Aging and Society Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Aging and Society explores the multifaceted process of aging within individual, familial, and societal contexts. This course examines the physical, psychological, and social changes associated with aging, while analyzing cultural attitudes, policy issues, and the implications of an aging population. Students will investigate topics such as ageism, intergenerational relationships, retirement, healthcare, and social support systems. By integrating perspectives from sociology, psychology, and public health, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how aging shapes and is shaped by social structures and cultural values.
Recommended Textbook
Adult Development and Aging The Canadian Experience by Lori Harper
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521 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Issues to Consider in the Study of Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Susan and Marie are both 70-year-old women. Describe three indexes of age that could lead to these women being considered different ages and provide examples for each.
Answer: Student answers should include the following:
Biological age: This is an age index based on biological health.For example, a healthy person would have a "younger" biological age than a person with cardiovascular disease.
Psychological age: This is an age index based on stage theories proposed by Erikson or Piaget.For example, a person who is dealing with the conflict central to Erikson's 5th stage of development would be deemed psychologically younger than another person who is dealing with the conflict that is central to Erikson's 7th stage of development.
Social age: This is an index that indexes age based on societal norms.A person who is a widow has a relatively old social age whereas a person who has just become a parent for the first time would have a young social age.
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Chapter 2: Research Designs and Ethical Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hugh is 80 years old and has been offered a large sum of money to participate in a study examining the effects of exercise on the body at different ages. Hugh feels compelled to participate because he has very little income. Which ethical principle is being undermined in this scenario?
A) confidentiality
B) voluntary participation
C) the right to withdraw
D) anonymity
Answer: B
Q2) Dr. Patel is conducting a longitudinal study and has discovered high rates of attrition. What does this mean?
A) participants' test scores are improving over time
B) participants are dropping out of the study
C) the findings will not be generalizable to the real world
D) participants are exhibiting time of measurement effects
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Physical Changes Associated with Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following has been found to lessen age-related reductions in muscle mass?
A) aerobic exercise
B) high protein diets
C) caloric restriction
D) low sugar diets
Answer: A
Q2) Dr. Rutherford is researching predictors of death. He has found that people with which condition are three times more likely to die than those who do not have the condition?
A) age-related macular degeneration
B) age-related hearing loss
C) anosmia
D) glaucoma
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Cognitive Changes, Post-Formal Thought, and Wisdom
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following brain regions shows little change in volume as people age?
A) the occipital lobe
B) the parietal lobe
C) the prefrontal cortex
D) the hippocampus
Q2) Which of the following BEST describes the classic aging pattern according to Schaie?
A) fluid intelligence remains relatively stable while crystalized intelligence decreases
B) crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence both decrease in a similar way
C) fluid intelligence decreases while crystallized intelligence increases
D) crystalized intelligence decreases and fluid intelligence increases
Q3) Which theory involves the notion that aging leads to a weakened ability to stop irrelevant information from entering working memory?
A) reduction of processing resources theory
B) speed of processing theory
C) levels of processing theory
D) inhibition theory
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6
Chapter 5: Longevity, Health, and Functioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research discussed in the text, how accurate are self-ratings of physical health?
A) very poor
B) poor
C) good
D) very good
Q2) How is life expectancy defined?
A) the age at which half of the individuals born in a given year will have died
B) the average age of death for individuals born in a given year
C) the most common age of death for individuals born in a given year
D) the longest an individual born in a given year is expected to live
Q3) According to the text, what are four phenomena related to medications that can have negative impact on older adults? What can be done to mitigate these risks?
Q4) As of 2009, about one-third of Canadians over the age of 80 had what number of chronic conditions?
A) one
B) two
C) three
D) four or more
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Chapter 6: Mental Health and Mental Health Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following is MOST important to the success of an alcohol abuse treatment plan for an older adult?
A) cognitive-behavioural therapy is used
B) the treatment is age-appropriate
C) the treatment is gender-specific
D) a 12-step program is used
Q2) Which of the following is the MOST common mental disorder?
A) depression
B) anxiety
C) schizophrenia
D) Alzheimer's disease
Q3) Which of the following disorders is expected to INCREASE in prevalence between 2011 and 2041?
A) anxiety and mood disorders
B) schizophrenia
C) substance use disorder (SUD)
D) dementia
Q4) Discuss preventive measures that could reduce suicide rates among older adults living in Canadian communities.
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Chapter 7: Neurocognitive Disorders
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Q1) Which of the following mental health issues is MORE common among informal caregivers than among people who do not provide informal care?
A) anxiety and depression
B) mania
C) substance use disorder
D) obsessive compulsive disorder
Q2) Which of the following is a biomarker for Alzheimer's disease described in the text?
