American History: Beginnings through Reconstruction Review Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundations and development of the United States from its earliest beginnings through the Reconstruction era following the Civil War. Students will examine Native American societies, European exploration and colonization, the origins and impact of slavery, the American Revolution, the creation of the Constitution, westward expansion, and the causes and consequences of the Civil War. The course also delves into Reconstruction policies and their effects on American society, considering political, economic, and social changes. Emphasis is placed on understanding key events, individuals, and movements that shaped the nations identity in its formative years.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) Clovis-like points prove that people were hunting widely in North America
__________ years ago.
A) 14,000
B) 27,000
C) 50,000
D) 3,000
Answer: A
Q2) A Viking expedition led by __________ reached Greenland in the 980s.
A) William the Conqueror
B) Erik the Red
C) Leif Erikson
D) Henry the Navigator
Answer: B
Q3) ___________ challenge to papal authority sparked the Reformation.
A) Henry VIII's
B) Martin Luther's
C) John Calvin's
D) Erasmus's
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) Juan de Oñate and his colonists expected to __________.
A) fight a war of conquest with the Pueblo Indians
B) find mountains of gold
C) settle in uninhabited land
D) convert the Pueblo Indians to Christianity
Answer: D
Q2) The Dutch West India Company focused on which of the following?
A) pushing the Portuguese out of Southeast Asia
B) creating a Dutch empire in the South Atlantic
C) finding a new sea route to Asia
D) taking over French Canada
Answer: B
Q3) Sebastián VizcaÃno was given the task of __________.
A) finding the fabled North Pacific isles of Rica de Oro
B) exploring the South Pacific
C) pacifying the Indian peoples of Florida
D) establishing trade relations between Spain and China
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Sample Questions
Q1) What grievances led Metacom to wage war against the English settlers and their Indian allies?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Metacom believed that the English had a hand in the death of his father, Massasoit.
2. Colonial traders made Indians drunk and then cheated them.
3. English livestock trampled Indian fields, and if Indians shot the cattle, colonial courts punished them.
4. Finally, the Indians of southern New England were outnumbered two to one by English colonists, placing enormous pressure on the remaining Indian communities.
Q2) Which of the following was the final event that led to open resistance to the rule of James II?
A) the birth of a male heir to the throne
B) the disbanding of Parliament
C) the creation of a standing army
D) the placement of a Catholic in command of the navy
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) Manumissions were __________.
A) common throughout the North American colonies
B) given often in the southern colonies
C) restricted in Virginia since the late seventeenth century
D) granted regularly in Virginia in the eighteenth century
Q2) In eighteenth-century North America, by far the greatest number of enslaved workers lived in Virginia or __________.
A) Maryland
B) New York
C) Georgia
D) Pennsylvania
Q3) How did Britain's participation in the Atlantic slave trade evolve from 1640 to the 1730s?
Q4) The headright system rewarded planters who purchased African slaves with __________.
A) another slave for free
B) a cash reward
C) a tax break
D) free land
Q5) What role did African Americans play in Bacon's Rebellion?
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Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) Yankee ship captains exchanged __________ in the Caribbean.
A) fish for molasses
B) rum for textiles
C) iron ore for slaves
D) textiles for rice
Q2) Which of the following was true of North Carolina's Outer Banks?
A) They were unsuitable for crop agriculture.
B) They offered easy access for oceangoing vessels.
C) They had no important natural resources.
D) They were an important center of rice cultivation.
Q3) Why did tobacco prices rise after 1710?
A) Demand in Africa for tobacco was growing.
B) The supply of tobacco had decreased.
C) Demand in Asia for tobacco was growing.
D) Snuff had become popular in Europe.
Q4) Under the redemption system, agents recruited migrants by __________.
A) lending them money for passage and provisions
B) promising them jobs
C) promising them land
D) agreeing to pay for the transport of family members
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) Proponents of balanced government drew on the work of what philosopher to explain their views?
A) Zeno
B) Socrates
C) Aristotle
D) Plato
Q2) Why did colonial critics object to revenues from the Townshend Duties being used for "the administration of justice, and the support of civil government"?
A) They interpreted the phrase "support of civil government" to mean the establishment of a police state.
B) They interpreted the phrase "support of civil government" to mean the abolition of colonial legislatures.
C) They interpreted the phrase "administration of justice" to mean the indefinite imprisonment of political opponents.
D) They interpreted the phrase "administration of justice" to mean expanded searches of American homes and shops.
Q3) Who were the Regulators and what did they want?
Q4) Describe the steps that led to Spanish colonization of the California coast.
