American Civilization
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
American Civilization explores the social, political, economic, and cultural development of the United States from its colonial origins to the present day. The course examines key events, movements, and ideas that have shaped the nation, including the founding principles of democracy, the impact of immigration, the evolution of civil rights, and the influence of American culture both domestically and abroad. Through analysis of primary sources, key historical texts, and contemporary issues, students gain a nuanced understanding of the complexities and diversity of the American experience.
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African American Odyssey The Combined Volume 5th Edition by Darlene Clark Hine
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Africa
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Q1) What African empire became powerful in the 1200s after Ghana fell to the Almoravids?
A) The Soninke formed the Empire of the Congo.
B) The Mandinka formed the Mali Empire.
C) The Almoravids formed the Second Ghanaian Empire.
D) The Egyptians formed the first dynasty of pharaohs.
Answer: B
Q2) What distinguished the Kingdom of Kongo from many other African kingdoms?
A) Mani Kongo Nzinga Knuwu began a tradition of welcoming early Portuguese missions.
B) The Kongo had no access to water travel.
C) The Kongo launched a holy war against Christian missionaries.
D) The Kongo maintained gender equality.
Answer: A
Q3) What was the Kingdom of Benin known for up to the seventeenth century?
A) elaborate, skillful work with diamonds
B) a large, sophisticated capital city, which had no beggars
C) a complete lack of slavery, unusual at the time
D) the only society dominated politically by women
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Middle Passage
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Q1) Who was the first known Portuguese merchant to begin to formally trade for slaves with the Africans?
A) Antam Goncalvez
B) Oba Dahomey
C) Ruy do Siqueira
D) Bartolomeu Dias.
Answer: C
Q2) What do we learn from the story of John Newton, a British slave ship captain?
A) Some devoutly Christian people never saw a contradiction between their jobs trading in human cargo and their religious beliefs.
B) Christians could be cruel, harsh slavers.
C) Ships' captains filled their ships with slaves quickly, usually in one stop at an African trading center.
D) Both that Christians could be cruel, harsh slavers, and that some never saw a contradiction between trading in human cargo and their religious beliefs.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Black People in Colonial North America
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Q1) By about 1700, the British colonies had practically replaced indentured servitude with black slavery. What was not a factor that caused this to happen?
A) The British had gained control of the slave trade in Africa, and this caused the price of slaves to go down.
B) Fewer indentured servants were willing to go to the Chesapeake.
C) The British could look to their established precedent of slavery in the Caribbean as an example.
D) The British decided to outlaw indentured servitude, as they believed labor should only be done by Africans.
Answer: D
Q2) What colonies made up the "low country"?
A) Virginia and Maryland
B) Carolina and Georgia
C) Georgia and Florida
D) all the southern colonies, from Virginia southwards
Answer: B
Q3) Interracial sexual contact is also called ___________________.
Answer: miscegenation
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5
Chapter 4: Rising Expectations: African Americans and the
Struggle for Independence
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Q1) How did Enlightenment thought affect African Americans in the 1760s and 1770s?
A) African Americans were unaffected by Enlightenment thought, since they were not allowed to read and write.
B) They began several coordinated, widespread violent rebellions in both the North and the South.
C) They filed lawsuits in the North, escaped from the South, and protested in large numbers.
D) Generally, large numbers of free blacks left for Africa in the late 1700s.
Q2) African Americans made many gains through the American Revolution. What was one limitation that they encountered?
A) They were not allowed to move into cities, and were forced to remain agricultural workers.
B) The free black population outside the North failed to increase in any significant way.
C) They faced many economic difficulties, made worse by whites who limited training and entry into certain fields and trades.
D) They were able to serve in the military in various capacities.
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6
Chapter 5: African Americans in the New Nation, 1783-1820
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Q1) What famous foreign revolution was an influence on slaves planning uprisings in the United States?
A) the French Revolution
B) the revolution in Haiti, led by Toussaint Louverture
C) the massive Cuban Revolution of slaves in 1793
D) a slave uprising in Quebec, Canada, where slaves won their freedom from French masters
Q2) What was the name of the first anti-slavery society in the world?
Q3) What was the significance of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 for African Americans?
