Advanced Topics in Personality Theory
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course delves into contemporary and emerging theories in personality psychology, exploring complex concepts and current debates surrounding the structure, development, and assessment of personality. Students will critically examine classical frameworks alongside modern paradigms, such as trait theory, psychodynamic perspectives, humanistic approaches, and social-cognitive models, with a focus on integrating research findings from genetics, neuroscience, and cross-cultural studies. Emphasis will be placed on evaluating empirical evidence, understanding methodological challenges, and considering the applied implications for psychological assessment, psychotherapy, and personality change.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 7th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) Is narcissism always a bad trait to have?
A) No, narcissists make competent leaders.
B) No, narcissists sometimes act kindly toward others.
C) No, narcissists are persuasive, but they also act unethically.
D) Yes, it is associated with negative outcomes like exploitativeness.
Answer: C
Q2) Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic?
A) personality processes
B) personality disorders
C) personality development
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically ________.
A) claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining B) admitted that other approaches have their good points
C) proudly asserted that they have deliberately limited what they have chosen to look at D) claimed that approaches cannot be compared with each other
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) Combining many items in a test to eliminate idiosyncrasies of any one item
A)Reliable
B)Valid
C)Generalizable
D)Measurement error
E)Aggregation
F)Precision
Answer: E
Q2) To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds,researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits.Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality.This is an example of ________ data.
A) S
B) I
C) L
D) B
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Assessment, Effect Size, and Ethics
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Q1) The Implicit Association Test (IAT)yields what kind of data?
A) B
B) I
C) L
D) S
Answer: A
Q2) What does the acronym MMPI stand for?
A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory
C) Michigan Major Personality Inventory
D) Michigan Multiple Personality Inventory
Answer: A
Q3) The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________.
A) their content adequately reflects the construct to be measured
B) they are correlated with other items on the scales
C) the respondent will be willing and able to give an accurate self-assessment for them
D) they are answered differently by different kinds of people
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Personality Traits,Situations,and Behavior
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Q1) A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
A) as an example of a very small effect size
B) as an example of a medium effect size
C) as an example of a large effect size
D) by using a Binomial Effect Size Display
Q2) Correlations are higher when behaviors are averaged.
A)Relative consistency
B)Situationism
C)The "personality coefficient"
D)Aggregation
E)Interactionism
F)BESD
Q3) Describe the three major aspects of the situationist argument.Explain how trait psychologists responded to this argument.
Q4) Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Walter Mischel
D) Henry Murray
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Personality Judgment
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Q1) According to research described in the textbook,about how often did the more "competent" looking candidate win in the 2004 senate races?
A) 20 percent of the time
B) 50 percent of the time
C) 70 percent of the time
D) 100 percent of the time
Q2) A judge may see a target's behavior,pay attention to the behavior,and use the behavior in his or her judgment about the target's personality.However,for the personality judgment to be accurate,the ________.
A) observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged
B) behavior must be unusual and distinctive
C) judge must have observed the behavior on multiple occasions
D) personality trait must be cross-situationally consistent
Q3) A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a
A) moderator
B) catalyst
C) transmitter
D) residual
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Chapter 6: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) According to a relatively recent study,which of the following is one of the reactions of individuals high on right-wing authoritarianism when playing experimental games?
A) They are less likely to obey an experimenter's commands.
B) They seek to win at all costs.
C) They experience more positive emotions than non-authoritarians.
D) They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible.
Q2) Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?
A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) psychoticism
D) neuroticism
Q3) A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of trait variation that characterize whole persons is using a ________ approach.
A) single-trait
B) Typological
C) configural
D) many-trait
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Chapter 7: Personality Stability, Development, and Change
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Q1) The processes by which people respond to,seek out,and create environments that are compatible with their personalities are called ________.
A) cumulative personalities continuity
B) personality-environment transactions
C) personality-life-history transactions
D) birth-order effects
Q2) During old age,individuals tend to have goals that focus on ________.
A) what is emotionally meaningful
B) staying as busy as possible
C) what can earn them the most money
D) traveling around the world
Q3) According to previous research,when does personality stop developing?
