American History Survey: Beginnings to Civil War
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive overview of American history from the earliest Indigenous civilizations through the end of the Civil War. Students will explore the political, economic, social, and cultural developments that shaped the formation and transformation of the United States. Key topics include colonial settlement, the American Revolution, the creation of the Constitution, early national expansion, growing sectional tensions, slavery, and the causes, events, and consequences of the Civil War. By examining primary sources and diverse perspectives, learners gain an in-depth understanding of the foundational events and forces that defined early American society.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) Upon arriving in the Caribbean, Columbus was convinced that __________.
A) he had discovered a new continent
B) the world had come to an end
C) he was in the Philippines
D) he was near the Asian mainland
Answer: D
Q2) Who was John Calvin and what did he believe?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. John Calvin was a French Protestant who helped make the Swiss city of Geneva a church-centered state.
2. Calvin believed in a simple, austere form of Christianity.
3. He argued that faith, not good works, would lead Christians to be saved.
4. Calvin believed that only a small number of people were among God's elect.
5. Calvinist doctrine helped shape Protestant communities across northern Europe.
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Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) The unification of Spain and Portugal led to which of the following problems?
A) It placed additional burdens on the Spanish bureaucracy.
B) It led to inflation and unemployment in Spain.
C) It overextended the Spanish navy.
D) It sparked a war between Spain and France.
Answer: A
Q2) New Netherland was eventually taken over by __________.
A) France
B) Portugal
C) England
D) Spain
Answer: C
Q3) Juan de Oñate and his colonists expected to __________.
A) fight a war of conquest with the Pueblo Indians
B) find mountains of gold
C) settle in uninhabited land
D) convert the Pueblo Indians to Christianity
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Q1) How did the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 shape England's colonial commerce?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. The Navigation Act of 1660 stipulated that merchants could not conduct trade to or from the English colonies in foreign-owned ships.
2. It also required key non-English products imported from foreign lands to be carried in English ships or ships with mostly English crews.
3. Finally, it contained a list of enumerated articles that could not be sent directly from a colony to a foreign European port.
4. The Navigation Act of 1663 required that goods moving from the European continent to England's overseas colonies must pass through England, arriving and departing on English ships.
Q2) The Royal African Company was created in order to __________.
A) facilitate English participation in the slave trade
B) challenge the Dutch East India Company
C) provide competition for the Royal Adventurers in Africa
D) thwart the plans of English Puritans
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) Which of the following helps explain South Carolina's slave concentration?
A) its proximity to Africa
B) its climate
C) the determination of the colony's founders to grow rice
D) its tax laws
Q2) The entire journey, from normal village life to enslavement beyond the ocean, could last __________.
A) six to eight weeks
B) four to six months
C) a year or two
D) three to four years
Q3) Prior to turning to African slaves, English colonies used captured Native Americans and __________ as sources of cheap labor.
A) eastern Europeans
B) Asian migrants
C) prisoners of war
D) impoverished Europeans
Q4) What factors fueled the Stono Rebellion?
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Q5) Detail the stages experienced by an African, from sale to arriving at a plantation in America.
Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) The Sioux originally obtained guns from the __________.
A) French
B) Comanche
C) Ute
D) Dutch
Q2) Why did New England colonists go to the Grand Banks?
A) to mine for gold
B) to hunt seal
C) to fish for cod
D) to hunt whale
Q3) Which of the following groups benefited the most from relative religious toleration in the British colonies?
A) French-speaking Catholic groups
B) Dutch-speaking Jewish groups
C) Spanish-speaking Catholic groups
D) German-speaking Protestant groups
Q4) Discuss the development of the New England economy in the eighteenth century. Why did New Englanders increasingly turn to the sea for their livelihood?
Q5) Describe the impact of the introduction of horses and guns on the Comanche.
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) Which of the following was a consequence of the Currency Act of 1764?
A) a surge in colonial economic growth
B) a reduced money supply in the colonies
C) mass unemployment
D) an increase in colonial exports
Q2) The __________ imposed a tax on legal contracts, land deeds, newspapers, and almanacs.
A) Currency Act
B) Stamp Act
C) Quartering Act
D) Sugar Act
Q3) __________ helped establish the initial Spanish outpost at San Diego Bay.
A) José de Galvez
B) Juan Bautista de Anza
C) Bartolome de Las Casas
D) JunÃpero Serra
Q4) What measures did George Grenville take in an effort to impose order on Britain's American colonies?
Q5) Who were the Regulators and what did they want?
Q6) Describe the steps that led to Spanish colonization of the California coast.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) Which of the following was a provision of the peace treaty with Great Britain in 1783?