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8
Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) Benjamin Franklin was sent to __________ as part of a commission seeking European support.
A) Amsterdam
B) Madrid
C) Paris
D) London
Q2) American soldiers hotly debated the issue of the __________.
A) election of officers
B) length of military service
C) role of state militias
D) participation of women in combat
Q3) Why did the British offer to free slaves who joined their side?
A) They hoped to inspire anti-slavery forces in New England to switch to the Loyalist side.
B) They wanted to improve their international standing.
C) They hoped to undermine rebellious southern planters.
D) They had already abolished slavery in other parts of the empire.
Q4) How did public pressure lead to the decision to issue the Declaration of Independence?
Q5) How did Washington turn the tide of war in late 1776 and early 1777?
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) In the years following the Revolutionary War, most Americans wanted their states to
A) redeem paper securities with hard money
B) issue new paper money
C) clamp down on debtors
D) reduce the money supply
Q2) Which of the following benefited most from the Northwest Ordinance?
A) Native Americans
B) eastern land speculators
C) small farmers
D) sailors and shipwrights
Q3) Supporters of ratification of the Constitution were called __________.
A) Republicans
B) Federalists
C) Democrats
D) Anti-Federalists
Q4) What was the Newburgh conspiracy and why is it important?
Q5) Explain the source of the territorial dispute between Spain and the United States in the years after the Revolutionary War.
Page 10
Q6) Describe the key aspects of the postwar economic crisis.
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) In the decades after the Revolution, public parades marking special occasions often featured __________.
A) groups of artisans
B) marching bands
C) wild animals
D) professional singers
Q2) In his farewell address, Washington warned against __________.
A) entangling alliances with foreign powers
B) the evils of slavery
C) rapid democratization
D) the influence of organized religion
Q3) Which of the following was a consequence of the abolition of slavery in the North?
A) Northern whites accepted blacks as equals.
B) Blacks faced considerable difficulties in finding employment.
C) The black population of the North fell dramatically.
D) Blacks became an important voting bloc.
Q4) How did the models offered by Great Britain and France shape American political views?
Q5) Detail the impact of the new political and economic climate on northern blacks.
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Chapter 10: Defending and Expanding the New Nation,
1804-1818
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Q1) After the Treaty of Ghent in 1815, the United States __________.
A) was a much larger and richer nation
B) and Britain never went to war with each other again
C) was 10 percent smaller
D) sought to replace Britain as its most important trading partner
Q2) The American victory at the Battle of __________ inspired "The Star Spangled Banner."
A) Saratoga
B) Yorktown
C) New York
D) Baltimore
Q3) As a result of the Treaty of Ghent, __________.
A) an Indian buffer state was created in the upper Midwest
B) both the Americans and the British retained their pre-war territory
C) America gained part of northeast Canada
D) Britain gained control of Nova Scotia
Q4) Why did delegates from New England gather in Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814? What did they demand?
Page 12
Q5) How did the institution of slavery change in the first decades of the nineteenth century?
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Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why was the question of Missouri's admission to the Union controversial? How was the controversy resolved?
Q2) __________ founded a female academy in Troy, New York, in 1821.
A) Catherine Beecher
B) Emma Willard
C) Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D) Peggy Eaton
Q3) What were the core values of early American Victorianism?
Q4) Southerners called the tariff of __________ the "Tariff of Abominations."
A) 1832
B) 1828
C) 1824
D) 1820
Q5) The National Republicans supported which of the following?
A) the expansion of slavery
B) federal funding of internal improvements
C) states' rights
D) the abolition of the Bank of the United States
Page 13
Q6) What led to the Panic of 1819? Why were western farmers particularly hard hit by the depression that followed?
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) Why did the Democrats refuse to nominate Martin Van Buren in 1844?
A) He was outspoken in his opposition to slavery.
B) He was outspoken in his opposition to the annexation of Texas.
C) He was outspoken in his support for the Bank of the United States.
D) He was outspoken in his support for Clay's American system.
Q2) How did England treat Ireland in the first half of the nineteenth century?
A) like a colony that existed purely to enrich England
B) as an autonomous nation
C) as an equal partner in the nation of Great Britain
D) like a political ally
Q3) Who led the led the Seminole resistance in the Second Seminole War?
A) John Ross
B) Osceola
C) John Ridge
D) Elias Boudinot
Q4) Sylvester Graham argued that __________ was bad for one's health.
A) regular church attendance
B) sexual excess
C) wheat flour
D) politics
Page 15
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Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) What core idea was at the heart of the Republican party?
