American Corrections
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
American Corrections offers an in-depth examination of the correctional system in the United States, including its historical development, philosophical foundations, and contemporary practices. The course explores the organization and administration of jails, prisons, probation, parole, and alternative sanctions, as well as the roles of correctional officers and administrative staff. Students analyze issues such as inmate rights, rehabilitation, recidivism, and the impact of corrections on individuals and communities. Special attention is paid to current challenges, including overcrowding, privatization, racial disparities, and reform efforts within the correctional system.
Recommended Textbook
American Corrections 11th Edition by Todd R. Clear
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Corrections System
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Q1) The twin goals of corrections are and .
Answer: punishment, protection?protection, punishment
Q2) What is the central purpose of corrections?
A) to rehabilitate offenders
B) to protect society
C) to carry out the criminal sentence
D) to correct behavior
Answer: C
Q3) The phrase "under some form of correctional supervision" is referring to the following three forms of control: , , and .
Answer: probation, parole, community corrections probation, community corrections, parole community corrections, probation, parole community corrections, parole, probation parole, community corrections, probation parole, probation, community corrections
Q4) The 19th-century sociologist ____________________ argued that crime is normal and that punishment performs the important function of spotlighting societal rules and values.
Answer: Emile Durkheim
Page 3
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Chapter 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice
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Q1) Galley slavery
A)Punishment to a body inflicting pain
B)Law of civil society
C)Forced rowing
D)Detention facility
E)Pleasure over pain
F)The right to be tried in ecclesiastical court
G)Retaliation
H)Age of Reason
I)A form of banishment
J)Free will and severe punishment
Answer: C
Q2) The law of the civil society as distinguished from church law is known as:
A) natural law
B) lex talionis.
C) secular law.
D) benefit of clergy.
Answer: C
Q3) Secular law is often referred to as the __________ law of society.
Answer: civil
Page 4
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Chapter 3: The History of Corrections in America
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Q1) Social and political values greatly influence correctional thought and practices.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) In regard to the convict lease system, prisoners were:
A) used only for prison maintenance .
B) used for non-profit labor purposes.
C) used for labor for profit by private interests.
D) confined to work in their cells performing meaningless tasks.
Answer: C
Q3) In 1682, with the arrival of William Penn, Pennsylvania adopted the "___________," which was based on humane Quaker principles and emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment for most crimes.
Answer: Great Law
Q4) Although conceptualized by early English reformers, the penitentiary first appeared in the United States in the city of ____________, when part of the Walnut Street Jail was converted to allow for separate confinement.
Answer: Philadelphia
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Chapter 4: The Punishment of Offenders
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Q1) The correctional goal of __________________ attempts to restore the convicted offender to a constructive place in society through the use of individualized treatment.
Q2) Punishments less severe than prison but more restrictive than traditional probation are:
A) restorative sanctions.
B) indefinite sanctions.
C) immediate sanctions.
D) intermediate sanctions.
Q3) Retribution
A)Remove an offender's capacity to commit crime
B)Min/max range of incarceration
C)Punishment as an example to the public
D)Restoring the offender to society
E)Control over the amount of time a prisoner serves
F)Deserved punishment
G)Incarcerated for the betterment of society
H)Goal of punishment seeking to repair damage caused
I)Fixed time of incarceration
J)Punishment for the individual
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Chapter 5: The Law of Corrections
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Q1) As a result of the Supreme Court decision in ______________, correctional officials may search cells without a warrant and seize any materials found there.
Q2) Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights movement?
A) improvement in institutional living conditions and administrative practices of many prisons
B) review by correctional officials of many of their procedures and organizational structures
C) both of these
D) neither of these
Q3) Which case allowed inmates to sue state officials for brutality, inadequate medical care and nutrition, theft of personal property, and the denial of basic rights?
A) Cooper v. Pate
B) Terry v. Ohio
C) Carroll v United States
D) Gregg v. Georgia
Q4) Legal rules created in judges' decisions that serve to guide decisions in similar cases are called .
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Chapter 6: The Correctional Client
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Q1) Civil commitment
A)Apply objective criteria to all prisoners
B)IQs of less than 70
C)Person who sees criminality as their life
D)Mental patient returns to the community
E)Julie Schenecker is one
F)Confined for life or until cured
G)Classification based on possible future criminal conduct
H)Classification based on appropriate correctional treatment
I)Classification based on seriousness of crime
J)Person who spends more than 10 years incarcerated
Q2) _________ offenders are more likely to seek solitude.
A) Situational
B) Elderly
C) Drug abuser
D) Habitual
Q3) The ____________________ is often the most despised offender in court and in prison.
Q4) One of the most successful alcohol treatment programs having shown effectiveness is .
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Jails: Detention and Short Term Incarceration
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Q1) Detaining the accused in jail to protect the community from possible future crimes by the accused pending trial is known as .
Q2) ______________ refers to a philosophy of reorienting the jail experience from being mostly punitive to being mostly rehabilitative.
