American Civilization I Exam Review
Course Introduction
American Civilization I explores the foundational historical, social, and cultural developments of the United States from the pre-Columbian era through the end of the Civil War. The course traces the emergence of American society by examining indigenous cultures, European colonization, the evolution of colonial America, the struggle for independence, and the formation of the new republic. Special attention is given to major themes such as the development of democratic institutions, regional diversity, economic transformation, westward expansion, and the causes and consequences of the Civil War. Through a combination of primary sources and scholarly interpretations, students gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and enduring legacies that shaped early American identity and society.
Recommended Textbook
Created Equal A History of the United States Volume 1 5th Edition by Jacqueline Jones
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30 Chapters
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Page 2
Chapter 1: First Founders
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Q1) How do archaeological finds in Cactus Hill, Meadowcroft, and Buttermilk Creek complicate our understanding of the origins of human habitation of the Americas?
A) They suggest that the first humans may have arrived in the Americas 50,000 years ago.
B) They suggest that the first humans to arrive in the Americas may have been European.
C) They suggest that the earliest arrivals in the Americas arrived by boat.
D) They suggest the existence of immediate predecessors to the Clovis people.
Answer: B
Q2) ___________ challenge to papal authority sparked the Reformation.
A) Henry VIII's
B) Martin Luther's
C) John Calvin's
D) Erasmus's
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: European Footholds in North America, 1600-1660
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Q1) Juan de Oñate and his colonists expected to __________.
A) fight a war of conquest with the Pueblo Indians
B) find mountains of gold
C) settle in uninhabited land
D) convert the Pueblo Indians to Christianity
Answer: D
Q2) Maryland's Act Concerning Religion __________.
A) guaranteed toleration for all settlers who professed a belief in Jesus Christ
B) extended civil liberties to Jews
C) was repealed by the Crown
D) led to a civil war in the colony
Answer: A
Q3) Will Adams helped the __________ make contact with Japan's Tokugawa dynasty.
A) Spanish
B) French
C) English
D) Dutch
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Controlling the Edges of the Continent, 1660-1715
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Q1) What grievances led Metacom to wage war against the English settlers and their Indian allies?
Answer: The ideal answer should include:
1. Metacom believed that the English had a hand in the death of his father, Massasoit.
2. Colonial traders made Indians drunk and then cheated them.
3. English livestock trampled Indian fields, and if Indians shot the cattle, colonial courts punished them.
4. Finally, the Indians of southern New England were outnumbered two to one by English colonists, placing enormous pressure on the remaining Indian communities.
Q2) By the time of Metacom's War, __________.
A) English colonists outnumbered Indians in southern New England by ten to one
B) there were fewer than 3,000 Indians in southern New England
C) English colonists outnumbered Indians in southern New England by two to one
D) there were roughly 2,000 English colonists in southern New England
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: African Enslavement: The Terrible Transformation
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Q1) Arriving African slaves in late seventeenth-century South Carolina __________.
A) understood the climate better than their European owners did B) had a life expectancy of less than two years
C) could expect to be free within five years
D) were put to work growing cotton
Q2) Despite their rarity, slaveholders had a deep fear of slave __________.
A) strikes
B) marriages
C) escapes
D) uprisings
Q3) In 1652, __________ passed a law limiting all involuntary service-for Europeans or Africans-to no more than ten years.
A) Maryland
B) Virginia
C) New York
D) Rhode Island
Q4) What factors fueled the Stono Rebellion?
Q5) What role did African Americans play in Bacon's Rebellion?
Page 6
Q6) Detail the stages experienced by an African, from sale to arriving at a plantation in America.
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Colonial Diversity, 1713-1763
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Q1) Nantucket Island off Cape Cod was an important center for the __________ industry.
A) brewing
B) textile
C) rum
D) whaling
Q2) Describe the impact of the introduction of horses and guns on the Comanche.
Q3) As horse herds expanded and Indian horsemanship improved, Native Americans began to use horses __________.
A) as plow animals
B) in battle
C) in religious ceremonies
D) in races organized by whites
Q4) Almost all of the white, non-English newcomers were __________.
