quebec
Q7) Edict of Nantes
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Chapter 7: The Road to Revolution, 1763-1775
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Q1) As a result of American opposition to the Townshend Acts
A) British officials sent regiments of troops to Boston to restore law and order.
B) the port of Boston was closed.
C) Americans killed several British soldiers in the Boston Massacre.
D) Parliament repealed all of the taxes levied under this legislation.
E) Prime Minister Townshend was forced to resign.
Q2) Given that the Quebec Act did not apply to the thirteen seaboard colonies, why did the act create such a stir of protest among them?
Q3) Both the British and the colonists were devoted to the principle of "No taxation without representation." To what extent did both taxation and representation become major sources of controversy between the colonists and Parliament?
Q4) Which of the following do you think was most responsible for the conflict between Britain and its American colonies: the ineptness of parliamentary leadership, the colonists' behavior, the high-handedness of King George III, the British mercantilist system and Navigation Laws, or the actions of British officials in the colonies? Justify your choice.
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Page 10
Chapter 8: America Secedes from the Empire, 1775-1783
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Q1) As commander of America's Revolutionary army, George Washington exhibited all of the following except
A) unparalled strategic military genius.
B) personal courage.
C) a sense of justice.
D) moral force and self-discipline.
E) patience and loyalty to the Patriot cause.
Q2) ____ Newport
Q3) The colonists delayed declaring their independence until July 4, 1776, for all of the following reasons except
A) lack of military victories.
B) support for the tradition of loyalty to the empire.
C) the realization that the colonies were not united.
D) fear of British military reprisals.
E) a continued belief that America was part of the transatlantic community.
Q4) Historians have argued for many years over why the Revolution occurred.In your opinion, what school of thought is the most convincing, and why?
Q5) Assess the validity of the following claim, "the British 'lost' the Revolutionary War more than the Americans 'won' it."
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Chapter 9: The Confederation and the Constitution, 1776-1790
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Q1) As a result of the Revolution's emphasis on equality, all of the following were achieved except
A) the reduction of property qualifications for voting by most states.
B) the growth of trade organizations for artisans and laborers.
C) the establishment of the world's first antislavery society.
D) full equality between women and men.
E) abolishing medieval inheritance laws.
Q2) As a result of the Revolution, many state capitals were relocated westward
A) because better roads now made this territory more easily accessible.
B) due to a fear of British capture.
C) because water routes were now opened to the interior regions.
D) to get them away from the haughty eastern seaports.
E) All of the above
Q3) One reason that the United States avoided the frightful excesses of the French Revolution is that
A) America declared martial law until the Constitution was enacted in 1789.
B) the American Revolution suddenly overturned the entire political framework.
C) cheap land was easily available and America had few landed aristocrats.
D) political democracy preceded economic democracy.
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E) a strong sense of class consciousness already existed.
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Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800
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Q1) Which of the following laws, resolutions, and treaties were enacted by the Federalist Congress in 1798 in an effort to muzzle politically their Jeffersonian opponents?
A) The Alien Laws
B) The Sedition Act
C) The Convention of 1800
D) The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
E) Jay's Treaty
Q2) Which of the following elements represent Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian)political features?
A) Apro-British foreign policy
B) A preference for promoting agricultural interests over manufacturers
C) Viewing the national debt as major problem that should be reduced
D) Favoring a powerful central bank
E) A protective tariff
Q3) Very early in its national history, the United States established a tradition of isolationism in its foreign policy.How did the Neutrality Proclamation and Washington's Farewell Address contribute to this tradition?
Q4) ____ Spanish Louisiana
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Chapter 11:
The Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic, 1800-1812
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Q1) President James Madison made a major strategic foreign policy mistake that undermined his effort to persuade Britain to repeal its commercial restriction against American trade when he
A) accepted Napoleon's promise to repeal its trade restrictions.
B) failed to suppress the war hawks in his own party.
C) permitted Napoleon to offer financial aid to the United States.
D) failed to take up Napoleon's suggestion that French trade restrictions would be lifted if the American trade restrictions on trade with France were repealed by the United States.
E) tried to use Russia as a counterweight to Britain and France.
Q2) With Jefferson's refusal to use the presidency to dispense generously patronage positions and offices in government to his political supporters, the Democratic-Republican Party
A) grew stronger and more unified.
B) removed many Federalists from government jobs.
C) soon resented its leaders' lavish life-style.
D) grew less unified even as the Federalist Party began to fade and lose power.
E) sought to extend the Alien and Sedition Acts to punish their enemies.
Q3) ____ British North America
Q4) ____ Louisiana Purchase of 1803
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Chapter 12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge
of Nationalism, 1812-1824
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Q1) The following elements helped cause the Panic of 1819 and exacerbate its adverse economic effects except
A) the overextension of credit by western banks to dubious business and unwise ventures.
