Algebra-Based Physics Test Questions - 3126 Verified Questions

Algebra-Based Physics Test

Questions

Course Introduction

Algebra-Based Physics introduces fundamental concepts of physics through the use of algebraic methods, making it accessible to students without a strong background in calculus. The course covers essential topics such as motion, forces, energy, waves, electricity, magnetism, and basic optics. Emphasis is placed on conceptual understanding and practical problem-solving skills, with a focus on applying algebraic techniques to analyze physical phenomena. Designed for students pursuing fields such as life sciences, pre-med, and certain engineering technologies, this course provides a solid foundation in physics principles and prepares students for more advanced studies or professional applications.

Recommended Textbook Physics 5th Edition by James S. Walker

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32 Chapters

3126 Verified Questions

3126 Flashcards

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physics

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Sample Questions

Q1) Rover eats 0.50 pound of dry dog food per day.How many 5.0-kg sacks of dog food does his owner need to buy in a year? (1.0 kg weighs 2.2 lb)

A)17

B)25

C)52

D)80

E)81

Answer: A

Q2) In the difference A - B - C,A is accurate to 5 decimal places,B is accurate to 2 decimal places,and C is accurate to 3 decimal places.What is the correct number of decimal places in the difference?

A)2

B)3

C)4

D)5

E)0

Answer: A

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Page 3

Chapter 2: One-Dimensional Kinematics

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Sample Questions

Q1) A runner runs around a track consisting of two parallel lines 96 m long connected at the ends by two semicircles with a radius of 49 m.She completes one lap in 100 seconds.What is her average velocity?

A)2.5 m/s

B)5.0 m/s

C)10 m/s

D)0 m/s

E)1.3 m/s

Answer: D

Q2) A car is traveling at 26.0 m/s when the driver suddenly applies the brakes,causing the car to slow down with constant acceleration.The car comes to a stop in a distance of 120 m.How fast was the car moving when it was 60.0 m past the point where the brakes were applied?

A)22.5 m/s

B)18.4 m/s

C)15.0 m/s

D)12.1 m/s

E)9.20 m/s

Answer: B

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Chapter 3: Vectors in Physics

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Sample Questions

Q1) The magnitude of a vector an only zero if all of its components are zero.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q2) On a calm day with no wind,you can run a 1500-m race at a velocity of 4.0 m/s.If you run the same race on a day when you have a constant headwind that slows your speed by 2.0 m/s,how much time would it take you to finish the race?

A)250 s

B)750 s

C)1125 s

D)9000 s

Answer: B

Q3) A velocity vector has components 36 m/s westward and 22 m/s northward.What are the magnitude and direction of this vector?

Answer: 42 m/s at 31° north of west

Q4) If three vectors add to zero,they must all have equal magnitudes.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

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Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Kinematics

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Sample Questions

Q1) A child throws a ball with an initial speed of 8.0 m/s at an angle of 40° above the horizontal.The ball leaves her hand 1.0 m above the ground.At what angle below the horizontal does the ball approach the ground?

A)35°

B)42°

C)48°

D)40°

E)65°

Q2) A ball thrown horizontally from a point 24 m above the ground,strikes the ground after traveling horizontally a distance of 18 m.With what speed was it thrown,assuming negligible air resistance?

A)6.1 m/s

B)7.4 m/s

C)8.1 m/s

D)8.9 m/s

Q3) A boulder rolls off of a very high cliff and experiences no significant air resistance.While it is falling,its trajectory is never truly vertical.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 5: Newtons Laws of Motion

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Sample Questions

Q1) A person who normally weighs 700 N is riding in a rather swift elevator that is moving at a constant speed of 9.8 m/s.If this person is standing on a bathroom scale inside the elevator,what would the scale read?

A)more than 700 N

B)less than 700 N

C)700 N

D)It could be more or less than 700 N,depending on whether the elevator is going up or down.

Q2) A 45.0-kg person steps on a scale in an elevator.The scale reads 460 N.What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the elevator?

A)4.91 m/s²

B)9.81 m/s²

C)46.9 m/s²

D)0.206 m/s²

E)0.422 m/s²

Q3) In order to lift a bucket of concrete,you must pull up harder on the bucket than the bucket pulls down on you.