A) Protestant Christians
B) desperately poor
C) artisans and craftsmen
D) single men
Q5) Discuss the causes of rapid population growth in the English colonies in the eighteenth century.
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Chapter 6: The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763-1775
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Q1) Spanish leaders established a token presence along the California coast in response to a perceived threat from __________.
A) Portugal
B) the Dutch
C) France
D) Russia
Q2) The __________ Resolves condemned the Coercive Acts.
A) Suffolk
B) Virginia
C) Kentucky
D) Concord
Q3) The Stamp Act was meant to help pay for __________.
A) the defense of the British colonies in America
B) an ambitious infrastructure project in Britain
C) a new war with Spain
D) the acquisition of Spanish Florida
Q4) What measures did George Grenville take in an effort to impose order on Britain's American colonies?
Q5) Who were the Regulators and what did they want?
Q6) Describe the steps that led to Spanish colonization of the California coast.
Page 9
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Chapter 7: Revolutionaries at War, 1775-1783
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Q1) What mistake did the British make in late 1776?
A) They failed to press their advantage over Washington's army.
B) They ignored American peace overtures.
C) They sought to destroy the entire American army.
D) They killed civilians and destroyed crops.
Q2) The preamble to the Declaration of Independence drew on the ideas of ___________.
A) John Locke
B) Voltaire
C) David Hume
D) Thomas Hobbes
Q3) Why did the British offer to free slaves who joined their side?
A) They hoped to inspire anti-slavery forces in New England to switch to the Loyalist side.
B) They wanted to improve their international standing.
C) They hoped to undermine rebellious southern planters.
D) They had already abolished slavery in other parts of the empire.
Q4) What common concerns shaped all of the new state constitutions?
Q5) How did Washington turn the tide of war in late 1776 and early 1777?
Q6) How did the alliance between France and America alter the course of the war?
Page 10
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Chapter 8: New Beginnings: the 1780s
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Q1) Why did the British government restrict trade with America and the British West Indies?
A) to nurture British trade and punish New England shippers
B) to aid its French and Spanish allies
C) to build an isolationist stance
D) as a warning to potential revolutionaries in India
Q2) The Cumberland Gap was the gateway to the __________.
A) Great Plains
B) Great Lakes region
C) lower Mississippi River Valley
D) Old Northwest
Q3) The Quaker naturalist __________ drafted a pioneering nature book about his travels throughout the Southeast.
A) Charles Willson Peale
B) Thomas Jefferson
C) William Bartram
D) Jedidiah Morse
Q4) What was the Newburgh conspiracy and why is it important?
Q5) Explain the source of the territorial dispute between Spain and the United States in the years after the Revolutionary War.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Revolutionary Legacies, 1789-1803
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Q1) Which of the following groups felt particularly threatened by Jay's Treaty?
A) southern planters
B) northern manufacturers
C) ordinary workers
D) bankers and financiers
Q2) Little Turtle and his followers were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of __________.
A) Fallen Timbers
B) Little Bighorn
C) Wounded Knee
D) Sandy Creek
Q3) Which of the following helps explain the westward migration of tobacco growers in the early nineteenth century?
A) overpopulation
B) depleted soil
C) falling demand for tobacco
D) government policies
Q4) What were the qualities of the ideal Republican mother?
Q5) Detail the impact of the new political and economic climate on northern blacks.
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Chapter 10: Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804-1818
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Q1) Why did delegates from New England gather in Hartford, Connecticut, in December 1814? What did they demand?
Q2) Why is the period after the War of 1812 referred to as the Era of Good Feelings?
A) It was a period of rapid territorial acquisition.
B) It was a time of stability and tranquility.
C) It was free of disagreements over major issues.
D) It was relatively free of partisan strife.
Q3) The Market Revolution was driven by the rise of factories, increasing commercialization, and __________.
A) changes in U.S. tax policy
B) limited population growth
C) improvements in transportation
D) environmental improvements
Q4) The expansion of slavery westward was fueled by __________.
A) cotton cultivation
B) the diversification of the Lower South
C) rising European demand for tobacco
D) the iron and copper industries
Q5) What led to the Market Revolution?