A) It had almost no effect, since huge numbers of slaves continued to live under slavery until the Civil War.
B) The ordinance set a precedent for limiting where slavery could and could not exist.
C) It demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation government had significant amounts of power in many areas.
D) It banned the slave trade, but not slavery, from the territory.
Q4) Which slave led a rebellion in Virginia in 1800?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Life in the Cotton Kingdom
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Q1) How did slaves' general health compare with the slave populations in the rest of the New World?
A) American slaves' health was much worse, since masters gave them inadequate diet, and medical knowledge was so poor.
B) American slaves' death rates were generally much worse than both white southerners' and other slaves' death rates.
C) American slaves' health was generally better - they were the only slave group to grow through natural reproduction.
D) Generally about the same as other slave groups, since they all practiced the same folk remedies for illness.
Q2) Which crop replaced tobacco as the main cash crop of Virginia and Maryland?
A) cotton
B) sugarcane
C) potatoes
D) wheat
Q3) Who was the most famous of the animal tricksters found in African-American folktales?
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Chapter 7: Free Black People in Antebellum America
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Q1) When property qualifications were removed from voting requirements in most states during the Age of Jackson,
A) elites disfranchised black men.
B) elites continued to allow those wealthy black men who could vote before to vote.
C) elites opened the voting process up to black women as well.
D) elites allowed Native Americans to vote, but not any other ethnic group.
Q2) What did the Democratic Party and the Whig Party have in common?
A) They were both against the spread of slavery to the territories.
B) They really had nothing in common, since they were opposition parties.
C) They both favored secession by the South.
D) They were both led by slaveholders, and neither really championed black rights.
Q3) What is true of the free black population in America from the period from 1820 to 1860?
A) Most of the free population was over the age of 55.
B) The actual number of free blacks went down over the period.
C) More women than men were free.
D) Few of the free blacks lived in the cities.
Q4) What was the term used to describe segregated facilities?
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Opposition to Slavery
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Q1) How did Walker's pamphlet influence the antislavery movement?
A) It was immediately accepted by southerners, since it advocated the use of violence against slaves.
B) His aggressive style and tone in the pamphlet made others adopt a similar tone.
C) He hurt black pride and nationalism, which were growing at the time
D) He forced the president to rethink his views on the slave trade.
Q2) What is a term used for people who favored getting rid of slavery throughout the country?
Q3) What beliefs did William Lloyd Garrison hold about slavery?
A) As a black man, he felt that slavery was not economically practical, and would die out of its own accord.
B) He thought that gradually abolishing slavery was immoral and impractical.
C) He thought that the highest position a black man should hold would be that of a slave.
D) He thought that slavery should not be extended to any new territory, but could continue where it was.
Q4) Other than Africa, where did some African Americans choose to migrate?
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Chapter 9: Let Your Motto Be Resistance
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Q1) Who was/were the main leader(s) of the underground railroad in the early 1840s?
A) Harriet Tubman
B) Charles T. Torrey and Thomas Smallwood
C) Frederick Douglass
D) Madison Washington
Q2) Why do we know very little about the underground railroad?
A) The records of the organization were burned in a fire set by white mobs.
B) It was only a myth, told by antislavery advocates to keep black slaves' hopes alive.
C) It was a secret organization with no centralized command, and the efforts were separated from each other by region and time.
D) It existed for only two years, and had only one leader, Harriet Tubman.
Q3) What statement is true about the riots during the 1830s and the 1840s?
A) They rarely did any physical damage to cities, but murdered large numbers of blacks.
B) They were instigated by angry blacks, who protested the conditions of their lives.
C) They grew in number as the abolitionist movement grew.
D) They were located mainly in the South.
Q4) What was the name of Frederick Douglass's influential newspaper?
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Q1) How did the federal government react over the fugitive slave incident in Christiana, Pennsylvania in 1851?
A) The president sent federal troops in to help free the slaves.
B) The president attempted to prosecute those who had helped the slaves escape.
C) The president ordered the arsenal destroyed, with the slaves inside it.
D) The president ignored the incident, since the state militia had the matter well under control.
Q2) What does the story of Margaret Garner tell us about fugitive slaves?