A) There's no way to know for sure; the evidence is inconclusive.
B) Somewhere between childhood and adolescence.
C) By the time someone turns 30.
D) Personality continues to develop throughout the entire life span.
Q4) How capable are we of changing ourselves? Are we passive or active in the process?
Identify interventions and techniques used to aid in effortful personal change.
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) Capgras syndrome arises from damage to the ________.
A) amygdala
B) brain stem
C) right frontal lobe
D) left frontal lobe
Q2) Thomas is known to be the life of every party.He most likely has high levels of which hormone?
A) dopamine
B) testosterone
C) oxytocin
D) serotonin
Q3) Heart Disease
A)Serotonin
B)Cortisol
C)Dopamine
D)Endorphins
E)Adrenalin
Q4) How did researchers first learn about the functions of the frontal lobes? What are those functions? Describe the consequences of severe frontal lobe damage.What does this tell us about personality?
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology
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Q1) The field of study that attempts to explain how individual differences in behavior (i.e.,personality traits)are shared by biological relatives is called ________.
A) evolutionary biology
B) behavioral genetics
C) heritability science
D) behavioral Darwinism.
Q2) Behavioral genetics,like trait psychology,focuses on aspects of personality that ________,whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________.
A) all humans share; differ from one individual to another
B) vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals
C) differ from one individual to another; all humans share
D) are species-specific; are individual-specific
Q3) Which factor below would be part of the so-called nonshared environment?
A) family SES
B) genetic attributes
C) different friendships for siblings
D) general parenting styles
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) Psychoanalysis is often criticized for its ________,however,recent research demonstrates its perceived ________.
A) simplistic explanations; complexity
B) case study method; empirical support
C) low cure rate; long-term effectiveness
D) sexism; gender equality
Q2) What is the difference between the mind and the brain according to the psychoanalytic perspective?
A) The mind is the psychological product of the brain's activity.
B) The brain is the psychological product of the mind's activity.
C) The brain is the physical product of the mind's activity.
D) The mind is the physical product of the brain's activity.
Q3) The superego maintains its power through its ability to ________.
A) produce dreams
B) produce fear
C) use psychic energy
D) pass moral judgments
Q4) Identify and describe the four key ideas of psychoanalysis.Provide clear examples as to how these are exemplified by specific concepts in Freud's theory.
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Chapter 11: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object
Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her ________.
A) emphasis on anxiety
B) view of penis envy
C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs
D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles
Q2) In Erikson's scheme,we progress from one crisis to another according to ________.
A) processes of physical maturation
B) developmental tasks at different times of life
C) the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses
D) the physical location of libido at each stage
Q3) What is the animus?
A) a man's idealized conception of women
B) a woman's idealized conception of men
C) the idealized conception of a nonhuman animal
D) the idealized conception of humankind
Q4) Identify and discuss the four principles of object relations theory.How is attachment theory similar to object relations theory?
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Chapter 12: Experience,Existence,and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) The Buddhist alternative to existential anguish,forlornness,and despair is ________.
A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt
Q2) To avoid developing conditions of worth,a person should experience ________ from the important people in his or her life.
A) unconditional positive regard
B) Mitwelt
C) conditions of worth
D) existential optimism
Q3) Andrew watched himself in the mirror and was overcome with the remarkable insight that he was observing himself in the mirror.Andrew is experiencing ________.
A) self-actualization
B) Mitwelt
C) Eigenwelt
D) angst
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Chapter 13: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) According to the text,which characteristic of cultures might be the most difficult to judge?
A) toughness
B) tightness
C) heart
D) complexity
Q2) Self Regard
A)High sensitivity to threats to reputation
B)Limited acceptance for those outside cultural norms
C)Belief that one's value is directly linked to one's own success overcoming obstacles
D)Belief that the needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual
E)Availability of goals and the ways to achieve them are limited
F)Belief that people are unique
G)Belief that one's value is unrelated to others' opinions
H)Emphasis on attaining goals
I)Avoidance of social conflict through hierarchy, humility, and harmony
J)Sensitivity to success and failure
Q3) What are the reasons why cultural differences in personality might be exaggerated?