A)True

B)False

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Page 7

Chapter 6: Applications of Newtons Laws

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Sample Questions

Q1) A flatbed truck is carrying a 20-kg crate up a sloping road.The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the bed is 0.40,and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.30.What is the maximum angle of slope that the truck can climb at constant speed if the crate is to stay in place?

A)0.38°

B)13°

C)17°

D)22°

E)68°

Q2) An object is being acted upon by three forces and as a result moves with a constant velocity.One force is 60.0 N along the +x-axis,and the second is 75.0 N along the +y-axis.What is the magnitude of the third force?

A)135 N

B)15.0 N

C)48.0 N

D)67.5 N

E)96.0 N

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Chapter 7: Work and Kinetic Energy

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Sample Questions

Q1) Two cyclists who weigh the same and have identical bicycles ride up the same mountain,both starting at the same time.Joe rides straight up the mountain,and Bob rides up the longer road that has a lower grade.Joe gets to the top before Bob.Ignoring friction and wind resistance,which one of the following statements is true?

A)The amount of work done by Joe is equal to the amount of work done by Bob,but the average power exerted by Joe is greater than that of Bob.

B)The amount of work done by Joe is greater than the amount of work done by Bob,and the average power exerted by Joe is greater than that of Bob.

C)Bob and Joe exerted the same amount of work,and the average power of each cyclist was also the same.

D)The average power exerted by Bob and Joe was the same,but Joe exerted more work in getting there.

Q2) Which requires more work,increasing a car's speed from 0 mph to 30 mph or from 50 mph to 60 mph?

A)0 mph to 30 mph

B)50 mph to 60 mph

C)It is the same in both cases.

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Page 9

Chapter 8: Potential Energy and Conservation of Energy

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Sample Questions

Q1) A heavy dart and a light dart are launched horizontally on a frictionless table by identical ideal springs.Both springs were initially compressed by the same amount.Which of the following statements about these darts are correct? (There could be more than one correct choice. )

A)The darts both have the same kinetic energy just as they move free of the spring.

B)The lighter dart leaves the spring moving faster than the heavy dart.

C)The heavy dart had more initial elastic potential energy than the light dart.

D)Both darts move free of the spring with the same speed.

E)Both darts had the same initial elastic potential energy.

Q2) At what minimum rate is a 60.0-kg boy using energy when,in 8.00 s,he runs up a flight of stairs that is 10.0-m high?

A)75.0 W

B)735 W

C)4.80 kW

D)48.0 W

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Chapter 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions

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Sample Questions

Q1) In an inelastic collision involving an isolated system,the final total momentum is A)exactly the same as the initial momentum.

B)more than the initial momentum.

C)less than the initial momentum.

Q2) A dinner plate falls vertically to the floor and breaks up into three pieces,which slide horizontally along the floor.Immediately after the impact,a 320-g piece moves along the +x-axis with a speed of 2.00 m/s and a 355-g piece moves along the +y-axis with a speed of 1.50 m/s.The third piece has a mass of 100 g.In what direction relative to the +x-axis does the third piece move?

A)216.9° from the +x-axis

B)219.8° from the +x-axis

C)36.9° from the +x-axis

D)39.9° from the +x-axis

E)39.8° from the +x-axis

Q3) There must be equal amounts of mass on both sides of the center of mass (or center of gravity)of a system.

A)True

B)False

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11

Chapter 10: Rotational Kinematics and Energy

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Sample Questions

Q1) Consider a uniform hoop of radius R and mass M rolling without slipping.Which is larger,its translational kinetic energy or its rotational kinetic energy?

A)Translational kinetic energy is larger.

B)Rotational kinetic energy is larger.

C)Both are equal.

D)You need to know the speed of the hoop to tell.

Q2) When a rigid object rotates about a fixed axis,what is true about all the points in the object? (There could be more than one correct choice. )

A)They all have the same angular speed.

B)They all have the same tangential speed.

C)They all have the same angular acceleration.

D)They all have the same tangential acceleration.

E)They all have the same radial acceleration.

Q3) What is the angular speed,in rad/s,of a flywheel turning at 813.0 rpm?