A) The underground railroad worked very well.
B) Some slaves were very brave, and would return many times to the South to help others escape.
C) Some despised slavery so much that they were willing to kill their children rather than have them grow up as slaves.
D) Black women continued to face sexual exploitation even outside of slavery.
Q3) What were the main issues in the Lincoln-Douglas debates in 1858?
A) the discovery of gold in California
B) slavery and race
C) secession of the South
D) the expansion of the powers of the federal government
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War
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Q1) What Union victory preceded Lincoln issuing the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation?
Q2) Which of the following slave states was never a member of the Confederacy?
A) Virginia
B) Delaware
C) Tennessee
D) North Carolina
Q3) What did Harriet Tubman and Mary Elizabeth Bowser have in common about their activities during the Civil War?
A) Both black women led helpful spying efforts on the Confederacy for the Union.
B) Both women were influential writers for the Union cause.
C) Both black women actually supported the Confederacy, demonstrating that blacks held varying opinions during the Civil War.
D) They were early women's rights activists.
Q4) Where were many of the members of the Second South Carolina Volunteers from?
A) New York
B) Georgia and Florida
C) Massachusetts
D) South Carolina
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Chapter 12: The Meaning of Freedom: the Promise of Reconstruction
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Q1) Why did many blacks meet in conventions in 1865 and 1866 across the South?
A) to elect black leaders and black political candidates
B) to protest the black codes, and respectfully ask that whites live up to the ideals of America
C) Blacks were never allowed to meet in large groups anywhere in the South at that time.
D) to organize trips to Africa to escape the harsh situation in America
Q2) Which of the following is true about the Port Royal Experiment?
A) Ex-slaves began to work the land around Port Royal, South Carolina, and some were able to purchase property.
B) It was a Southern experiment to re-institute slavery. The experiment failed when Lincoln discovered it.
C) It was an attempt to force slaves into industrial labor in the North.
D) Blacks there were immediately forced on ships to go to Africa.
Q3) What was the first concern of many African Americans once they achieved freedom?
A) forming churches
B) retaliating against former masters
C) reuniting with lost family members
D) moving to the northern cities
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Meaning of Freedom: the Failure of Reconstruction,
1868-1877
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Q1) Which of the following statements is not true about black officeholders during Reconstruction?
A) They were always well-qualified for their office.
B) Only a small minority had attended college.
C) Some had been free before the war; some had been slaves.
D) Farmers and workers were well represented.
Q2) What happened to the University of South Carolina when black leaders insisted it include black students?
A) White students accepted the blacks, and helped them adjust to college life.
B) Most of the white students and faculty left.
C) Whites discriminated against the black students, making life very difficult for them.
D) The governor of South Carolina shut the school down.
Q3) ________________ is the right to be brought before a judge and not be arrested or jailed without cause.
Q4) Where was the KKK founded?
Q5) ______________ College was the first historically black state university, founded in 1872.
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Chapter 14: White Supremacy Triumphant: African
Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century
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Q1) What was the result of the popularity of the Populist Party among blacks in the South?
A) Blacks were able to gain substantial numbers of political offices and dominate politics in the South.
B) Since blacks were completely excluded from formal participation in politics, they could not vote for Populists, even if they supported them.
C) Southerners realized that blacks were a potent political force and that they would have to share power politically.
D) It heightened fears of southerners that blacks might gain political power.
Q2) How did Democrats limit black political power in the South, even if blacks were voting?
A) They creatively drew congressional districts so that the fewest possible blacks could be elected.
B) They refused to seat elected blacks in the House or Senate.
C) They restricted black rights in various ways during their tenure in office.
D) They generally wanted blacks to vote - the Republican party was trying to limit black voting.
Q3) What was the name of the case that upheld Louisiana's segregation laws?
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Chapter 15: Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy
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Q1) Which national labor union included blacks and whites as its members?
A) Knights of Labor
B) American Federation of Labor
C) National Labor Union
D) Equality United Labor Union.
Q2) Which of the following is true about black ministers?
A) They often presented thoughtful, deliberate sermons.
B) They were very rarely female.
C) They usually had at least a high school education.
D) They were generally not very influential in the general community.
Q3) What was the "Brownsville incident"?