Q3) A common strategy in dealing with offenders with substance dependency problems is:
A) alcohol detoxification within the jail setting.
B) placement in a methadone maintenance program.
C) a steady program of withdrawal within the jail setting.
D) release to an addiction treatment facility.
Q4) A system where jail operations are funded by a set amount paid for each prisoner held per day is:
A) a welfare system.
B) a fixed rate system.
C) a fee system.
D) a provider system.
Q5) _________________ refers to a jail system in which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid each day by prisoners who are being held.
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Chapter 8: Probation
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Q1) The chief conflict for a probation officer's role, which include enforcing the law and helping the offender, is authority and .
Q2) The most common sentencing option used by U.S. judges today is intensive supervised probation.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The performance-based movement calls for a reshaping of the philosophy of probation with a new emphasis on:
A) power.
B) authority.
C) individual rights.
D) public safety.
Q4) The offender's response to ____________ strongly influences the overall effectiveness of probation.
Q5) Probation officers have broad discretion to investigate potential rules violations and even new crimes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) investigative firms have recently begun to provide judges with PSIs.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections
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Q1) A continuum of sanctions is a range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of and over the offender.
Q2) What group(s) is/are affected by the bias that can be present in selecting who receives intermediate sanctions over others?
A) whites and juveniles
B) men
C) non-English speakers and immigrants
D) non-whites and women
Q3) Principle of interchangeability
A)A range of correctional management strategies
B)Incarceration followed by sentence reduction
C)Sanctions can be calibrated and made equivalent
D)Designed for young offenders
E)Compensation for loss
F)Penalty based on an offender's income
G)Free labor as compensation
H)Government seizes assets used in criminal activity
I)Potential loss to victim/system
jTargets offenders subject to incarceration
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Chapter 10: Incarceration
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Q1) The largest percentage of state-level confinement facilities are located in the Northeast region of the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As states deal with severe budgetary problems, the future of private prisons is: A) secure.
B) positive.
C) assured.
D) uncertain.
Q3) Section 1983 allows inmates to sue public officials for constitutional violations. A)True
B)False
Q4) Today's prison construction is greatly influenced by: A) drug use.
B) offender needs.
C) cost.
D) politics.
Q5) During the rehabilitation model many prisons were converted into institutions.
Q6) appoints the Bureau of Prisons director.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Prison Experience
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Q1) Men between which ages are more prone to violence?
A) 16-24
B) 25-32
C) 20-29
D) all men
Q2) According to Sykes, the greater the degree of solidarity among inmates within the inmate social system, the:
A) more severely the pains of imprisonment are felt.
B) less severely the pains of imprisonment are felt.
C) greater the influence rehabilitative programs will have on inmates.
D) greater the chances the individual inmate will have for survival within the prison over time.
Q3) The role orientation in which inmates attempt to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for early release is known as:
A) conforming .
B) gleaning.
C) doing time.
D) jailing.
Q4) Prison gangs are also referred to as .
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Chapter 12: Incarceration of Women
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Q1) Approximately what percent of women released from incarceration have nowhere to go and must find a place to live?
A) 10 to 20 percent
B) 60 to 70 percent
C) 30 to 50 percent
D) 80 to 90 percent
Q2) In recent years, women who were sexually harassed or assaulted have brought ____________ lawsuits against correctional institutions/officials.
Q3) ________________ offenses seem to be the number one contributor to the great increase of women in prison.
Q4) When their mothers are in prison, most children are placed in foster care.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Elizabeth Fry was instrumental in the women's prison movement and advocated for which of the following?
A) useful employment of prisoners
B) separation of sexes
C) classification systems for inmates
D) all of these
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Chapter 13: Institutional Management
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Q1) Forthe most part, working in a correctional facility is relatively stress free.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prison ______________ refers to the sound and firm management of inmates and staff.
Q3) are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals and are in directcontact with clients.
A) Staff personnel
B) Line personnel
C) Case workers
D) Administrators
Q4) A formal organization is deliberately established for a particular reason.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ______________________ officers have the most contact with inmates and the greatest potential for assisting them to change their behavior.
Q6) __________________ officers act like police officers with regard to most prison rule violations.
Q7) In 1970, the U.S. Supreme Court granted inmates certain limited______ rights.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Institutional Programs
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Q1) Confrontation therapy
A)Adds rewards and punishment, role modeling, and other teachings
B)Legal restrictions that prevent released felons from engaging in certain professions
C)Assigning types of custody and treatment
D)Emphasizes personal responsibility
E)Create environments that support prosocial behaviors
F)Focuses on changing patterns that accompany criminal behavior
G)Face to face with crime's consequences
H)Contract for prison-made goods at a set price
I)Treatment of the mind
J)No goods or services beyond those available to law-abiding people
Q2) The term psychotherapy refers to the:
A) treatment of physical conditions.
B) treatment of psychosis.
C) treatment of the mind.
D) treatment regarding one's offense.
Q3) Prison administrators use institutional programs to help manage inmates' _____________.
Q4) Treatment success depends on the relationship between the and the client.