B) the overspeculation in frontier lands by the Bank of the United States through its western branches.
C) the absence of a sound, central national monetary policy by the federal government.
D) the coercive loan call-in and foreclosure demands imposed by the Bank of the United States.
E) a devastating agricultural drought throughout the nation in 1818-1819.
Q2)
____
New Orleans
Q3) Evaluate the relative influences of the following causes War of 1812: western war hawk territorial expansion, British violations of American neutrality rights on the high seas, or the urge to uphold national honor and pride.Justify your selection.
Q4) Describe the ways in which nationalism exhibited itself in the American republic following the War of 1812?
Q5) ____ Detroit
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Chapter 13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy, 1824-1840
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Q1) Andrew Jackson's inauguration as president symbolized the
A) return of Jeffersonian simplicity.
B) newly won ascendancy of the masses.
C) supremacy of states' rights over federal power.
D) reemergence of a dominant Federalist ethic of government and Federalist economic policies.
E) All of these choices are correct.
Q2) Set the historical context of the following statement and state to what extent you agree or disagree with it, "We are not a nation, but a union, a confederacy of equal and sovereign states."
Q3) One of the positive aspects of the Bank of the United States was
A) its officers' awareness of the bank's responsibilities to society.
B) its attention to regional differences in American economy and culture.
C) its function as a source of credit and stability, promoting the nation's expanding economy.
D) its ability to expand and contract paper currency as needed.
E) it ceded control of the nation's gold and silver to smaller state and western territory banks.
Q4) Why has Andrew Jackson been called "the first modern president"?
Q5) ____ Everglades
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Chapter 14: Forging the National Economy, 1790-1860
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Q1) The underlying basis for modern mass production was
A) unionized labor.
B) Supreme Court rulings that favored laissez-faire.
C) the use of interchangeable parts.
D) the principle of limited liability.
E) the passing of protective tariffs.
Q2) ____ Erie Canal
Q3) The American workforce in the early nineteenth century was characterized by
A) substantial employment of women and children in factories.
B) strikes by workers that were few in number but usually effective.
C) a general lengthening of the workday from ten to fourteen hours.
D) extensive union activity among workers.
E) reliance on the system of apprentices and masters.
Q4) Identify the single most significant development in (a)manufacturing technology, (b)transportation, (c)communications technology, and (d)business organization that encouraged industrialization in the United States.Explain your choice in each category.
Q5) ____ Lake Michigan
Q6) ____ Ohio and Erie Canal
Q7) ____ Lake Huron
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Chapter 15: The Ferment of Reform and Culture, 1790-1860
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Q1) The key to Oneida's financial success was
A) its move from Vermont to New York.
B) the establishment of Bible communism.
C) the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.
D) its tax-exempt religious status.
E) its linkage of religion to free-market capitalism.
Q2) Why were women prominent in the reform crusades of the early nineteenth century? What contributions did they make to social reform in different areas of economic, family, and political life? Evaluate the level of their success in these women's social reform endeavors.
Q3) America's artistic achievements in the first half of the nineteenth century
A) were included after the War of 1812, turning away from human portraits and history paintings to pastoral depictions of local landscapes.
B) borrowed heavily from existing European styles in painting and architecture.
C) illustrated a gradual shaking off the religious restraints of the Puritans.
D) included the use of new technologies such as the daguerreotype, a crude early form of photography.
E) All of these choices are correct.
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Q1) All of the following are true statements about free blacks except
A) they were banned from entering several northern states.
B) they were always vulnerable to being hijacked back into slavery in the South.
C) slaveholders feared that they were living examples of what might be achieved with emancipation.
D) in the North, they forged ties with the Irish, who similarly worked in menial jobs.
E) most states denied them the right to vote.
Q2) How did the strategies and tactics of some of the radical abolitionists hasten the onset of the Civil War? Defend or attack the legitimacy and wisdom of some of the strategies and tactics of the radical abolitionists.
Q3) Some southern slaves gained their freedom as a result of
A) the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1807.
B) purchase by northern abolitionists.
C) fleeing to mountain hideaways.
D) purchasing their way out of slavery with money earned after hours.
E) the objection to slaveholding by some white women.
Q4) Elaborate on the text authors' comment that with the invention of the cotton gin, "the slave [was] ...chained to the gin and the planter to the slave."
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Chapter 17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy, 1841-1848
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Q1) The Wilmot Proviso
A) symbolized the burning issue of slavery in the territories.
B) gained House and Senate approval in 1846.
C) settled, once and for all, the issue of slavery in California.
D) allowed slavery in the territory taken from Mexico in 1848.
E) left open the issue of slavery in New Mexico and Utah.