A) The French retained control of Quebec.
B) The British yielded East and West Florida to Spain.
C) Britain ceded all territories south of the Great Lakes.
D) The United States lost its claim to all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Q2) In 1777, General Burgoyne led a large British force __________.
A) south from Canada
B) inland through the Carolinas
C) into the Ohio Valley
D) north from Philadelphia
Q3) __________ led the Green Mountain Boys and captured Fort Ticonderoga.
A) Ethan Allen
B) Benedict Arnold
C) George Washington
D) Richard Montgomery
Q4) What common concerns shaped all of the new state constitutions?
Q5) How did public pressure lead to the decision to issue the Declaration of Independence?
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) American officers encamped at __________ hinted at a military takeover if their demands were not met.
A) Fishkill
B) Valley Forge
C) Yorktown
D) Newburgh
Q2) __________Yazoo claim stretched west from the Chattahoochee River to the Mississippi River.
A) Georgia's
B) Virginia's
C) Alabama's
D) South Carolina's
Q3) How did the delegates to the Constitutional Convention deal with the issue of slavery?
Q4) The Connecticut Wits were known for their __________.
A) nationalistic poetry
B) novels and short stories
C) satires of daily life
D) critiques of American politics
Q5) What was the Newburgh conspiracy and why is it important?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) How did the models offered by Great Britain and France shape American political views?
Q2) Which of the following describes a remarkable feature of the election of 1796?
A) Congress had to resolve the deadlock in the electoral college.
B) The winner lost the popular vote.
C) The winners of the presidency and vice presidency were from different parties.
D) The winner was a relatively unknown person.
Q3) Samuel Slater helped revolutionize the __________ industry.
A) steel
B) textile
C) coal
D) lumber
Q4) Which of the following groups felt particularly threatened by Jay's Treaty?
A) southern planters
B) northern manufacturers
C) ordinary workers
D) bankers and financiers
Q5) Detail the impact of the new political and economic climate on northern blacks.
Q6) What were the qualities of the ideal Republican mother?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804-1818
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Q1) Tenskwatawa was also known as the __________.
A) War Hawk
B) Prophet
C) Leader
D) Wolf
Q2) Which of the following is true of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?
A) They faced almost constant attacks by Native Americans.
B) They documented the natural resources of the upper Florida.
C) They negotiated with Indian tribes to allow future access to their lands.
D) Their explorations took them through eastern Canada.
Q3) Aaron Burr shot and killed __________ in a duel
A) John Hancock
B) Martin Van Buren
C) James Madison
D) Alexander Hamilton
Q4) Who led the way in making the investments that drove the Market Revolution?
A) southern planters
B) New England merchants
C) ordinary Americans
D) New York bankers
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Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Q1) In John C. Calhoun's view, what did slavery demonstrate?
A) that all whites were equal and superior to all blacks
B) man's inhumanity to his fellow men
C) the superiority of southern whites over northern whites
D) that a civil war was inevitable
Q2) Why is it noteworthy that Jackson used the veto power twelve times?
A) Jackson had attacked John Quincy Adams for abusing his veto power.
B) It is representative of his support of the authority of the Supreme Court.
C) Jackson ran for office on a platform that emphasized the limited power of the president.
D) He used his veto power more times than all his predecessors combined.
Q3) Southerners called the tariff of __________ the "Tariff of Abominations."
A) 1832
B) 1828
C) 1824
D) 1820
Q4) How did free black communities in the North respond to the challenges of segregation and discrimination in the first three decades of the nineteenth century?
Q5) What were the core values of early American Victorianism?
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) How did public education emerge and develop in the 1830s and 1840s?
Q2) Why did some evangelical Protestants object to Andrew Jackson's political rhetoric?
A) They were uncomfortable with his denigration of custom and tradition.
B) They believed his speeches demonstrated too much tolerance for Catholic immigrants.
C) They worried that he downplayed his own personal religious experience.
D) They thought religion, not class, should shape politics and society.
Q3) By 1847, __________ had decided the Mormons could not remain in Illinois.
A) Joseph Smith
B) Hyrum Smith
C) Lewis Cass
D) Brigham Young
Q4) Robert Owen's New Harmony was founded on __________.
A) the core concepts of tradition, loyalty, and faith
B) the notion of individual self-expression
C) the principles of cooperative labor
D) the ideas of Karl Marx
Q5) What were the key issues in the election of 1844?
Q6) Describe the development of the American antislavery movement in the 1830s.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) In Texas, newly arrived European Americans battled Tejanos __________.