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Chapter 15: Release from Incarceration
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Q1) Roughly ____________ of release inmates are mentally or physically impaired.
A) 1/3
B) 3/4
C) 1/2
D) all
Q2) List and describe the five basic release mechanisms by which inmates are transitioned out of prison. In your description, be sure to note both their individual strengths and weaknesses. In your opinion, which mechanism is the most effective in reducing recidivism? In contrast, which is the least effective? Be sure to fully explain your responses.
Q3) _______________ release is often tied to shock incarceration, a practice in which first-time offenders are sentenced to a short period in jail (the shock) and then allowed to reenter the community.
Q4) ________has been described as a "transient state between liberty and recommitment."
A) Incarceration
B) Parole
C) Probation
D) Reentry
Q5) If a parolee breaks a rule, their parole may be____________ .
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Making It: Supervision in the Community
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Q1) Which of the following is most likely to lead to parole revocation?
A) a dirty drug test
B) loss of a job
C) an arrest for a new crime
D) all of these
Q2) Requirements and rules designed to aid readjustment to society and control parolee movement are called:
A) conditional requirements.
B) technical conditions.
C) release conditions.
D) conditions of release.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the most serious unmet personal needs of parolees?
A) homelessness
B) history of drug and alcohol abuse
C) diet
D) mental health disorder
Q4) ______________ refers to an official action by the executive branch of the state or federal government formally excusing an offense and absolving the offender of the consequences of the crime.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Corrections for Juveniles
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Q1) Juveniles have a low rate of crime desistence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In Re Gault
A)Requires "essentials" of due process
B)Has no parent or guardian and does not receive proper care
C)Child who commits an act if committed by an adult is not a crime
D)Transfer to adult court
E)State as guardian
F)Parole
G)Specifies "essentials" of due process
H)Stop doing crime
I)Child not receiving proper care
J)Depends on social expectations
Q3) It is unconstitutional to execute someone who committed their crime before they were 18.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________________ refers to the fact that many youths who fail in school end up in prison.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Incarceration Trends
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Q1) When prison space is limited, judges reserve ___________ for only the most violent offenders.
Q2) The _____________ strategy advocates doing nothing to relieve prison overcrowding, under the assumption that the problem will take of itself.
Q3) Correctional officials have exclusive control over the intake of new offenders.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Since 1980, the percentage of inmates serving time for violent offenses has declined while the number incarcerated for drug offenses has increased substantially.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The size and growth of the prison population is not distributed across the country.
Q6) The United States incarcerates its people at approximately the same rate as other countries.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The skyrocketing prison population has created a correctional crisis of .
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Chapter 19: Race Ethnicity and Corrections
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Q1) Ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) is a difference between groups that can be explained by legitimate factors.
Q3) African American youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than any other race.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Race is a sociological concept used to distinguish people by their cultural characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Self-report studies show that have committed a crime.
A) very few people
B) most people
C) more white people
D) fewer people of color
Q6) The _____________ perception of the race of the offender often differs from the race of those arrested.
Q7) distinguishes people according to language, religion, and group traditions.
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Chapter 20: The Death Penalty
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Q1) The belief that one who takes another's life deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate is:
A) a moral argument.
B) a utilitarian argument.
C) a restorative argument.
D) a deterrence argument.
Q2) Lethal injection is fast, easy, and painless.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Legal cases continue to raise concerns about the lengthy periods that condemned offenders spend on death row because of .
Q4) Consular officials must be notified when a foreign national is: A) arrested. B) executed.
C) deported. D) exiled.
Q5) Most death penalty defendants are and are provided counsel by the state.
Q6) Currently within the United States, challenges to are taking place in most states with an active death penalty.
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Community Justice
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Q1) We have spatial concentration in the United States because neighborhoods are:
A) poor.
B) integrated.
C) assimilated.
D) segregated.
Q2) Social Disorganization
A)Willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good
B)Concentration of social problems
C)Neighborhoods where arrests and going to prison are common
D)Gives back to the community through justice
E)Based in a state or local jurisdiction
F)Offenders must admit what they have done
G)Focuses on resolving the problem behind a crime
H)Focuses on guilt and fair punishment
I)Analysis of why and where crimes tend to concentrate
J)Improve and strengthen communities
Q3) The ________________ approach begins with an analysis of why crime tends to concentrate in certain locations and certain times.
Q4) The phrase ______________ refers to the type of life communities need to reduce crime.
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Chapter 22: American Corrections
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Q1) If we could do it all again, we would likely have envisioned the corrections system we have today.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Personnel
A)Interacting with clients to change their behavior
B)Corrections is divided against itself
C)Problem of attraction and motivation
D)Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
E)Focusing on prisons
F)Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
G)Expectations and goals
H)Assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid program
I)Achieves correctional goals through technology
J)Disproportionately affected minority group members
Q3) Most correctional officials recognize that focusing on prisons is a ___________ rather than a ____________ approach.
Q4) The challenge we face is bringing our more into line with our .
Q5) A is a situation that forces one to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives.
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