A) the importance of diversity
B) racial equality
C) opposition to federal intervention in the economy
D) opposition to slavery in the western territories
Q2) Who invented the steel plow?
A) Cyrus McCormick
B) John Deere
C) Robert Fulton
D) Rufus King
Q3) The "three-fifths clause" of the Constitution gave disproportionate representation to __________.
A) the slave states
B) New England
C) Ohio and Indiana
D) large states
Q4) What did the Supreme Court decide in the Dred Scott case? What were the implications of the ruling?
Q5) What political divisions were revealed by the presidential election of 1860?
Q6) What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850?
Page 16
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Chapter
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ was tried and executed for his conduct as commander of Andersonville Prison.
A) Alexander Stevens
B) Henry Wirz
C) J. E. B. Stuart
D) Clement Vallandigham
Q2) In the North, the Emancipation Proclamation __________.
A) was greeted with general indifference
B) was seen by most whites as an act of desperation
C) spurred the enlistment of black men in the Union army and navy
D) made Lincoln the most popular man in the Union
Q3) __________ was elected president of the Confederacy in 1861.
A) Alexander H. Stephens
B) John C. Breckinridge
C) Thomas Jackson
D) Jefferson Davis
Q4) What sparked the New York City draft riot? What did the riots reveal about northern society during the war?
Q5) Describe the experience of African American soldiers in the Union army.
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Chapter 15: Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865-1877
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Q1) Who benefited from the Mineral Act of 1866?
A) mining companies
B) Native Americans
C) independent miners
D) the American people
Q2) How did President Johnson respond to Congressional approval of the Fourteenth Amendment?
A) He urged states not to ratify it.
B) He supported it in public, but opposed it in private.
C) He did everything he could to ensure its ratification.
D) He declared it unconstitutional.
Q3) Describe Lincoln's approach to Reconstruction.
Q4) What sparked a gold rush in the Black Hills in 1874?
A) newspaper articles planted by the federal government
B) rumors spread by the Northern Pacific Railroad
C) a report by Lieutenant Colonel George Custer
D) the discovery of gold by Sioux Indians
Q5) Describe the efforts of freedpeople to build their own communities in the years immediately following the Civil War.
Page 18
Q6) What role did Chinese immigrants play in the economy of postwar California?
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Q1) Created in 1879, the _______________ took on a task originated in 1804 with the Lewis and Clark expedition.
A) Environmental Protection Agency
B) Bureau of Land Management
C) Army Corps of Engineers
D) U.S. Geological Survey
Q2) Why did a federal court issue a permanent injunction against hydraulic mining in 1884?
A) because it led to water shortages
B) because real estate developers had filed complaints
C) because it contributed to soil erosion and water pollution
D) because mining companies employed illegal foreign workers
Q3) __________ drew on the ideas of Social Darwinism to justify the displacement of dark-skinned peoples by "civilized" whites.
A) Susan B. Anthony
B) James G. Blaine
C) Helen Hunt Jackson
D) Josiah Strong
Q4) What role did urban machines play in late nineteenth-century American cities?
Page 19
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Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) What was the goal of most Native groups in the decades following the Civil War?
A) the destruction of all white communities
B) full civil rights
C) assimilation
D) independence from whites
Q2) The Seventh Cavalry led the December 1890 attack on Indians at __________.
A) Wounded Knee, South Dakota
B) Apple Creek, Colorado
C) Palo Duro Canyon, Texas
D) Big Sandy, Wyoming
Q3) Lieutenant Colonel George Custer refused to __________.
A) discriminate against black troops
B) command black troops
C) assign black soldiers combat missions
D) speak with black soldiers
Q4) The Knights of Labor condemned __________.
A) government intervention in the economy
B) the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few
C) the diversification of the workforce
D) labor unions, craft guilds, and workers' parties
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression
and War: the 1890s
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Q1) Explain Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis. Why did he think that 1890 was a turning point in American history?
Q2) Mark Hanna and Mark Twain agreed that __________ was insane.
A) Theodore Roosevelt
B) William McKinley
C) William Jennings Bryan
D) Alfred Thayer Mahan
Q3) Several factors account for the obsession with race in the 1890s, including which of the following?
A) Progressive reformers became aware of discrimination and oppression of minority groups.
B) The supposedly "scientific" nature of racial categories was largely discredited.
C) The "New Immigration" from eastern Europe raised concerns about conferring citizenship on non-Anglos.
D) Non-whites had come to make up more than 50 percent of the American population.
Q4) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?
Q5) What motives were behind American overseas expansion in the 1890s?