A)85.14 rad/s

B)13.53 rad/s

C)63.84 rad/s

D)95.33 rad/s

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Chapter 11: Rotational Dynamics and Static Equilibrium

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Sample Questions

Q1) If the sum of the external forces on an object is zero,then the sum of the external torques on it must also be zero.

A)True

B)False

Q2) A figure skater rotating at 5.00 rad/s with arms extended has a moment of inertia of 2.25 kg m².If he pulls in his arms so his moment of inertia decreases to 1.80 kg m²,what will be his new angular speed?

A)2.25 rad/s

B)4.60 rad/s

C)6.25 rad/s

D)0.81 rad/s

Q3) A uniform 40-N board supports two children weighing 500 N and 350 N.If the support is at the center of the board and the 500-N child is 1.5 m from its center,how far is the 350-N child from the center?

A)1.1 m

B)1.5 m

C)2.1 m

D)2.7 m

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Chapter 12: Gravity

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Sample Questions

Q1) What would be the weight of a 59.1-kg astronaut on a planet twice as massive as Earth and having twice Earth's radius?

A)580 N

B)290 N

C)1160 N

D)118 N

E)1200 N

Q2) At their closest approach,Venus and Earth are 4.20 × 10¹⁰ m apart.The mass of Venus is 4.87 × 10²⁴ kg,the mass of Earth is 5.97 × 10²⁴ kg,and G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N m²/kg².What is the magnitude of the gravitational force exerted by Venus on Earth at that point?

A)1.10 × 10¹⁸ N

B)4.62 × 10²⁸ N

C)5.43 × 10²⁶ N

D)6.30 × 10²⁰ N

E)1.72 × 10¹⁹ N

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Page 14

Chapter 13: Oscillations About Equilibrium

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Sample Questions

Q1) A 51.8-kg bungee jumper jumps off a bridge and undergoes simple harmonic motion.If the period of oscillation is 11.2 s,what is the spring constant (force constant)of the bungee cord?

A)16.3 N/m

B)19.6 N/m

C)26.1 N/m

Q2) If the angular frequency of the motion of a simple harmonic oscillator is doubled,by what factor does the maximum acceleration of the oscillator change?

A)2

B)4

C)It does not change.

D)1/2

E)1/4

Q3) The total mechanical energy of a simple harmonic oscillating system is

A)zero as it passes the equilibrium point.

B)zero when it reaches the maximum displacement.

C)a maximum when it passes through the equilibrium point.

D)a minimum when it passes through the equilibrium point.

E)a non-zero constant.

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Page 15

Chapter 14: Waves and Sound

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Sample Questions

Q1) A certain glass window reduces the intensity level of the sound from 72 dB to 47 dB.By what factor is the acoustic power reduced by this glass window?

A)3.2 × 10^-3

B)2.2 × 10^-2

C)5.6 × 10^-2

D)1.0 × 10^-1

E)1.5 × 10^-1

Q2) What is the frequency of the fundamental mode of vibration of a steel piano wire stretched to a tension of 440 N? The wire is 0.600 m long and has a mass of 5.60 g.

A)517 Hz

B)234 Hz

C)181 Hz

D)312 Hz

E)366 Hz

Q3) When a guitar is tuned to adjust it pitch,what is it that is changed?

A)The wavelength of the fundamental.

B)The frequency of the fundamental.

C)The amplitude of the fundamental.

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Chapter 15: Fluids

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Sample Questions

Q1) A plastic block of dimensions 2.00 cm × 3.00 cm × 4.00 cm has a mass of 30.0 g.What is its density?

A)0.80 g/cm³

B)1.20 g/cm³

C)1.25 g/cm³

D)1.60 g/cm³

Q2) A 500-N weight sits on the small piston of a hydraulic machine.The small piston has an area of 2.0 cm².If the large piston has an area of 40 cm²,how much weight can the large piston support? Assume the pistons each have negligible weight.

A)25 N

B)500 N

C)10000 N

D)40000 N

Q3) A boat loaded with rocks is floating in a swimming pool.If the rocks are thrown into the pool,the water level in the pool,after the rocks have settled to the bottom, A)rises.

B)falls.

C)stays the same.