Q6) In what ways was Speaker of the House Henry Clay typical of the war hawks? Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 11: Society and Politics in the Age of the Common
Man, 1819-1832
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Q1) Sarah Hale portrayed women as especially __________.
A) suited to public life
B) devout
C) intelligent
D) suited to hard labor
Q2) The American Colonization Society __________.
A) drew support from a variety of groups, including whites in the Upper South
B) advocated American expansion into the Caribbean
C) was founded by two black ministers
D) had the unanimous support of free blacks
Q3) In the Supreme Court case Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia (1831), the court ruled that Indian self-governing bodies were __________.
A) legally indefensible
B) under the jurisdiction of the states
C) sovereign states
D) domestic dependent nations
Q4) Why was the question of Missouri's admission to the Union controversial? How was the controversy resolved?
Q5) What were the core values of early American Victorianism?
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Chapter 12: Peoples in Motion, 1832-1848
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Q1) What were the key issues in the election of 1844?
Q2) Anti-Jackson forces, led by __________, formed the Whig party.
A) Nicholas Biddle
B) Henry Clay
C) Daniel Webster
D) Martin Van Buren
Q3) Supporters of manifest destiny believed that _____________.
A) white Americans were a superior and exceptional race
B) one day Native Americans would be assimilated into white society
C) slavery was a stain on the American soul
D) one day the entire world would be ruled by democratic governments
Q4) What do the patterns of the internal slave trade in the first half of the nineteenth century suggest?
A) that there was a strong and growing demand for slaves in the Upper South
B) that demand for slaves in the Lower South was in decline
C) that there was a strong and growing demand for slaves in the Lower South
D) that demand for slaves was equally strong in the Upper and Lower South
Q5) Describe the development of the American antislavery movement in the 1830s.
Q6) How did public education emerge and develop in the 1830s and 1840s?
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Q7) Who were the nativists and why did they oppose immigration and immigrants?
Chapter 13: The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848-1860
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Q1) __________ helped make the Midwest the breadbasket of the nation.
A) Improved agricultural efficiency
B) Government land grants
C) Low taxes
D) Strict regulations
Q2) The Free-Soil Party's platform included which of the following?
A) voting rights for women
B) federal aid for internal improvements
C) an ambitious foreign policy agenda of territorial expansion
D) the expansion of slavery
Q3) In which of the following regions was there the most support for free-labor ideology?
A) the Caribbean
B) the Lower South
C) New England
D) the Upper South
Q4) What political divisions were revealed by the presidential election of 1860?
Q5) What were the key components of the Compromise of 1850?
Q6) What did the Supreme Court decide in the Dred Scott case? What were the implications of the ruling?
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Chapter
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Q1) Until late in the war, black Union soldiers were __________.
A) paid less than whites
B) not allowed to serve in combat
C) kept far from the front lines
D) almost always given the most dangerous assignments
Q2) The U.S. Sanitary Commission did which of the following?
A) distributed health pamphlets
B) inspected food supplies
C) installed sewer systems
D) trained nurses
Q3) The constitution of the Confederate States of America reflected a commitment to which of the following?
A) states' rights
B) a powerful executive branch
C) economic equality
D) public education
Q4) Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation? What were the practical and symbolic consequences of this decision?
Q5) What obstacles did the Confederacy face as its leaders sought to mobilize for war?
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Q1) White southern Republicans were referred to as __________ by their detractors.
A) scalawags
B) carpetbaggers
C) Yankees
D) black birds
Q2) How did President Johnson respond to Congressional approval of the Fourteenth Amendment?
A) He urged states not to ratify it.
B) He supported it in public, but opposed it in private.
C) He did everything he could to ensure its ratification.
D) He declared it unconstitutional.
Q3) Which of the following was most likely to be elected to political office in the South during Reconstruction?
A) a southern black minister who had been free before the war
B) a field hand who escaped and joined the Union army during the war
C) an older slave who was freed when the war came to an end
D) a northern black who came South after the war
Q4) Describe the efforts of freedpeople to build their own communities in the years immediately following the Civil War.
Q5) What role did Chinese immigrants play in the economy of postwar California?
Page 19
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Chapter
Business, and Culture, 1877-1890
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Q1) What was the main advantage of the American system of manufacture?