A) for cultural influence
B) over the institution of slavery
C) over religious issues
D) for political and economic supremacy
Q2) Forced to relocate from the __________ to Indian Territory, the Cherokee sought to rebuild their social and political institutions.
A) Southeast
B) Northeast
C) Southwest
D) Northwest
Q3) What challenges did Plains Indians face in the 1850s?
Q4) Boston preacher Maria Stewart denounced the twin evils of __________.
A) racial and gender prejudice
B) alcohol and sloth
C) gambling and fornication
D) ignorance and hunger
Q5) What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850?
Q6) What did the Supreme Court decide in the Dred Scott case? What were the implications of the ruling?
Page 15
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Chapter 14: To Fight to Gain a Country: the Civil War
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Q1) Why was the white South so fearful of Abraham Lincoln?
A) Lincoln had run for president as the candidate who would end slavery in the South.
B) Southern whites were convinced Lincoln would do what he could to undermine slavery.
C) Lincoln had outlined a plan for the colonization of the South.
D) Southern whites saw all Northerners as deadly threats to their independence.
Q2) In 1861, the South had __________.
A) most of the nation's textile mills
B) almost no industrial capacity
C) a better railroad network than the North
D) the firm support of Britain
Q3) The first weeks of the war revealed that the South __________.
A) intended to invade New England
B) was well-prepared for a long war
C) had few well-trained soldiers
D) intended to conquer western territory for slavery
Q4) Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? What were the practical and symbolic consequences of this decision?
Q5) Describe the experience of African American soldiers in the Union army.
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Chapter 15: Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865-1877
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Q1) Postbellum black communities united around the principle that freedom from slavery should also mean __________.
A) full citizenship rights
B) total autonomy from southern whites
C) migration to the North
D) a slow transition to wage labor
Q2) Most white Republicans believed that southern blacks should __________.
A) work on the plantations owned by their former masters
B) move to northern cities
C) be given land of their own
D) be deported to Africa
Q3) What role did Chinese immigrants play in the economy of postwar California?
Q4) Which of the following was true of members of the postbellum American middle class?
A) They rejected traditional gender roles.
B) They were increasingly secular.
C) They were committed to radical political reform.
D) They felt a deep cultural connection to their English counterparts.
Q5) Describe the Compromise of 1877. What were its consequences?
Q6) Describe Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction.
Page 17
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Chapter
and Culture, 1877-1890
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Q1) Why did U.S. businesses grow larger and more quickly than their western European counterparts in the late nineteenth century?
A) The United States possessed a social and legal culture favorable to big business.
B) The United States had a smaller and more homogenous population.
C) The United stated had an entrenched, conservative elite.
D) The United States government had an ownership stake in many industries.
Q2) __________ drew on the ideas of Social Darwinism to justify the displacement of dark-skinned peoples by "civilized" whites.
A) Susan B. Anthony
B) James G. Blaine
C) Helen Hunt Jackson
D) Josiah Strong
Q3) Why did a federal court issue a permanent injunction against hydraulic mining in 1884?
A) because it led to water shortages
B) because real estate developers had filed complaints
C) because it contributed to soil erosion and water pollution
D) because mining companies employed illegal foreign workers
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Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) Why did reformers consider the Indian reservation system a failure? What did they want to put in its place?
Q2) Most black soldiers were assigned to duty in the West, where they became known as __________.
A) Buffalo soldiers
B) Smoked Yankees
C) Abraham's army
D) Exodusters
Q3) __________ preached what came to be called the Ghost Dance.
A) Crazy Horse
B) Pontiac
C) Little Turtle
D) Wovoka
Q4) Which of the following best characterizes the Ghost Dance?
A) The dance was an ancient ceremonial rite.
B) The dance was part religion and part resistance movement.
C) The dance was created to attract tourists.
D) The dance was a form of relaxation and recreation.
Q6) Describe the Alliance movement of the 1880s. Page 19
Q5) What were the goals of the Knights of Labor in the 1880s?
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of
Depression and War: the 1890s
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Q1) The Populist Party platform, endorsed at its Omaha convention in 1892, included which of the following?
A) limited coinage of silver and gold
B) the abolition of the income tax
C) government ownership of railroad companies
D) a temperance amendment to the Constitution
Q2) Booker T. Washington was the founder of __________.
A) the Hampton Institute
B) Howard University
C) the Tuskegee Institute
D) Morehouse College
Q3) Mark Hanna and Mark Twain agreed that __________ was insane.
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) William McKinley
C) William Jennings Bryan
D) Alfred Thayer Mahan
Q4) Explain Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis. Why did he think that 1890 was a turning point in American history?
Q5) What motives were behind American overseas expansion in the 1890s?