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Page 17

Chapter 16: Temperature and Heat

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Sample Questions

Q1) A 0.600-kg piece of metal X is heated to 100°C and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at 17.3°C.The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is 20.2°C,what is the specific heat of metal X? The specific heats of water and aluminum are 4186 J/kg K (water)and 910 J/kg K (aluminum).

A)140 J/kg K

B)270 J/kg K

C)450 J/kg K

D)900 J/kg K

Q2) A person is walking outdoors on a cold day when the temperature is -20°C.He is breathing at the rate of 16 breaths per minute,and each time he breathes in he inhales 0.0050 m³ of air.At what rate does he lose heat from breathing if the air in his lungs is heated to body temperature (37°C)before it is exhaled? The specific heat of air is 1020 J/kg K and the density of air is 1.29 kg/m³.

A)60 W

B)90 W

C)100 W

D)150 W

E)300 W

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Chapter 17: Phases and Phase Changes

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Sample Questions

Q1) A 50-kg load is suspended from a steel wire of diameter 1.0 mm and length 11.2 m.By what distance will the wire stretch? Young's modulus for steel is 2.0 × 10¹¹ Pa.

A)1.5 cm

B)2.5 cm

C)3.5 cm

D)4.5 cm

Q2) In an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity of a certain material,a slab of material 10.0 mm thick separates a steam chamber from a block of ice with a square cross-section with dimensions 8.00 cm × 8.00 cm.After 5.00 min of running the experiment,64.0 g of ice have melted.What is the thermal conductivity of this material? The latent heat of fusion of water is 33.5 × 10⁴ J/kg,the latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.256 × 10⁶ J/kg,and both the ice and water are under 1.00 atm of pressure.

A)0.130 W/m K

B)0.250 W/m K

C)0.440 W/m K

D)0.620 W/m K

E)1.12 W/m K

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Chapter 18: The Laws of Thermodynamics

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Sample Questions

Q1) In an isochoric process,the internal (thermal)energy of a gas decreases by 50 J.How much work is done by the gas during this process?

A)0 J

B)50 J

C)-50 J

D)25 J

E)-25 J

Q2) During each cycle of operation,a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room.How much work input is required in each cycle?

A)712 J

B)586 J

C)460 J

D)126 J

Q3) When water at 0°C freezes,the entropy of the water

A)increases.

B)decreases.

C)remains constant.

D)could either increase or decrease;it depends on other factors.

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Chapter 19: Electric Charges, Forces, and Fields

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Sample Questions

Q1) Three identical 3.0-µC charges are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle that measures 30 cm on a side.What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force on any one of the charges? (k = 1/4 ₀ = 9.0 × 10⁹ N m²/C²)

A)1.6 N

B)1.8 N

C)2.0 N

D)2.2 N

E)2.4 N

Q2) What is the charge on 1.0 kg of protons? (e = 1.60 × 10^-19 C,m_proton = 1.67 × 10^-27 kg)

A)1.0 C

B)1000 C

C)9.6 × 10⁷ C

D)6.0 × 10²⁶ C

E)6.0 × 10²³ C

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Chapter 20: Electric Potential and Electric

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Sample Questions

Q1) A parallel-plate capacitor consists of a set of two parallel plates of area A separated by a distance d.This capacitor is connected to a battery that maintains a constant potential difference across the plates.A slab of a dielectric material is inserted in the region between the plates and completely fills it.What changes would you observe as the dielectric is inserted? (There could be more than one correct choice. )

A)Only the charge on the plates of the capacitor would change.

B)Only the capacitance would change.

C)Both the charge on the plates of the capacitor and its capacitance would change.

D)The potential difference across the plates would increase.

E)Nothing would change.

Q2) If the electric field between the plates of a given air-filled capacitor is weakened by removing charge from the plates,the capacitance of that capacitor

A)increases.

B)decreases.

C)does not change.

D)It cannot be determined from the information given.

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Chapter 21: Electric Current and Direct-Current Circuits

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Sample Questions

Q1) The resistivity of the material of a wire is 1.76 × 10^-8 m.If the diameter of the wire is 2.00 mm and its length is 2.00 m,what is its resistance?