A) It made it possible to customize manufactured products.
B) It improved the quality of manufactured products.
C) It allowed manufacturers to take better advantage of skilled workers.
D) It made it possible to assemble products more cheaply and efficiently.
Q2) President Garfield's assassination contributed to the passage of the __________.
A) Edmunds Act
B) Chinese Exclusion Act
C) Pendleton Act
D) Sherman Antitrust Act
Q3) In 1883, the Supreme Court set back the cause of blacks' civil rights by __________.
A) declaring the Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional
B) offering a narrow interpretation of the Fifteenth Amendment
C) affirming the ruling in the Dred Scott case
D) ruling that convict-lease programs were constitutional
Q4) What were the core beliefs of Social Darwinists? How did William Graham Sumner and Josiah Strong apply Social Darwinism to American society?
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Q5) How did department stores reflect the new consumer culture of the late nineteenth century?
Chapter 17: Challenges to Government and Corporate
Power, 1877-1890
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Q1) Why did reformers consider the Indian reservation system a failure? What did they want to put in its place?
Q2) Leonora Barry sought to do which of the following?
A) overcome male resistance to female workers
B) win ratification of a temperance amendment to the Constitution
C) encourage middle-class women to join reform organizations
D) create a women's auxiliary to the Northern Alliance
Q3) Which of the following was demonstrated by the Chinese response to discrimination in California?
A) their lack of education and sophistication
B) their hostility to European Americans
C) their unwillingness to be assimilated
D) their understanding of the American political and legal system
Q4) In Looking Backward, __________ envisioned a "cooperative commonwealth" in the year 2000.
A) Henry George
B) Samuel Clemens
C) Jacob Riis
D) Edward Bellamy
Q5) Describe Jane Addams's career as a social reformer.
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Chapter 18: Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of
Depression and War: the 1890s
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Q1) The sequence of events that led to the Spanish-American War began in 1895 with
A) the Spanish violation of the Monroe Doctrine
B) the assassination of William McKinley
C) a clash between American and Spanish forces in the Philippines
D) a Cuban revolt against Spanish colonial authorities
Q2) The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from
A) Guam
B) Puerto Rico
C) Philippines
D) Cuba
Q3) According to Frederick Jackson Turner, what had shaped all of American history?
A) Protestant beliefs and values
B) The process of settling the West
C) Racial superiority
D) The stain of slavery
Q4) What explains why no viable workers' party or socialist movement emerged in late nineteenth-century America?
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Q5) What were the key elements of Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise"?
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Q1) The Bull Moose platform called for __________.
A) less government intervention in the economy
B) women's suffrage
C) a temperance amendment to the Constitution
D) equal rights for blacks
Q2) Discuss the role of socialism in American politics and the labor movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Q3) In an effort to advance the Panama canal project, Theodore Roosevelt
A) aided Panamanian nationalists in their uprising against Colombia
B) sent troops to Colombia and Venezuela
C) had the president of Colombia assassinated
D) lied to the public about the true cost of the canal
Q4) The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine justified __________.
A) American intervention in China
B) assassination attempts on foreign leaders
C) American intervention in Latin American countries
D) the use of tariffs as a tool of American diplomacy
Q6) How did Henry Ford revolutionize automobile production? Page 23
Q5) What steps did Theodore Roosevelt take to protect and preserve America's natural world?
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Page 24
Chapter 20: War and Revolution, 1912-1920
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Q1) On the eve of World War I, __________ of the world's population lived under the rule of Europeans or their descendants.
A) three-quarters
B) one-half
C) one-third
D) one-quarter
Q2) Most Republicans __________.
A) were in favor of impeaching Wilson
B) supported Wilson's efforts in Paris
C) supported all aspects of the Versailles Treaty
D) objected to Article 10 of the League of Nations
Q3) Wilson followed in Roosevelt's footsteps by __________.
A) creating the National Park Service
B) shrinking the size of the federal government
C) calling for the repeal of the Clayton Antitrust Act
D) fighting for the civil rights of African Americans
Q4) What was the connection between European global expansion and the growing tensions between European powers?
Q5) Why did the United States declare its neutrality at the beginning of World War I?
