Advanced Topics in Social Psychology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Advanced Topics in Social Psychology explores cutting-edge research and contemporary issues in the field, delving into how individual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social contexts. The course examines advanced theories and methodologies related to social cognition, attitudes, group dynamics, social influence, prejudice, interpersonal relationships, and cultural processes. Emphasis is placed on critical analysis of empirical studies, current debates within the discipline, and practical applications of social psychological principles to real-world problems such as discrimination, persuasion, collective action, and social change. Students will engage with primary literature and develop skills in research design, data interpretation, and scholarly communication.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 5th Edition by Tom Gilovich
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Chapter 1: An Invitation to Social Psychology
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Q1) Describe automatic and controlled processing and give one example of each.
Answer: Automatic processing is quick and nonconscious and is often based on emotional factors.Several examples of automatic processing are acceptable,including a fear reaction to an agitated person carrying a backpack at the airport.Controlled processing is systematic and conscious and is often based on careful thought.Several examples of controlled processing are acceptable,including considering that the agitated person carrying a backpack at the airport is probably just late for his or her flight.
Q2) Suppose that while you are having dinner at a restaurant,your waiter is curt and fails to answer your questions.What would the fundamental attribution error predict about the cause to which you will attribute the waiter's behavior?
Answer: The fundamental attribution error is the failure to recognize the importance of situational influences on behavior,and the corresponding tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions on behavior.Accordingly,you are likely to assume that the waiter is a generally rude person rather than thinking that he or she is having a bad day or is just overwhelmed by the number of patrons in the restaurant.
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Chapter 2: The Methods of Social Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following correlations indicates the weakest relationship between two variables?
A) -0.2
B) 0.8
C) -0.6
D) 0.1
Answer: D
Q2) Dr.Lee runs a study to test whether people with low self-esteem prefer to spend time with someone who evaluates them more negatively rather than someone who evaluates them more positively.Dr.Lee hopes that this study will contribute to the broader research on self-verification,which argues that people have a strong desire for others to see them in ways consistent with how they see themselves.Dr.Lee's study tests ________ ,whereas the total research on self-verification tests ________.
A) internal validity; reliability
B) reliability; internal validity
C) a theory; a hypothesis
D) a hypothesis; a theory
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Social Self
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Q1) Researchers have studied whether college students' beliefs about their academic talents relate to self-esteem and well-being in college.Results show that students who ________ at the start of college experienced ________ in self-esteem and well-being over the following four years.
A) had self-enhancing beliefs; declines
B) did not have self-enhancing beliefs; declines
C) experienced self-discrepancies; declines
D) experienced self-discrepancies; increases
Answer: A
Q2) Sara's best friend just told her that she does not want to hang out any more.Sara's self-esteem plummets.She then calls three other good friends to see if they want to get dinner together.They say yes and Sara feels better about herself.Sara's feelings and behaviors reflect which psychological theory?
A) self-evaluation maintenance model
B) self-verification theory
C) self-discrepancy theory
D) sociometer hypothesis
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Cognition: Thinking About
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Q1) According to the textbook,which of the following is NOT directly associated with schema activation?
A) subliminal stimuli
B) recent activation of a schema
C) expectations
D) novel information
Q2) According to the textbook,all the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT
A) the desire to entertain.
B) ideological distortions.
C) distortion in the media.
D) base-rate information.
Q3) What is the intuitive system? What are the advantages of relying on this system? What are the disadvantages?
Q4) Describe top-down processing and bottom-up processing.
Q5) The confirmation bias makes what prediction about human behavior?
A) People will seek out supporting evidence for their beliefs.
B) People judge the probability of an event by how it is framed.
C) People will prefer sure wins over gambles.
D) People will prefer gambles over sure losses.
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Chapter 5: Social Attribution: Explaining Behavior
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Q1) Maria,Min,and Bobby ran for class president.When the votes were tallied,Maria received 38 votes,Min received 37 votes,and Bobby received 35 votes.According to Medvec and colleagues' (1995)study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions,one would expect ________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.
A) Maria
B) Min
C) Bobby
D) All three would be equally happy.
Q2) What is wrong with the ways in which teachers typically make causal attributions about girls' and boys' successes and failures?
Q3) Defend the position that the self-serving attributional bias is NOT always based on the motivation to maintain self-esteem.
Q4) According to the augmentation principle,which action is most likely to be attributed to the personality of the actor?
A) clapping after a musical performance
B) asking a server for the check after finishing a meal
C) wearing a tropical shirt and shorts to a funeral
D) dancing at a party
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Chapter 6: Emotion
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Q1) Imagine that Lisbeth lives in a future age in which people can self-administer oxytocin pills to boost feelings of commitment and generosity.According to research by de Dreu and colleagues (2010),who would be the most likely to reap the benefits if Lisbeth took one of these oxytocin pills?