A)112

B)11.2

C)1.12

D)0.112

E)0.0112

Q2) A light bulb operating at a dc voltage of 120 V has a power rating of 60 W.How much current is flowing through this bulb?

A)1.5 A

B)2.5 A

C)0.50 A

D)2.0 A

E)1.0 A

Q3) How much energy does a 100-W light bulb use in 8.0 hours?

A)0.0080 kWh

B)0.80 kWh

C)13 kWh

D)800 kWh

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Chapter 22: Magnetism

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Sample Questions

Q1) Consider an ideal solenoid of length L,N windings,and radius b (L is much longer than b).A current I is flowing through the wire windings.If the length of the solenoid becomes twice as long (to 2L),but all other quantities remained the same,the magnetic field inside the solenoid will

A)remain the same.

B)become twice as strong as initially.

C)become one-half as strong as initially.

D)become four times as strong as initially.

E)become one-fourth as strong as initially.

Q2) A high power line carries a current of 1.0 kA.What is the strength of the magnetic field this line produces at the ground,10 m away? ( ₀ = 4 × 10^-7 T m/A)

A)4.7 µT

B)6.4 µT

C)20 µT

D)56 µT

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Chapter 23: Magnetic Flux and Faradays Law of Induction

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Q1) In an ideal transformer,how many turns are necessary in a 110-V primary if the 24-V secondary has 100 turns?

A)458

B)240

C)110

D)22

Q2) A resistor and an inductor are connected in series to a battery.The battery is suddenly removed from the circuit and replaced by a wire to complete the circuit.The time constant for of the new circuit represents the time required for the current to decrease to

A)25% of the original value.

B)37% of the original value.

C)63% of the original value.

D)75% of the original value.

E)zero.

Q3) According to Lenz's law,the induced current in a circuit always flows to oppose the external magnetic field through the circuit.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 24: Alternating-Current Circuits

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Q1) A series circuit contains an 80- F capacitor,a 0.020-H inductor,and a switch.The resistance of the circuit is negligible.Initially,the switch is open,the capacitor voltage is 50 V,and the current in the inductor is zero.At time t = 0 s,the switch is closed.How long after closing the switch does the magnetic energy in the inductor first reach its maximum value?

A)2.0 ms

B)4.0 ms

C)6.0 ms

D)8.0 ms

E)10 ms

Q2) At what frequency does a 10- F capacitor have a reactance of 1200 ?

A)13 Hz

B)42 Hz

C)60 Hz

D)83 Hz

Q3) What is the rms current through a 2.50-mH coil due to a 110-V rms,60-Hz source?

A)0.94 A

B)2.5 A

C)104 A

D)117 A

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Chapter 25: Electromagnetic Waves

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Sample Questions

Q1) An ideal polarizer with its transmission axis rotated 30° to the vertical is placed in a beam of unpolarized light of intensity 10 W/m².After passing through the polarizer,what is intensity of the beam?

A)2.5 W/m²

B)5.0 W/m²

C)8.7 W/m²

D)7.5 W/m²

E)10 W/m²

Q2) The amplitude of the electric field for a certain type of electromagnetic wave is 570 N/C.What is the amplitude of the magnetic field for that wave? (c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s)

A)2.91 µT

B)1.90 µT

C)1.10 µT

D)1.41 µT

E)2.41 µT

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Chapter 26: Geometrical Optics

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Sample Questions

Q1) A convex spherical mirror has a focal length of magnitude 20 cm.If an object is placed 10 cm in front of the mirror on the mirror's axis,where is the image located?

A)20 cm behind the mirror

B)20 cm in front of the mirror

C)6.7 cm behind the mirror

D)6.7 cm in front of the mirror

Q2) Sometimes when you look into a curved mirror you see a magnified image (a great big you)and sometimes you see a diminished image (a little you).If you look at the bottom (convex)side of a shiny spoon,what will you see?

A)You won't see an image of yourself because no image will be formed.

B)You will see a little you,upside down.

C)You will see a little you,right side up.

D)You will see a little you,but whether you are right side up or upside down depends on how near you are to the spoon.

E)You will either see a little you or a great big you,depending on how near you are to the spoon.

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Chapter 27: Optical Instruments

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Sample Questions

Q1) The closest object that a typical young person with normal vision can focus on clearly is closest to

A)1 cm.