A) an incident where black troops were accused of raping a white woman
B) a shooting match in the Texas border town, where blacks were blamed
C) an effort by white troops to murder an entire black battalion, and leave them for dead
D) an incident where black troops were prosecuted for stealing cattle, although they had been given no rations that month
Q4) Who was Hampton Institute's most famous and prized student?
Q5) Who is regarded as the "father of the blues"?
Q6) Who began the push to eliminate black men from major league baseball?
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African
Americans in the Early Twentieth Century
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Q1) What was true about the NAACP publication, The Crisis?
A) It was generally a very conservative publication, stressing acceptance of current racial conditions.
B) Edited by Du Bois, it generally contained strident language denouncing racism and demanding that blacks stand up for their rights.
C) It stressed blacks' need to obtain education in farming techniques.
D) The Crisis was very short lived, since it was very radical, and was driven out of business by the government.
Q2) What was the result of Washington's scheming to destroy the NAACP?
A) He was successful-the NAACP was destroyed, and only returned with the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950s.
B) He severely damaged the NAACP, and it would not gain in members until the 1950s.
C) The NAACP eventually triumphed, in goals and tactics.
D) Washington was revealed as a poor leader, and lost much support among whites.
Q3) What was the motto of the NACW?
Q4) What book, written by W. E. B. Du Bois, was one of the major literary accomplishments of the twentieth century and contained his first formal attack on Washington?
Page 18
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Chapter 17: African Americans and the 1920s
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Q1) What does the case of Sacco and Vanzetti tell us about America in the early 1920s?
A) Communism was widespread in America, and justice officials acted quickly to stop it.
B) Many felt their conviction and execution had more to do with xenophobia than legal evidence that they had been involved in a crime.
C) Black men were treated very poorly in the American justice system.
D) Blacks were the primary ethnic group who suffered discrimination in the 1920s.
Q2) What was the "Harlem Renaissance"?
A) an outpouring of literary and artistic work from blacks during the 1920s
B) a brief time when blacks in Harlem had equal social rights to whites during the 1920s
C) the name given to the time period when Harlem was growing larger, and getting more black institutions
D) a time when historical buildings in Harlem were given great attention
Q3) What organization was Randolph asked to lead in 1925?
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19
Chapter 18: Black Protests, the Great Depression, and the New Deal
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Q1) How did black unemployment in large cities compare with the national unemployment rate?
A) Black unemployment was lower.
B) Black unemployment was higher.
C) Black unemployment was at the national average.
D) No statistics were kept on black unemployment during the time, since the government did not consider them to be very important.
Q2) How were relief programs handled before the Great Depression?
A) through private charities and individuals
B) through the federal government
C) no charities or relief effort existed before the Great Depression
D) generally, cities had very extensive systems of aid to help the poor and unemployed
Q3) What was the "Bronx Slave Market"?
A) an area in New York where white racists tried to re-institute the slave trade
B) an area in New York were black men could go to get jobs, which paid very little
C) an area in New York where white women could very cheaply obtain day help from black women
D) a play by Langston Hughes about the difficulties of black life
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Chapter 19: Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s
and 1940s
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Q1) Why did the Dodgers decide to sign Robinson?
A) They were doing it as a marketing ploy, to bring more people in to the stadium.
B) They were forced into signing him by the Supreme Court.
C) They were hoping to improve their chances at a pennant race.
D) President Roosevelt, who was a friend of Robinson, personally asked the Dodgers to sign him.
Q2) Which of the following was an alternative religion that became prominent among African Americans during the 1930s and 1940s?
A) the Peace Mission Movement
B) African Episcopal Methodists
C) the Nation of Muslims
D) the Church of God in Christ
Q3) How did Katherine Dunham influence African-American dance?
A) She was an anthropologist, and incorporated African ritual dances into her work.
B) She refused to be influenced by other styles.
C) She opened a dance school for African Americans in New York.
D) She forced dance into more conventional, white-inspired performances.
Q4) Who was the leader of the Peace Mission Movement?
Page 21
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Chapter 20: The World War Ii Era and the Seeds of a Revolution, 1936-1948
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Q1) What statement did Paul Robeson make that particularly infuriated anti-communists in the United States?