A) Lisbeth's driver's education instructor
B) an acquaintance of Lisbeth who sits across from her in math class
C) a member of Lisbeth's rival soccer team
D) Lisbeth's neighbor and cousin
Q2) Deborah and Steve went on vacation together last fall.Due to her work schedule,Deborah was able to leave for the trip before Steve,so her trip was a few days longer.Both Deborah and Steve had a great time and later think about the trip with equal fondness.That Deborah did not recollect her longer trip as more pleasurable than Steve's shorter trip best reflects the concept of
A) immune neglect.
B) duration neglect.
C) affective immunity.
D) time immunity.
Q3) Give two examples of how emotions can influence moral judgments.
Q4) Describe how emotions can coordinate action via the modality of touch.
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Chapter 7: Attitudes, Behavior, and Rationalization
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Q1) Self-perception processes are most likely to occur when prior attitudes are A) weak.
B) about extremely important matters.
C) unambiguous.
D) strongly held.
Q2) Describe system justification theory.What common observations seem to support this perspective?
Q3) When people take stock of their strengths and accomplishments,they are engaging in ________ ,which ________ the experience of cognitive dissonance.
A) system justification; increases
B) system justification; decreases
C) self-affirmation; increases
D) self-affirmation; decreases
Q4) Consider the following quote: "How do I know what I think until I hear what I say?" The sentiment expressed in this quote captures the essence of
A) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) cognitive dissonance theory.
C) self-perception theory.
D) self-affirmation theory.
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Chapter 8: Persuasion
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Q1) Consider the following quote from the writings of Joseph Stalin: "The death of a single Russian soldier is a tragedy.The death of a million soldiers is a statistic." This quote illustrates the idea behind the ________ effect.
A) vivid image
B) abstract statistic
C) "Baby Jessica"
D) identifiable victim
Q2) Pablo wants to persuade his coworkers to adopt his product plan and has many high-quality arguments detailing why his plan is sound.Which of the following should NOT be an attribute of his persuasive message?
A) referring to desirable consequences of acting on the message
B) appealing to core values held by his coworkers
C) using complex scientific language and jargon
D) counterarguing against the opposition
Q3) To what extent can subliminal messages influence people's attitudes and behavior? Describe two studies that address this question.
Q4) Jennifer smokes cigarettes.Describe how selective attention and selective evaluation may make Jennifer resistant to anti-smoking messages.
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Chapter 9: Social Influence
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Q1) All of the following are examples of social influence EXCEPT
A) a woman choosing not to participate in an event that goes against her moral beliefs.
B) a college student buying the same brand of jeans that her friends wear.
C) a soldier obeying orders.
D) a child cleaning his room because he knows it will make his parents happy.
Q2) Chartrand and Bargh (1999)found that people mimic such behaviors as face rubbing and foot shaking,and that this mimicry is particularly likely to occur when
A) the person or people being mimicked are well liked.
B) the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others.
C) people have lower levels of self-awareness.
D) the person or people being mimicked are well liked, and the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others.
Q3) According to the textbook,conformity can be beneficial for society because it A) encourages people to think hard about every possible action.
B) makes group distinctions more clear.
C) leads to smoother social interactions.
D) makes people more likely to challenge unfair laws.
Q4) Define conformity,compliance,and obedience and provide an example of each.
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Chapter 10: Relationships and Attraction
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Q1) Neuroimaging studies have found that a person who is in the throes of intense love and looks at a photograph of his or her partner will show increased activation in the ________ and deactivation in the ________.
A) amygdala (threat); ventral striatum (reward)
B) ventral striatum (reward); amygdala (threat)
C) amygdala (threat); hippocampus (memory)
D) ventral striatum (reward); hippocampus (memory)
Q2) Susie is participating in research that assesses the strength of her bond with her partner.As part of this research,she is asked,"All things considered,how attractive are the people other than your partner with whom you could become involved?" Which element of the commitment model of relationships is this question measuring?
A) rewards
B) alternative partners
C) investments
D) satisfaction
Q3) Describe three positive behaviors that can strengthen romantic relationships and give an example of each.
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Chapter 11: Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination
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Q1) ________ is the fear that one will confirm the stereotypes that others have regarding one's own group.
A) Self-fulfilling prejudice
B) Scapegoating
C) Prejudice
D) Stereotype threat
Q2) The tendency to boost the status of and give more resources to ingroup members,compared to outgroup members,is referred to as ________.
A) ingroup boosting
B) outgroup favoritism
C) ingroup favoritism
D) hostile racism
Q3) ________ theory posits that a person's self-concept and self-esteem are based in part on group membership and group success or failure.
A) Self-perception
B) Social verification
C) Minimal group
D) Social identity
Q4) Give an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect and explain why it occurs.
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Chapter 12: Groups
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Q1) Give an example of a situation that can lead to deindividuation,and describe three of the antecedent conditions of deindividuation that are present in the example situation.
Q2) The approach/inhibition theory of power suggests that ________ individuals are more inclined to pursue their goals,whereas ________ individuals are more inclined to constrain their behavior.
