Allied Health Anatomy and Physiology
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a foundational understanding of human anatomy and physiology with an emphasis on concepts relevant to allied health professions. Students will explore the structure and function of the major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, digestive, and urinary systems. The course integrates basic anatomical terminology, physiological processes, and the interrelationships between body systems, preparing students to apply this knowledge in clinical and healthcare settings. Laboratory activities and interactive learning experiences reinforce key concepts and support the development of practical skills essential for allied health practitioners.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy Physiology 7th Edition by Frederic H. Martini
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20 Chapters
2274 Verified Questions
2274 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is a warm day and you feel a little chilled.On checking your temperature,you find that your body temperature is 1.5 degrees below normal.Suggest some possible reasons for this situation.
Answer: There are several reasons why your body temperature may have dropped.Your body may be losing heat faster than it is being produced.This,however,is more likely to occur on a cool day.Various chemical factors,such as hormones,may have caused a decrease in your metabolic rate,and thus your body is not producing as much heat as it normally would.Alternatively,you may be suffering from an infection that has temporarily changed the set point of the body's "thermostat." This would seem to be the most likely explanation considering the circumstances given in the question.
Q2) What is the anatomical term for the calf?
A) crural
B) plantar
C) calcaneal
D) sural
E) tarsal
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the correct description of a molecule?
A) It is an electrically charged atom.
B) It cannot be broken down physically.
C) It is comprised of two or more elements bonded together.
D) It is the smallest unit of matter.
E) It is comprised of two or more atoms sharing electrons.
Answer: E
Q2) Why is it life-threatening to have a low pH?
Answer: A low pH can be life-threatening because the change in hydrogen ion concentration can cause certain proteins,such as vital enzymes,to become inactive.When this occurs,the proteins become nonfunctional,and if they catalyze reactions that are necessary for life,life will cease.
Q3) What is the primary composition of organic compounds?
A) carbon and oxygen atoms
B) oxygen and hydrogen atoms
C) oxygen and nitrogen atoms
D) carbon and hydrogen atoms
E) nitrogen and carbon atoms
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cell's ribosomal RNA (rRNA)is produced by the A) ribosomes.
B) nucleoli.
C) lysosomes.
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
E) Golgi apparatus.
Answer: B
Q2) The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water (lower solute)concentration to an area of lower water (higher solute)concentration is known as A) filtration.
B) active transport.
C) diffusion.
D) facilitated diffusion.
E) osmosis.
Answer: E
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Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tendons and ligaments would have a high concentration of ________ cells.
A) macrophage
B) fibroblast
C) reticular
D) mast
E) collagen
Q2) How could this tissue be described?
A) It is the outer protective tissue over the organ.
B) This tissue is for compression, which moves food through the organ.
C) This tissue conducts electrical impulses.
D) This tissue is multinucleated.
E) This tissue produces a material that lubricates food.
Q3) The skin is sometimes referred to as the
A) cutaneous membrane.
B) mucous membrane.
C) serous membrane.
D) synovial membrane.
E) peritoneal membrane.
Q4) What type of epithelium would you expect to find lining the urinary bladder? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
A) increase storage of nutrients in the digestive tract
B) increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
C) increase sensory reception
D) increase secretion of milk in specialized integumentary glands
E) increase large reserves of lipids in adipose tissue
Q2) Mammary glands are modified
A) sensory receptors.
B) wax glands.
C) oil glands.
D) sebaceous glands.
E) sweat glands.
Q3) Structure D is a(n)
A) endocrine gland.
B) sebaceous gland.
C) merocrine gland.
D) apocrine gland.
E) unicellular gland.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why might a person suffering from osteoporosis benefit from increased calcium ingestion?
Q2) Structure E is the A) vertebral arch.
B) dens.
C) spinous process.
D) pedicle.
E) lamina.
Q3) The occipital bone articulates with the first cervical vertebra at the A) occipital condyles.
B) foramen magnum.
C) odontoid process.
D) superior articular process.
E) cervical body.
Q4) When one crosses his/her arms,which movement is performed by the clavicles?
A) protraction
B) retraction
C) depression
D) abduction
E) adduction
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The area between Z lines is the A) sarcolemma.
B) sarcomere.
C) sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D) myofibril.
E) myofilament.
Q2) As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated,acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membrane's permeability to A) acetylcholinesterase.
B) sodium ions.
C) calcium ions.
D) chloride ions.
E) potassium ions.
Q3) Muscle fascicles are separated by A) endomysium.
B) perimysium.
C) epimysium.
D) sarcolemma.
E) periosteum.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In adults,the spinal cord usually extends to which level?
A) tenth thoracic vertebra
B) first sacral vertebra
C) seventh cervical vertebra
D) fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra
E) first or second lumbar vertebra
Q2) Diffusion across which structure(s)returns excess CSF to venous circulation?
A) third ventricle
B) dural sinuses
C) cerebral aqueduct
D) arachnoid granulations
E) lateral ventricle
Q3) The primary connection between cerebral hemispheres is the A) cerebellum.
B) precentral gyrus.
C) postcentral gyrus.
D) midbrain.
E) corpus callosum.
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10
Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sound energy is converted into mechanical movements by the A) auditory ossicles.
B) cochlea.
C) oval window.
D) round window.
E) tympanic membrane.
Q2) The transparent anterior portion of the eye is called the A) cornea.
B) retina.
C) conjunctiva.
D) lens.
E) choroid.
Q3) Nearsightedness is more properly called A) emmetropia.
B) myopia.
C) retinal detachment.
D) hyperopia.
E) glaucoma.