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Chapter 14: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and the Social Learning Theories
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Q1) Bandura's ________ has proven to be the most influential of his ideas.
A) specific approach to therapy
B) emphasis on observational learning
C) concept of expectancies
D) discovery of if ... then contingencies
Q2) According to Mischel,every individual's if then pattern of contingencies is unique and comprises his ________.
A) personality
B) life narrative
C) behavioral signature
D) personal goals
Q3) Behaviorism is rooted in which of the following philosophical principles?
A) empiricism, associationism, and hedonism
B) existentialism, optimistic humanism, and phenomenology
C) psychoanalysis, egoism, and neuroticism
D) personality, situation, and behavior
Q4) Describe how classic learning theory principles can be used to explain superstitious behavior (do not consider principles of social learning theory).Explain how these learning theory ideas can also be used to understand something more pervasive such as aggressive behavior.
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Chapter 15: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) Which of the following is a characteristic of the rational system?
A) It operates through logic.
B) It operates through emotion, insight, and wisdom.
C) It operates through unconscious processes.
D) It resembles Freud's primary processes thinking.
Q2) Laura attends church regularly because she finds personal meaning and spiritual fulfillment in the rituals and discussions.Jeanne attends church regularly because she knows that many influential business leaders from the community also attend that church.Laura and Jeanne have ________.
A) the same strategies, leading to different behaviors
B) the same strategies, leading to the same behavior
C) different strategies, leading to different behaviors
D) different strategies, leading to the same behavior
Q3) An individual who likes to watch emotional movies and has extreme reactions to the tragic deaths of celebrities would likely score high on what personality dimension?
A) need for intensity
B) need for closure
C) need for affect
D) need for neurotic responses
Page 17
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Chapter 16: The Self: What You Know About You
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Q1) The ought self
A)Your view of what you should do
B)Your view of self that is outside your conscious awareness
C)Our ideas about ourselves organized into a coherent system
D)A continuously changing self based on the people you are with and the environmental circumstances you are in
E)Acting in a way that is in accordance with your personality traits
F)Our ideas about our characteristics and capabilities
G)Your overall opinion about whether you are good or bad
H)The images we have or can construct of the other ways we might be
I)The self-schema based on past experiences that direct how we relate to one another
J)Your views about what you could be doing
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a motivating need someone has when reporting their desired future selves?
A) self-esteem
B) competence
C) meaning
D) discipline
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Chapter 17: Personality, Mental Health, and Physical Health
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Q1) The following domains from the DSM-5 have replaced the cluster system of the DSM-IV-TR EXCEPT ________.
A) negative affectivity
B) detachment
C) antagonism
D) paranoia
Q2) Clinical psychologist Dr.Powell has just seen a new patient and needs to diagnose him to appease the insurance company.In this case,use of ________ is helpful to Dr.Powell.
A) labeling
B) measurement
C) treatment
D) psychoanalysis
Q3) According to previous research,people high on conscientiousness have especially good health because ________.
A) they are more likely to do things that make good health more likely
B) there is a direct, biological connection between conscientiousness and health
C) they have a strong social network
D) they have especially high positive well-being
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Chapter 18: Epilogue: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) Anthony just won the lottery.What advice would a positive psychologist give him to secure his happiness?
A) Spend as much of the money as possible as fast as possible.
B) Invest the money so that that his wealth keeps increasing.
C) Focus on being grateful for the things that he can now afford.
D) Use the money to travel the world.
Q2) What are the three most important core themes you learned from the textbook and your personality class? You must clearly justify why these themes are important and why they offer critical insights into human nature.How can these themes be applied to everyday life in terms of understanding your own behavior or the behavior of those around you?
Q3) According to the text,everyone has personality characteristics that,at their extreme,would be labeled as ________.
A) relatively normal
B) another personality trait
C) socially desirable
D) personality disorders
Q4) Explain how an individual's construal and cultural environment can shape the ways in which he or she views reality.
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