A) high-power male; high-power female
B) low-power; high-power
C) high-power; low-power
D) low-power female; high-power female
Q3) Describe the spotlight effect.Then describe an experiment you could conduct that could demonstrate this effect.
Q4) What distinguishes the concept of authority from status and dominance?
A) It is a behavior enacted with the goal of obtaining power.
B) It involves an evaluation of respect and prominence.
C) It involves the use of force to exert power over others.
D) It refers to power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements.
Q5) Evaluate the claim that people always perform easy tasks better when other people are present.Under what circumstances might this claim be INCORRECT?
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Chapter 13: Aggression
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Q1) Jason and Patrick both participated in an experiment where they were insulted and their responses were recorded.After being insulted,Jason was more likely to be angry and upset,whereas Patrick was more likely to be amused.According to research on cultures of honor,Jason is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S.state,and Patrick is more likely to have grown up in a ________ U.S.state.
A) northern; southern
B) eastern; western
C) southern; northern
D) western; eastern
Q2) Which of the following is NOT listed in the textbook as one of the common outcomes of group conflict?
A) Group members dehumanize those with whom they are in conflict.
B) The parties in conflict consider their strife as a fight between good and evil.
C) Group members see those on their own side as more moral than those in the other group.
D) Group members are quick to view conflicts in practical terms (e.g., a territorial dispute).
Q3) Define culture of honor and describe its influence on aggression.
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Chapter 14: Altruism and Cooperation
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Q1) Drawing on research described in the textbook,evaluate the idea that gossip is a negative behavior that people should avoid.
Q2) Define reputation and explain how knowledge of other people's reputations influences cooperation.
Q3) Nick has been subliminally exposed to the word "hostile," Dan to the word "house," and Felix to the word "hungry." Which of these men is most likely to defect on a majority of the trials in a prisoner's dilemma game?
A) Nick
B) Dan
C) Felix
D) None of these men is likely to defect on a majority of trials.
Q4) The textbook describes several studies that compare people's behavior in the prisoner's dilemma game across countries.Together,these studies suggest three characteristics common in people who choose to cooperate in the game.Name two of these three characteristics and discuss why these might lead people to cooperate in the prisoner's dilemma game.
Q5) Describe the tit-for-tat strategy and evaluate its effectiveness.
Q6) Is the altruism toward non-kin consistent with evolutionary theory? Why or why not?
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Chapter 15: Application Module 1 : Social Psychology and Health
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Q1) Psychologist Shelley Taylor (Taylor et al.,2000)proposed that we can reduce stress and improve our own health by connecting with and providing support to others.The term she used for this approach is
A) tend-and-befriend.
B) seek-and-assist.
C) self-distancing.
D) tit-for-tat.
Q2) Which of the following is an immediate effect of increased cortisol levels?
A) reduced blood pressure
B) increased immune system activity
C) increased heart rate
D) blockage of the formation of traumatic memories
Q3) Gabriel is experiencing psychosocial stress during a job interview.Which area of Gabriel's brain is responsible for initially processing information related to this threat?
A) the amygdala
B) the basal ganglia
C) the fusiform gyrus
D) the pineal gland
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Chapter 16: Application Module 2 : Social Psychology and Educatio
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Q1) Yael holds an incremental theory of intelligence.This means that she is likely to A) spend more time working toward improving her abilities.
B) avoid challenging experiences.
C) believe that failures are due to lack of intelligence rather than lack of effort.
D) earn lower grades.
Q2) Mr.McLean,a fourth grade teacher,finds that the students whom he expects to perform well generally do perform well.Which of the following are possible explanations for this correlation?
A) Mr. McLean's expectations lead him to treat certain students differently than others.
B) Mr. McLean's perception of his students' abilities is accurate.
C) Mr. McLean's expectations are biased in favor of white middle-class children.
D) All the choices are true.
Q3) Entertainment-education is based on the work of the learning theorist
A) B. F. Skinner.
B) Nathan Aaronson.
C) Albert Bandura.
D) Philip Zimbardo.
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Chapter 17: Application Module 3 :social Psychology and the Law
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Q1) Which of the following is true concerning eyewitness testimony?
A) The more confident an eyewitness is, the more accurate he or she will tend to be.
B) People are more accurate at identifying perpetrators of their own race.
C) Increased stress does not affect eyewitness accuracy.
D) Verbally describing a perpetrator makes it more difficult to identify the perpetrator in a photo lineup.
Q2) Social scientists have differentiated two motives that determine preferences for different kinds of punishment.These motives are
A) just desserts and deterrence.
B) deterrence and punitive.
C) compensatory and punitive.
D) just desserts and eye-for-an-eye.
Q3) The social psychologist Tom Tyler identified three factors that shape our sense of procedural justice.Which of the following is NOT one of those three factors?
A) the neutrality of the authority figure
B) trust in the system
C) being treated with respect
D) the magnitude of the punishment
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