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Chapter
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Q1) Discuss the role of socialism in American politics and the labor movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Q2) What explains the influx of Jewish immigrants between 1880 and 1920?
Q3) Which of the following was true of the early twentieth-century women's suffrage movement?
A) It was led by men.
B) It was most successful in the South.
C) It was largely a movement of white middle-class women.
D) It was at odds with the larger Progressive movement.
Q4) More than any previous president, Roosevelt used the federal government to __________.
A) decrease income inequality
B) reduce crime
C) manage the natural world
D) improve race relations
Q5) How did William Howard Taft differ from Theodore Roosevelt?
A) He initiated far more antitrust suits than Roosevelt.
B) He wanted to expand the powers of the presidency.
C) He was a fierce advocate of the use of military force.
D) He refused to support the Payne-Aldrich Tariff.
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Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) Wilson followed in Roosevelt's footsteps by __________.
A) creating the National Park Service
B) shrinking the size of the federal government
C) calling for the repeal of the Clayton Antitrust Act
D) fighting for the civil rights of African Americans
Q2) The American Expeditionary Force was __________.
A) made up of hardened veterans
B) first deployed in North Africa
C) made up of some 100,000 volunteers
D) led by General John Pershing
Q3) The Treaty of Versailles included which of the following provisions?
A) the creation of the United Nations
B) a war-guilt clause holding Italy responsible for the war
C) a plan for the partition of Poland
D) a war-guilt clause holding Germany responsible for the war
Q4) __________ tied the United States to the Allied side.
A) economic interests
B) existing treaties
C) national security interests
D) racial solidarity
Page 23
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) Which of the following was the most mobile in the 1920s?
A) the professional classes
B) the middle classes
C) the wealthy
D) the poor
Q2) The __________ River flood of 1927 submerged 26,000 square miles of prime farmland across seven states.
A) Mississippi
B) Ohio
C) Missouri
D) Colorado
Q3) __________ urged black people to establish their own nation-state in Africa.
A) Marcus Garvey
B) Frederick Douglass
C) Ida B. Wells
D) Alain Locke
Q4) Describe the case of Buck v. Bell. What issues were at stake?
Q5) How did advertising shape the consumer culture of the 1920s?
Q6) Describe the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.
Q7) How did automobiles shape the society and culture of the 1920s?
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) What led to the Flint strike of 1936? What were the strike's consequences?
Q2) In a historic shift, __________ backed FDR in the election of 1936.
A) farmers and agricultural workers
B) women
C) hispanics
D) black voters in northern cities
Q3) __________ was appointed to head the Federal Emergency Relief Agency.
A) Harry Hopkins
B) Herald Ikes
C) Herbert Hoover
D) Eleanor Roosevelt
Q4) Describe the political career of Huey Long.
Q5) What new labor strategy was initiated by rubber industry workers in Akron, Ohio, in 1936?
A) the lockout
B) the protest march
C) the sit-down strike
D) the picket line
Q6) What were the root causes of the Great Depression?
Q7) What was the Civilian Conservation Corps and what did it achieve? Page 25
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) The __________ language was used to transmit secret information in the Pacific theater.
A) Navajo
B) Sioux
C) Iroquois
D) Pawnee
Q2) The heroic symbol(s) of the woman war worker __________.
A) were "victory girls"
B) was Lady Liberty
C) was Rosie the Riveter
D) were USO girls
Q3) After its initial successes, what was the Japanese objective in early 1942?
A) to attack the Soviet Union from the east
B) to invade the U.S. mainland
C) to occupy British India
D) to destroy what remained of the U.S. fleet
Q4) What steps did the U.S. government take to build support for the war effort?
Q5) Describe the rise of Nazi Germany from the late 1920s to 1940.
Q6) Discuss the opposition of the American public to intervention in Europe during the 1930s.
Page 27
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) How did African Americans challenge racial discrimination in the years immediately following World War II?
Q2) Which of the following was true of western Europe in the immediate aftermath of World War II?
A) Right-wing parties rose sharply in popularity.
B) Consumer spending rose sharply.
C) Socialist and Communist parties rose sharply in popularity.
D) Most Europeans were eager for the U.S. to leave the continent alone.
Q3) The National Security Act of 1947 created the__________.
A) OSS
B) NSA
C) CIA
D) FBI
Q4) The Ninth Circuit Court's decision in Mendez v. Westminster __________.
A) affirmed the president's authority to issue executive orders
B) reduced funding for interstate highways
C) upheld the legality of immigration quotas
D) outlawed segregated schools for Mexican Americans
Q5) What was NSC-68 and how did it help produce the American national security state?