Q6) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"? Page 21
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Q1) In 1911 fire in the __________ resulted in the death of 146 people.
A) Homestead steel factory
B) Triangle Shirtwaist Company
C) Henry Ford automobile plant
D) Swift meatpacking plant
Q2) Which of the following was true of the early twentieth-century women's suffrage movement?
A) It was led by men.
B) It was most successful in the South.
C) It was largely a movement of white middle-class women.
D) It was at odds with the larger Progressive movement.
Q3) Why was Taft skeptical about Roosevelt's extensions of the powers of the presidency?
A) They had proved unpopular.
B) He thought they might be unconstitutional.
C) They had upset the balance among the branches of government.
D) They had been used to appease imperialist powers in the Pacific.
Q4) What steps did Theodore Roosevelt take to protect and preserve America's natural world?
Q5) How did Henry Ford revolutionize automobile production?
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Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) Which of the following was true of the tax put in place by the Revenue Act of 1916?
A) It was a progressive income tax.
B) It was a sales tax.
C) It was an estate tax.
D) It was a regressive income tax.
Q2) In 1911, nationalist revolutionaries in China over threw the __________ dynasty.
A) Qing
B) Ming
C) Tang
D) Song
Q3) The Treaty of Versailles included which of the following provisions?
A) the creation of the United Nations
B) a war-guilt clause holding Italy responsible for the war
C) a plan for the partition of Poland
D) a war-guilt clause holding Germany responsible for the war
Q4) Why did Americans' fear of radical social and political movements intensify in 1919?
How did the American government respond to such fears?
Q5) Why did the United States declare its neutrality at the beginning of World War I?
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) In The Man That Nobody Knows, Bruce Barton portrayed Jesus as a __________.
A) lawyer
B) factory worker
C) farmer
D) businessman
Q2) Prohibition gave a major boost to __________.
A) organized crime
B) the Ku Klux Klan
C) the Democratic party
D) Progressive reformers
Q3) __________ urged black people to establish their own nation-state in Africa.
A) Marcus Garvey
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Ida B. Wells
D) Alain Locke
Q4) The Scopes trial centered on the __________.
A) role of the Klan in public life
B) publication of sexually explicit photographs
C) teaching of evolution in schools
D) enforcement of prohibition
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) Federal One provided financial support for __________.
A) writers
B) plumbers
C) farmers
D) construction workers
Q2) Between 1931 and 1934, over 500,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans
A) were deported
B) served in the United States armed forces
C) were lynched
D) worked in northern factories
Q3) By 1929, the 200 biggest American corporations controlled nearly __________ percent of all industry.
A) 15
B) 25
C) 50
D) 75
Q4) What led to the Flint strike of 1936? What were the strike's consequences?
Q6) What were the root causes of the Great Depression? Page 26
Q5) What was the Civilian Conservation Corps and what did it achieve?
Q7) Describe the political career of Huey Long.
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) What did FDR call the day that would "live in infamy"?
A) D-Day
B) the attack on Pearl Harbor
C) the invasion of Poland
D) the annexation of Austria
Q2) Why was the Battle of Midway so important?
A) The U.S. victory virtually eliminated Japanese offensive capabilities.
B) The U.S. victory pushed the Japanese to the brink of surrender.
C) The Japanese victory forced the U.S. to retreat to Australia.
D) The Japanese victory facilitated further Japanese expansion in Asia.
Q3) The __________ Act required all foreign-born residents to be registered and fingerprinted.
A) Smith
B) Jones
C) Wilson
D) Mann
Q4) Describe the rise of Nazi Germany from the late 1920s to 1940.
Q5) Discuss the opposition of the American public to intervention in Europe during the 1930s.
Q6) What steps did the U.S. government take to build support for the war effort?
Page 28
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) Levittown was a __________.
A) toxic waste disposal site
B) decaying industrial center
C) mixed-race community
D) suburban housing development
Q2) The United States considered a rebuilt industrial __________ as crucial for a healthy, integrated western European economy.
A) Germany
B) Soviet Union
C) Italy
D) Spain
Q3) __________ was the first major communist government created without the presence of Soviet troops.
A) The Democratic Republic of Germany
B) Poland
C) Vietnam
D) The People's Republic of China
Q4) Discuss the impact of the Red Scare on American politics and civil liberties.
Q5) What was NSC-68 and how did it help produce the American national security state?
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares,
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Q1) In the 1950s, 25 percent of all women attending college __________.
A) were from poor families
B) majored in home economics
C) were from minority groups
D) married before completing their degree
Q2) Who benefited from the Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954?