A) Robeson advocated that all blacks move immediately to the Soviet Union.
B) Robeson declared that he would not be drafted to fight in the Cold War.
C) Robeson could not understand why blacks should go to war for a country that denied them their civil rights.
D) Robeson made public comments stating that he thought HUAC had been infiltrated by communists.
Q2) What did Mabel K. Staupers fight against during the war?
A) for black women to be able to enter the military and fight in combat roles
B) discrimination against blacks in combat roles
C) quotas for black nurses in the U.S. Army Nurse Corps
D) the lynching of black soldiers
Q3) What finally lifted the United States out of the Great Depression?
A) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal programs
B) black business successes
C) military spending by the United States to prepare for World War II
D) the Kennedy administration, and the development of the atomic bomb
Q4) Who led the Dixiecrat Party revolt in 1948?
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Chapter 21: The Freedom Movement
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Q1) Kennedy generally only acted decisively for African Americans when what happened?
A) He acted decisively when he felt his authority as president was threatened.
B) Kennedy was a great civil rights supporter and acted for civil rights without regard to the thoughts of the white South.
C) He acted decisively when he was asked by the Soviet Union to improve the situation for blacks.
D) Kennedy failed to act decisively in any instance when he was in office.
Q2) What group was pivotal in early organizing and protest against the segregated buses in Montgomery?
A) League of Women Voters
B) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
C) Southern Christian Leadership Conference
D) Women's Political Council
Q3) Who did many African Americans initially support in the election of 1960?
A) John F. Kennedy
B) Richard Nixon
C) George Wallace
D) Lyndon B. Johnson
Q4) Who was responsible for the murder of civil rights activist Medgar Evers?
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Q1) How did Vietnam affect black participation in the armed forces?
A) As with every other war in American history, blacks were relegated to menial tasks, and rarely fought in combat roles.
B) Blacks refused to serve in the Vietnam War, thinking it was a white man's war to dominate a darker skinned people.
C) Blacks served in increasing percentages, and were sent out for combat frequently.
D) Vietnam actually saw a return to segregated military forces.
Q2) Why were people surprised by the Detroit riot in the summer of 1967?
A) Detroit had already had a large riot the summer before, and things seemed quieter.
B) Detroit had never had any race problems before.
C) Detroit seemed a model city for race relations, especially with the importance of Motown.
D) Detroit blacks were among the best paid in the country.
Q3) Who was the first black woman to make the FBI's Ten Most Wanted list?
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Chapter 23: African Americans at the Millennium
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Q1) What arguments have been made about racial statistics?
A) They should not ever be used as they are always discriminatory.
B) That without racial statistics, we might not know if we need programs to change discrimination.
C) That they stop miscegenation.
D) That they should only be used at the state level, not the national level.
Q2) How did Reginald Lewis become the wealthiest black man in America?
A) He was a music producer, for people like Michael Jackson.
B) He founded the computer company Microsoft.
C) He was a successful businessman.
D) He was a well-known actor in several films, under the name Denzel Washington.
Q3) With what techniques is Grandmaster Flash credited in rap?
A) Flash was notorious for simply copying other rappers' styles.
B) Flash began the rap music tradition of using female backup singers.
C) He is credited with the technique of scratching and combining records on two turntables to produce a unique song.
D) He is generally credited with beginning the style known as "gangsta rap."
Q4) What rap artist emerged to counter the images of women presented by gangsta rap artists?
Q5) For what did Pope John Paul II apologize in 1993?
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Q1) Why did many blacks and civil rights organizations protest Reagan's appointment of William Bell to lead the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?
A) Bell was a conservative black man, and had very few qualifications.
B) Bell was well known as a racist white senator from Alabama.
C) Bell was an established politician with a reputation for corruption and dishonesty.
D) Bell was white and most of the people who headed the EEOC were black.
Q2) Which type of institution has been at the center of the backlash against affirmative action?
A) educational institutions
B) restaurants and cafeterias
C) businesses and places of work
D) government jobs
Q3) Who led the "Rainbow Coalition"?
Q4) Which city was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005?
A) Houston
B) New Orleans
C) Miami
D) Galveston
26
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