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953-1963
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Q1) Eisenhower's political ideology is best described as __________.
A) pragmatic and centerist
B) progressive
C) staunchly conservative
D) libertarian
Q2) In The Feminine Mystique, __________ explored the "problem that has no name."
A) Betty Friedan
B) Maya Angelou
C) Gloria Steinem
D) Margaret Sanger
Q3) In 1953, the CIA helped to overthrow the elected government in __________.
A) Egypt
B) Japan
C) Iran
D) Mexico
Q4) President Eisenhower tried to __________.
A) rein in the defense buildup
B) pass a sweeping civil rights measure
C) cut government spending in all areas
D) push the country to the far right
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Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and
Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) The first conservative backlash of the 1960s was against __________.
A) large corporations
B) young women
C) the growing gay rights movement
D) the increasing assertiveness of people of color
Q2) What led to the formation of the "plumbers" by the Nixon White House?
A) the Tet Offensive
B) the assassination of Robert Kennedy
C) the killings at Kent State
D) the publication of the Pentagon Papers
Q3) The Black Panther party formed in response to __________.
A) police brutality
B) the war in Vietnam
C) the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
D) the disbanding of SNCC
Q4) In the early 1960s, __________.
A) less than five percent of Americans lived in rural communities
B) most Americans believed that racism had been eliminated
C) one in five Americans lived below the poverty line
D) two in five Americans lived in inner city slums
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Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Q1) Which of the following cabinet departments was created by the Carter administration?
A) Department of Labor
B) Department of Education
C) Department of Energy
D) Department of Homeland Security
Q2) Which of the following undermined Ford's reelection campaign in 1976?
A) his marital infidelities
B) his financial dealings
C) the weak economy
D) the war in Vietnam
Q3) The Supreme Court ruling in Roe v. Wade was rooted in __________.
A) constitutional privacy rights
B) two centuries of reproductive law
C) the protections offered by the First Amendment
D) the protections offered by the Third Amendment
Q4) How did Congress attempt to reassert its power over foreign policy in the 1970s?
Q5) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
Q6) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Q7) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
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Q1) Ronald Reagan asked voters to __________.
A) look to the past for models of an ideal America
B) learn to live within limits
C) prepare for sacrifice and hardship
D) think first of the least fortunate Americans
Q2) Who was the director of the Christian Broadcasting Network and an influential conservative leader?
A) Oral Roberts
B) Billy Graham
C) Jimmy Swaggart
D) Pat Robertson
Q3) Which of the following was a consequence of Operation Desert Storm?
A) Kuwaiti sovereignty was restored.
B) Saddam Hussein was forced from power.
C) The U.S. occupied much of Iraq.
D) The reputation of the U.S. military suffered.
Q4) What were the key components of President Reagan's domestic budgetary agenda?
Q5) Who were the new immigrants?
Q6) What were the consequences of the widening gap between the wealthiest Americans and the rest of American society in the 1980s?
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Q1) During the Clinton administration, __________ remained off limits to U.S. trade and tourism.
A) Cuba
B) Mexico
C) Chile
D) Guatemala
Q2) Which of the following accurately characterizes the economic situation of African Americans in the 1990s?
A) One-third of African Americans were part of the middle class.
B) Almost 90 percent of African Americans lived below the poverty line.
C) Middle-class African Americans were economically more secure than their white counterparts.
D) Most poor African American families were headed by a single father.
Q3) How did Americans in the bottom half of the income ladder fare in the 1990s?
Q4) Congressional efforts to impeach President Clinton __________.
A) failed in the House of Representatives
B) enjoyed bipartisan support
C) were strongly supported by the American public
D) did little to undermine Clinton's popularity
Q5) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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Q1) CNN's international ambitions led it to __________.
A) focus exclusively on political news
B) eliminate all of its U.S. studios
C) deliver its broadcasts in French
D) ban the word foreign from its broadcasts
Q2) In Lawrence v. Texas, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned state laws banning ___________.
A) the sale of contraception
B) interracial marriages
C) marriage between same-sex couples
D) private homosexual behavior between consenting adults
Q3) Like the Cold War, the war on terrorism was framed as a __________.
A) long-term struggle against an evil enemy
B) matter of economic necessity
C) short-term effort to defeat a weak foe
D) relatively minor priority
Q4) What justifications did the Bush administration offer for the 2003 invasion of Iraq? What explanations did outside observers offer for the invasion?
Q5) Describe President Bush's domestic agenda in his first term.
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