B)10 cm.

C)25 cm.

D)50 cm.

E)75 cm.

Q2) The angular magnification of a refracting telescope is 40.When the object and final image are both at infinity,the distance between the eyepiece and the objective is 143.5 cm.The telescope is used to view a distant radio tower.The real image of the tower,formed by the objective,is 6.0 mm in height.The focal point of the eyepiece is positioned at the real image.What is the angle subtended by the final image of the tower?

A)0.15 rad

B)0.17 rad

C)0.19 rad

D)0.21 rad

E)0.23 rad

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Chapter 28: Physical Optics: Interference and Diffraction

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Q1) A certain astronomical telescope has a diameter of 5.60 m.What is the minimum angle of resolution for this telescope when it is forming images using light of wavelength 620 nm?

A)1.11 × 10^-7 rad

B)3.11 × 10^-7 rad

C)2.70 × 10^-7 rad

D)1.35 × 10^-7 rad

E)4.05 × 10^-7 rad

Q2) Two radio antennas are 120 m apart on a north-south line.The two antennas radiate in phase at a frequency of 5.6 MHz.All radio measurements are made far from the antennas.What is the smallest angle,reckoned north of east from midway between the antennas,at which destructive interference of the two radio waves occurs? (c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s)

A)13°

B)6.4°

C)9.7°

D)16°

E)19°

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Chapter 29: Relativity

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Sample Questions

Q1) Two spaceships,each 100 m long in its own rest frame,approach Earth from opposite directions,each with a speed 0.50c relative to Earth.As measured by a passenger in one of the spaceships,how long is the other spaceship?

A)50 m

B)60 m

C)70 m

D)80 m

E)90 m

Q2) In a certain chemical reaction,8.1 × 10^-19 J of energy is released per molecule formed.What is the difference in mass per molecule between the sum of the masses of the molecules of the reagents before the reaction and the mass of the molecules produced by the reaction? (c = 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s)

A)8.1 × 10^-28 kg

B)2.7 × 10^-27 kg

C)3.2 × 10^-27 kg

D)5.4 × 10^-32 kg

E)9.0 × 10^-36 kg

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Page 31

Chapter 30: Quantum Physics

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Q1) What is the wavelength of the most intense light emitted by a giant star of surface temperature 5000 K? The constant in Wien's law is 0.00290 m K.

A)576 nm

B)578 nm

C)580 nm

D)582 nm

Q2) When a metal is illuminated by light,photoelectrons are observed provided that the wavelength of the light is less than 520 nm.What is the metal's work function? (c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m/s,h = 6.626 × 10^-34 J s,1 eV = 1.60 × 10^-19 J)

A)2.4 eV

B)2.6 eV

C)2.8 eV

D)3.0 eV

Q3) As the temperature of a blackbody increases,what happens to the peak wavelength of the light it radiates?

A)It gets longer.

B)It gets shorter.

C)The wavelength is not affected by the temperature of the object.

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Page 32

Chapter 31: Atomic Physics

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Q1) If light excites atomic hydrogen from its lowest energy level to the n = 12 level,what is the energy of the photons of this light?

A)13.5 eV

B)32.2 eV

C)13.6 eV

D)0.0944 eV

E)1.13 eV

Q2) How many 2d electron states can an atom have?

A)0

B)4

C)6

D)8

E)10

Q3) In a hydrogen atom,a given electron has = 7.How many possible values can m₁ have?

A)6

B)7

C)15

D)98

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Page 33

Chapter 32: Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Radiation

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Q1) When a ^- particle is emitted from an unstable nucleus,the atomic number of the nucleus

A)increases by 1.

B)decreases by 1.

C)increases by 2.

D)decreases by 2.

E)does not change.

Q2) How long will it take a 4.50-kBq sample of material to reach an activity level of 0.140 kBq if the half-life of the sample is 435 years?

A)14,478 years

B)3245 years

C)2178 years

D)1993 years

Q3) The atomic mass unit is defined as

A)the mass of a proton.

B)the mass of an electron.

C)the mass of a hydrogen-1 atom.

D)one twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

E)the mass of a carbon-12 nucleus.

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