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Chapter 21: All That Jazz: the 1920s
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Q1) In 1924, __________ declared, "The business of America is business."
A) Andrew Mellon
B) Henry Ford
C) Herbert Hoover
D) Calvin Coolidge
Q2) In 1924, the __________ party nominated Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin for president.
A) Democratic
B) Progressive
C) Republican
D) Socialist
Q3) During the 1920s, __________.
A) consumer debt soared
B) installment buying fell into disrepute
C) household spending on food nearly doubled
D) nine out of ten Americans owned a car
Q4) How did automobiles shape the society and culture of the 1920s?
Q5) Describe the case of Buck v. Bell. What issues were at stake?
Q6) How did advertising shape the consumer culture of the 1920s?
Q7) Describe the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.
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Chapter 22: Hardship and Hope: the Great Depression of the 1930s
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Q1) To stop the run on banks, FDR announced __________.
A) the closure of five large banks
B) the establishment of a new Bank of the United States
C) the nationalization of the banking system
D) a bank holiday
Q2) The Wagner Act __________.
A) was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
B) helped eliminate racial discrimination in hiring
C) gave a huge boost to labor unions
D) was applauded by industrial leaders
Q3) Before the1930s, the United States __________.
A) had no appreciable middle class
B) had the lowest average unemployment rate in the world
C) provided no welfare state benefits
D) had never experienced a significant economic downturn
Q4) __________ was appointed to head the Federal Emergency Relief Agency.
A) Harry Hopkins
B) Herald Ikes
C) Herbert Hoover
D) Eleanor Roosevelt
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Chapter 23: Global Conflict: World War Ii, 1937-1945
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Q1) FDR and __________ developed a joint declaration known as the Atlantic Charter.
A) Joseph Stalin
B) Harry Truman
C) Charles de Gaulle
D) Winston Churchill
Q2) In the United States, the war __________.
A) led to increased unemployment
B) opened up new opportunities for women and minorities
C) was unpopular in the South and West
D) revealed the weakness of American industry
Q3) Why did Truman decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan?
A) He hoped to avoid an invasion of Japan.
B) He wanted to test the weapon's impact.
C) He wanted to frighten the British.
D) He wanted to demonstrate his strength as a leader.
Q4) "Victory girls" reflected which of the following?
A) the desperation of the U.S. government
B) the low morale in southern cities
C) the impact of the war on the sexual order
D) the need to draft women into the military
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Chapter 24: Cold War and Hot War, 1945-1953
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Q1) The GI Bill provided veterans with which of the following?
A) low-cost mortgages
B) retirement pensions
C) medical care for four years
D) free housing
Q2) Japan's withdrawal from China in 1945 __________.
A) led to the immediate rise to power of Mao and the Communists
B) plunged China into a decade of violence and unrest
C) led to a four-year long civil war
D) sparked a war between China and Korea
Q3) How did General MacArthur turn the tide of the Korean War?
A) by using nuclear weapons against China
B) by invading China and destroying North Korea's base of support
C) by strategically bombing Soviet military targets along North Korea's borders
D) by directing an amphibious assault on Inchon and landing fresh troops
Q4) Levittown was a __________.
A) toxic waste disposal site
B) decaying industrial center
C) mixed-race community
D) suburban housing development
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Chapter 25: Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953-1963
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Q1) One of Kennedy's most popular initiatives was __________.
A) the Works Progress Administration
B) the Civilian Conservation Corps
C) Teach America
D) the Peace Corps
Q2) Arkansas Governor Orville Faubus sought to block the __________.
A) payment of federal income taxes by the residents of Arkansas
B) entry of federal troops into his state
C) integration of the Arkansas National Guard
D) integration of Central High School in Little Rock
Q3) Eisenhower sharply criticized the __________, French, and Israeli attack on Egypt
A) Jordanian
B) Syrian
C) German
D) British
Q4) How did white Southerners respond to the Brown decision?
Q5) Describe the key components of Kennedy's domestic policy agenda.
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Q6) Describe the most important developments in American foreign policy during the Eisenhower administration.