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11
Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you visit your 85-year-old grandmother,you always wonder why she keeps the temperature of her apartment so high.You sweat the entire time you are there while she wears a sweater.In addition,you notice that she seems to have no energy and never wants to go out with you.You know that it is not because she is not getting enough food because she seems to be gaining weight.What is the likely endocrinological problem that she has? Explain why each symptom is occurring,relative to the hormone that is related to the disorder.
Q2) The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is
A) angiotensin.
B) cortisol.
C) erythropoietin.
D) renin.
E) epinephrine.
Q3) All hormones are A) steroids.
B) cholesterol based.
C) proteins.
D) inorganic compounds.
E) chemical messengers.
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Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hemoglobin molecule contains
A) three protein chains, four heme groups, and two iron ions.
B) two protein chains, two heme groups, and four iron ions.
C) four protein chains, two heme groups, and two iron ions.
D) four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions.
E) four protein chains, six heme groups, and two iron ions.
Q2) During fibrinolysis,which enzyme begins digesting the fibrin strands,breaking down the clot?
A) Factor X
B) clotting Factor VII
C) thrombin
D) fibrinogen
E) plasmin
Q3) Label J represents
A) basophils.
B) neutrophils.
C) monocytes.
D) eosinophils.
E) lymphocytes.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.
1.right atrium
2)left atrium
3)right ventricle
4)left ventricle
5)vena cavae
6)aorta
7)pulmonary trunk
8)pulmonary veins
What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?
A) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5
B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5
C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6
E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6
Q2) Explain the significance of the thickness of the left ventricular wall.
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Chapter 13: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Angiotensin II elevates systemic blood pressure by
A) triggering arteriole constriction.
B) promoting the release of ANP.
C) inhibiting aldosterone.
D) promoting the excretion of sodium.
E) inhibiting ADH.
Q2) The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are called
A) capillaries.
B) arterioles.
C) arteries.
D) venules.
E) veins.
Q3) What does label H represent?
A) alveolus
B) alveolar capillary
C) alveolar vein
D) alveolar artery
E) alveolar venule
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Choose the most accurate characteristic of B cells.
A) They help establish and control the sensitivity of the immune response.
B) They stimulate the activities of T cells.
C) They attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues.
D) They continually monitor peripheral tissues.
E) They differentiate into plasma cells that secrete antibodies.
Q2) In the condition called ________,interstitial fluids accumulate in a region in which drainage has been blocked.
A) lymphadenopathy
B) systemic lupus erythematosus
C) lymphoma
D) mononucleosis
E) lymphedema
Q3) What does label C represent?
A) disulfide bond
B) variable segment
C) light chain
D) heavy chain
E) constant segments of light and heavy chains
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Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
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101 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Surfactant
A) is produced by pneumocytes type I.
B) phagocytizes dust or debris.
C) replaces mucus in the alveoli.
D) plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.
E) is not found in healthy lung tissue.
Q2) Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air?
A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) water vapor
D) carbon dioxide
E) carbon monoxide
Q3) The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and the A) cuneiform cartilages.
B) diaphragm.
C) arytenoid cartilages.
D) pleura.
E) trachealis muscle.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regarding the chemical events in digestion,which of the following forms chylomicrons?
A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) lipids
D) nucleic acids
E) peptides
Q2) Label L represents which structure(s)?
A) mucosal glands
B) mucosa
C) villi
D) mucous epithelium
E) lamina propria
Q3) Which of the following is a gastrointestinal hormone that increases the rate of bile secretion by the liver?
A) cholecystokinin
B) gastrin
C) gastric inhibitory peptide
D) pepsin
E) secretion
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Chapter 17: Metabolism and Energetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the liver and skeletal muscles,glucose molecules are stored as
A) triglycerides.
B) fatty acids.
C) pyruvate.
D) sucrose.
E) glycogen.
Q2) A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water ________ degree(s)Celsius.
A) 1
B) 2
C) 10
D) 100
E) 1,000
Q3) Which of the following comprise the best source of vitamin C?
A) milk and meat
B) bread and potatoes
C) vegetables
D) citrus fruits
E) breads and cheeses
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Label T represents which of the following structures?
A) renal papilla
B) renal columns
C) renal cortex
D) major calyx
E) minor calyx
Q2) The micturition reflex center consists of afferent sensory fibers in the pelvic nerves,which carry the resulting impulses to the A) hypothalamus.
B) medulla oblongata.
C) pons.
D) lumbar spinal cord.
E) sacral spinal cord.
Q3) ADH is released by cells in the A) juxtaglomerular complex.
B) central nervous system.
C) podocytes.
D) adrenal glands.
E) macula densa.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ovary does not release a mature gamete.Instead,a(n)________ is released. A) oocyte
B) oogonium
C) primary oocyte
D) secondary oocyte
E) zygote
Q2) Undifferentiated spermatogenic stem cells are called A) spermatogonia.
B) spermatids.
C) primary spermatocytes.
D) secondary spermatocytes.
E) sperm.
Q3) A young couple desires to start a family later,but they currently rely on the rhythm method and are uncomfortable with the thought of hormonal contraceptives.What additional form of birth control would you advise them to use?
Q4) Jerry was in an automobile accident that severed his spinal cord at the L3 level.After his recovery,he wonders if he will still be able to have an erection.What would you tell him?
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Chapter 20: Development and Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)________ allele will always be expressed regardless of what the other allele happens to be.
A) heterozygous
B) sex-linked
C) recessive
D) dominant
E) autosomal
Q2) Label D represents which of the following structures?
A) blastocoele
B) blastocyst
C) trophoblast
D) developing villi
E) chorion
Q3) Label C represents which of the following structures?
A) blastocoele
B) blastocyst
C) trophoblast
D) developing villi
E) chorion
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Page 22