A) bankers and real estate developers
B) the urban poor
C) suburban families
D) farmers and large landowners
Q3) Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sought to block the __________.
A) payment of federal income taxes by the residents of Arkansas
B) entry of federal troops into his state
C) integration of the Arkansas National Guard
D) integration of Central High School in Little Rock
Q4) Which of the following was true of suburban growth between 1950 and 1970?
A) The suburban population more than doubled.
B) The suburban population grew substantially more diverse.
C) The suburbs began a process of slow decline.
D) The suburbs struggled to attract middle-class families.
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Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) Describe Nixon's approach to his political opponents in his first term.
Q2) In the early 1960s, __________.
A) less than five percent of Americans lived in rural communities
B) most Americans believed that racism had been eliminated
C) one in five Americans lived below the poverty line
D) two in five Americans lived in inner city slums
Q3) After 1965, SDS's initially broad reform agenda narrowed to__________.
A) stopping the war in Vietnam
B) fighting racism
C) ending poverty in America
D) promoting women's rights
Q4) What did the slogan "black power" mean? How were the feelings behind the slogan expressed?
Q5) The village of My Lai was the site of __________.
A) a massacre of Vietnamese villagers by American soldiers
B) the mass killing of American civilians by the Viet Cong
C) peace negotiations between North and South Vietnam
D) a major U.S. victory
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Q6) What steps did President Johnson take to combat poverty and discrimination?
Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Q1) Nixon stunned the world in 1972 when he __________.
A) announced a trip to China
B) signed a peace treaty with North Vietnam
C) began sending aid to the Soviet government.
D) opened trade with Cuba.
Q2) What role did the U.S. play in the 1973 war that pitted Israel against Egypt and Syria?
A) The U.S. sent ground troops to aid the Israelis.
B) The U.S. was careful to remain neutral.
C) The U.S. provided Israel with critical supplies.
D) The U.S. supplied weapons to both sides.
Q3) Who was fired in the Saturday Night Massacre?
A) Alexander Butterfield
B) Archibald Cox
C) Sam Ervin
D) Howard Baker
Q4) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
Q5) How did Congress attempt to reassert its power over foreign policy in the 1970s?
Q6) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Q7) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
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Q1) In 1983, Congress agreed to make __________'s birthday a national holiday.
A) Franklin Delano Roosevelt
B) George Washington
C) Malcolm X
D) Martin Luther King Jr.
Q2) Which of the following was true of the Reagan tax plan?
A) It benefited the poorest Americans the most.
B) It helped shrink the federal budget deficit.
C) It cut taxes on the wealthiest Americans.
D) It was paid for with cuts to military spending.
Q3) Which of the following helped justify the 1989 U.S. invasion of Panama?
A) Manuel Noriega's links to Cuba
B) Manuel Noriega's links to state-sponsored terrorism
C) Manuel Noriega's links to drug trafficking
D) Manuel Noriega's links to the Contras
Q4) What were the key components of President Reagan's domestic budgetary agenda?
Q5) Describe the events that led to the Iranian hostage crisis. How was the crisis resolved?
Q6) Who were the new immigrants?
Page 33
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Q1) Which of the following was true of abortion in the United States during the 1990s?
A) Access to abortion providers in rural areas fell sharply.
B) The number of abortions performed each year skyrocketed.
C) All abortions were made illegal in several states.
D) Abortion ceased to be a significant political issue.
Q2) In the 1992 election, Republicans __________.
A) called for a renewal of the Cold War
B) embraced aspects of the liberal reform agenda
C) attacked permissiveness in American society
D) repudiated the politics of cultural division
Q3) The FBI faced fierce criticism for its raid on the Branch Davidian compound in
A) Waco, Texas
B) Chicago, Illinois
C) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
D) Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Q4) What was the Contract with America? How did President Clinton respond to Republican efforts to implement the programs outlined in the Contract?
Q5) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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Q1) Which of the following was true of immigration in the early twenty-first century?
A) Mexico was the most important single source of new Americans.
B) A majority of immigrants came from Asia.
C) A majority of immigrants entered the country illegally.
D) One in twenty Americans had been born abroad.
Q2) Describe President Bush's domestic agenda in his first term.
Q3) In the Citizens United decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the government could not restrict political expenditures by __________.
A) foreign countries
B) private individuals
C) corporations or unions
D) elected officials
Q4) Like the Cold War, the war on terrorism was framed as a __________.
A) long-term struggle against an evil enemy
B) matter of economic necessity
C) short-term effort to defeat a weak foe
D) relatively minor priority
Q5) What arguments were put forward by critics of global free trade in the early twenty-first century?
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