A) hippocampal atrophy
B) prefrontal lobe atrophy
C) cerebellar atrophy
D) parietal atrophy
Q3) Which of the following occur inside of neurons when a person has Alzheimer's disease?
A) amyloid plaques
B) acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
C) beta-secretase
D) neurofibrillary tangles
Q4) Compare and contrast the causes of early-onset and sporadic Alzheimer's disease
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Chapter 8: Canadas Ethnic Diversity
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Q1) Which of the following countries has the HIGHEST proportion of foreign-born residents?
A) Australia
B) Canada
C) the United States
D) England
Q2) If a man immigrated to Canada in 1960, which of the following countries would he MOST likely have emigrated from?
A) India
B) China
C) the Philippines
D) Germany
Q3) Discuss physical and health problems that are more prevalent in Aboriginal populations and explain why these differences exist.
Q4) Discuss barriers to health services for older immigrants in Canada.
Q5) Discuss factors that affect the living arrangements of older immigrants.
Q6) Discuss the shortcoming of existing research on the physical health of immigrants who are visible minorities living in Canada.
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Chapter 9: Aging and Personality Development
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Q1) Jerome is 50 years old. According to Erikson, what stage of psychosocial development is Jerome experiencing?
A) intimacy vs isolation
B) identity vs role confusion
C) generativity vs stagnation
D) integrity vs despair
Q2) Discuss possible reasons for lower rates of personality disorders among older adults than younger adults.
Q3) Dr. Heffernan is explaining to his class that personality stability is influenced by the choices that people make. Which of the following is Dr. Heffernan describing?
A) biological essentialist perspective
B) contextualist model
C) correspondence principle
D) interactional model
Q4) As people age they become MORE of which of the following?
A) agreeable and neurotic
B) neurotic and extraverted
C) extraverted and conscientious
D) conscientious and agreeable
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Chapter 10: Relationships
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Q1) For which sexually transmitted disease is there the GREATEST difference in incidence rates between older men and older women?
A) chlamydia
B) syphilis
C) gonorrhea
D) herpes
Q2) Marcia provides couples therapy for couples aged 60 and older. Assuming the clients at Marcia's practice represent the general population, about what percentage of the couples she sees will be living apart together?
A) 2%
B) 6%
C) 10%
D) 14%
Q3) Discuss barriers to sexual activity among older adults who live in long-term care (LTC) facilities.
Q4) Discuss factors that may be contributing to increasing divorce rates.
Q5) Explain how friendships change over the lifespan using socio-emotional selectivity theory.
Q6) Discuss how family structure influences health and well-being in older adults.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Work, Retirement, and Leisure
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Q1) When did people in the industrialized world FIRST offer pensions for retirees?
A) 1750
B) 1800
C) 1850
D) 1900
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a passive leisure activity?
A) going to the movies
B) reading
C) socializing with friends
D) taking a pleasure drive
Q3) What does the Activity Theory of Aging suggest regarding older workers?
A) they retire in order to enjoy leisure
B) they return to work to because work is satisfying
C) they return to work to maintain consistency with their earlier lives
D) they retire in order to improve their health
Q4) What was the approximate overall dependency ratio in Canada in 2014?
A) 15%
B) 25%
C) 35%
D) 45%
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Dying: Another Stage of Life
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Q1) Elizabeth is 87 years old and lives in a long-term care facility. Elizabeth has a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order. If Elizabeth stops breathing, what is the probability that someone at her facility will attempt to resuscitate her?
A) 1/10
B) 1/100
C) 1/1000
D) 1/2500
Q2) Debra has a terminal illness. Which of the following issues is likely to be MOST important to Debra based on surveys of people facing terminal illness?
A) physical touch
B) acceptance of death
C) emotional well-being
D) living as usual
Q3) All of the following are criteria for medical assistance in dying in Canada EXCEPT which one?
A) the person must be within three months of a natural death
B) the person must be 18 years old and capable of giving consent
C) the person must be eligible for federally funded health services
D) the person must give informed consent to receive medical assistance in dying
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Living Arrangements of Older Adults
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine you are an environmental gerontologist who has a 77-year-old client with visual impairments who is living in a home that has not been modified since it was built in the 1970s. Discuss the steps you would take to help your client modify their home and how you would overcome common barriers faced by people with functional impairments who wish to age in place.
Q2) Which of the following is closely associated with Lawton's concept of aging in place?
A) competence-environment press
B) reverse mortgages
C) downsizing
D) household wealth
Q3) What did Steinfeld and Shea (2001) find was the MAIN reason why older adults do not implement modifications to their homes that would assist with functional impairments? A) cost
B) denial of impairment
C) perceived lack of control
D) mistrust of contractors
Q4) Discuss factors that trigger a move from an assisted-living facility to a long-term care facility.
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