Q2) One goal of Mexico in its 1846-1848 war with the United States was to
A) demonstrate the strength of Latino culture.
B) regain sovereignty over Texas and humiliate the hatedyanquis.
C) capture slaves and take them back to Mexico.
D) force America to make good on unpaid claims of damages to Mexican citizens.
E) liberate Indians living in the Indian Territory where members of the Five Civilized Tribes had been forced to relocate by the U.S. government.
Q3) The Aroostook War was
A) a short-lived insurrection in British Canada.
B) a battle between Native Americans and settlers in northern Maine.
C) a full-scale war between Britain and the United States.
D) a small-scale clash between lumberjacks in Maine and Canada
E) a dispute over fishing rights between Britain and the United States.
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Chapter 18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle, 1848-1854
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Q1) Stephen A.Douglas's plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the
A) Compromise of 1850.
B) Fugitive Slave Act.
C) Wilmot Proviso.
D) Northwest Ordinance.
E) Missouri Compromise.
Q2) Senator John C.Calhoun's plan to protect the South and slavery and maintain the Union involved all of the following except
A) maintain the legality of slavery where it existed in states and certain western territories.
B) return runaway slaves back to their slaveowners in the South.
C) an impractical, unwieldy political scheme of electing two presidents, one from the North and one from the South, each possessing an executive veto.
D) restore the political balance in the Senate of free states and slave states.
E) prevent the spread of slavery in the California territory.
Q3) ____ Washington, D.C.
Q4) ____ Gadsden Purchase
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Chapter 19: Drifting Toward Disunion, 1854-1861
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Q1) In the election of 1860, the Constitutional Union party was formed
A) to show support for the Constitution and the decisions made by the United States Supreme Court.
B) as a middle-of-the-road party seeking to prevent the break up of the Union.
C) to help catapult the country into a Civil War.
D) as an antislavery southern party that supported Lincoln.
E) as a proslavery northern party.
Q2) Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin
A) intended to show the cruelty of slavery.
B) was prompted by passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
C) comprised the recollections of a long-time personal witness to the evils of slavery. D) received little notice at the time it was published but became widely read during the Civil War.
E) portrayed blacks as militant resisters to slavery.
Q3) Compare and contrast the criticism in Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin to Helper's The Impending Crisis of the South.Which had the more dramatic effect on public opinion? Why?
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Chapter 20: Girding for War: The North and the South,
1861-1865
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Q1) During the Civil War
A) relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor.
B) Southerners were unable to use Canada as a base from which to attack the Union.
C) the Union and Canada became very close allies.
D) France made an effort to regain control of Canada.
E) the British army in Canada mobilized for intervention.
Q2) To help pay for the Civil War, both the North and the South
A) raised taxes.
B) printed paper currency.
C) sold bonds.
D) imposed high protective tariffs.
E) borrowed from foreign governments.
Q3) Lincoln declared from the outset of the Civil War that
A) he was not fighting to free black slaves.
B) he wanted to see an end to slavery.
C) slaves in all the Confederate states were now legally emancipated.
D) he believed blacks and whites were equal.
E) None of these choices are correct.
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Q1) The South's victory at Bull Run (Manassas Junction) in 1861
A) reduced enlistments in the South's army.
B) reduced the number of Confederate deserters.
C) demonstrated how difficult Confederate independence would be.
D) convinced the South of the need to prepare for a protracted conflict.
E) did not undermine Northerners belief that military victory in the Civil War would be an easy task to accomplish.
Q2) Explain the political, economic, military, and diplomatic results of the Union victory and Confederate defeat in the Civil War.What do you think were the main reasons that the South lost? Explain your choice.
Q3) All of the following occurred as a result of the Emancipation Proclamation except
A) mounting opposition in the North to an "abolition war."
B) sharp increases in Union desertions.
C) heavy congressional defeats for Lincoln's administration.
D) a deterioration of the diplomatic position of the Union concerning its relations with European nations.
E) complaints from abolitionists that it did not go far enough.
Q4) ____ Richmond
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Chapter 22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction, 1865-1877
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Q1) ____ believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, "conquered provinces" that had to seek readmission on whatever economic and political terms Congress demanded.
A) War Democrats
B) The Supreme Court
C) President Lincoln
D) President Johnson
E) Congressional radical Republicans
Q2) How did freed slaves respond to Reconstruction? How did freedom affect the economic, social, and political life of former slaves? In what ways was their freedom still incomplete?
Q3) In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised
A) rapid, straightforward, and readily achievablereadmission of Southern states into the Union.
B) former slaves the right to vote.
C) the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power.
D) severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders.
E) a plan that could not possibly lead to congressional fears of the reenslavement of Southern blacks.
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