Chapter 26: The Nation Divides: the Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964-1971
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Q1) The zenith of liberalism was reached during the presidency of
A) Harry Truman
B) Franklin D. Roosevelt
C) Lyndon Johnson
D) Jimmy Carter
Q2) Which of the following best characterizes the strategy Johnson chose in Vietnam upon becoming president?
A) He chose to attempt a slow withdrawal.
B) He chose to escalate direct American involvement in Vietnam.
C) He chose to increase material support for the South Vietnamese.
D) He chose to switch from an air attack to a ground attack.
Q3) How did young men from middle-class and wealthy families so often avoid military service in Vietnam?
A) They got college deferments.
B) They paid for substitutes to serve in their places.
C) They faced favorable draft boards.
D) They were intentionally given high draft numbers.
Q4) What did the slogan "black power" mean? How were the feelings behind the slogan expressed?
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Q5) What steps did President Johnson take to combat poverty and discrimination?
Chapter 27: Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972-1979
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Sample Questions
Q1) How did Congress attempt to reassert its power over foreign policy in the 1970s?
Q2) The partial nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island in __________ brought new attention to the dangers of nuclear power plants.
A) Florida
B) California
C) Pennsylvania
D) New York
Q3) Carter sought to turn the page on America's colonial past by __________.
A) cutting off U.S. aid to Chile
B) returning sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama
C) returning part of Arizona to Mexico
D) apologizing to the people of the Philippines
Q4) Nixon's visit to China had which of the following benefits?
A) Trade between China and the U.S. increased.
B) The Soviet Union withdrew from eastern Europe.
C) China announced new democratic elections.
D) Chinese immigration to the U.S. increased.
Q5) Describe the emergence of the environmental movement in the 1970s.
Q6) Why did the American economy go into a prolonged decline in the 1970s?
Q7) Why did Nixon seek to improve U.S. relations with China?
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Chapter 28: The Cold War Returnsand Ends, 1979-1991
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54 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________Amendments restricted U.S. aid to the Contras.
A) Boland
B) Bush
C) Kirkpatrick
D) Casey
Q2) __________ did not fare well in the 1980s.
A) professionals
B) the wealthiest Americans
C) the poorest Americans
D) large corporations
Q3) Religious fundamentalists around the world sought to __________.
A) strengthen cultural traditions
B) overthrow democratic governments
C) unite believers of all faiths in a single political party
D) eliminate social injustice
Q4) The Soviet occupation of Afghanistan most resembled __________.
A) British involvement in India
B) U.S. involvement in Vietnam
C) U.S. involvement in Mexico
D) British involvement in Ireland
Page 33
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Chapter 29: Post-Cold War America, 1991-2000
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 1995, __________ organized the Million Man March.
A) Jerry Falwell
B) Al Sharpton
C) Louis Farrakhan
D) Jesse Jackson
Q2) Which of the following was true of abortion in the United States during the 1990s?
A) Access to abortion providers in rural areas fell sharply.
B) The number of abortions performed each year skyrocketed.
C) All abortions were made illegal in several states.
D) Abortion ceased to be a significant political issue.
Q3) The FBI faced fierce criticism for its raid on the Branch Davidian compound in
A) Waco, Texas
B) Chicago, Illinois
C) Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
D) Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Q4) Why was the outcome of the 2000 presidential election so controversial?
Q5) What was the Contract with America? How did President Clinton respond to Republican efforts to implement the programs outlined in the Contract?
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Chapter 30: A Global Nation in the New Millennium
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53 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) After the U.S. toppled the Iraqi government, American soldiers __________.
A) discovered weapons of mass destruction in Iraq
B) uncovered proof of a link between al Qaeda and Iraq
C) were pulled into a long and bloody struggle to stabilize the country
D) were almost immediately withdrawn
Q2) Which of the following was the largest American company in 2000?
A) Wal-Mart
B) General Motors
C) Goldman Sachs
D) Apple
Q3) What justifications did the Bush administration offer for the 2003 invasion of Iraq? What explanations did outside observers offer for the invasion?
Q4) President Bush claimed that __________.
A) Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction
B) Saddam Hussein had ties to ISIS
C) Osama bin Laden was hiding in Baghdad
D) Iraq was responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing
Q5) What arguments were put forward by critics of global free trade in the early twenty-first century?
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