Advanced Topics in Learning and Memory Practice Exam
Course Introduction
This course delves into contemporary research and theoretical frameworks underlying the mechanisms of learning and memory in humans and animals. Emphasizing both neural and cognitive perspectives, topics include synaptic plasticity, the encoding and retrieval of complex information, working and long-term memory systems, and the influence of emotion and context on memory processes. Students examine current experimental methodologies, analyze landmark and recent studies, and critically evaluate emerging debates within the field. The course also explores the application of basic science discoveries to clinical contexts, such as memory disorders and educational interventions, fostering an integrated understanding of learning and memory across multiple levels of analysis.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 2nd Edition by Mark
A. Gluck
Available Study Resources on Quizplus 12 Chapters
1304 Verified Questions
1304 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Psychology of Learning and Memory
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If I say "black",it might make you think of the word "white." The connection in your memory between these concepts is known as:
A)associationism.
B)dualism.
C)empiricism.
D)nativism.
Answer: A
Q2) Connectionist models propose that learning and memory involve:
A)the storage and manipulation of symbols and labeled links.
B)networks of uniform and unlabeled connections.
C)random sampling of possible elements associated with a stimulus.
D)a one-step process of going from ignorance to knowledge in a single trial.
Answer: B
Q3) Who proposed the idea that learning relies on networks of uniform and unlabeled connections?
A)Herbert Simon
B)W)K.Estes
C)Edward Tolman
D)David Rumelhart
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a reflexive behavior?
A)a dog salivating in response to food
B)a student studying hard after receiving a poor grade
C)a pigeon pecking at a light to obtain food
D)a child saying "please" in order to get a cookie
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is true?
A)Animals must have both a central and peripheral nervous system in order to be able to learn.
B)Animals with larger brains have higher intelligence than animals with smaller brains.
C)Only vertebrates have both a central and a peripheral nervous system.
D)The cerebral cortex takes up about the same percentage of total brain volume in humans as it does in other vertebrates.
Answer: C
Q3) Describe the procedures used to elicit long-term potentiation in a neuron.
Answer: Grading criteria: Include the main steps: Stimulate cell A,record from cell B;stimulate A with a burst of high-frequency stimulation;later,stimulate A again with weak stimulation,see that B responds more strongly than it did before.
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Chapter 3: Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:
Learning About Repeated Events
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When more sensory neurons are tuned to a particular feature of a stimulus,the organism will:
A)become sensitized to the stimulus more quickly.
B)habituate to the stimulus more quickly.
C)take longer to learn about the stimulus.
D)be better able to make fine distinctions related to the stimulus.
Answer: D
Q2) The capacity for cortical receptive fields and cortical spatial organization to change as a result of experience is called:
A)perceptual learning.
B)cortical plasticity.
C)heterosynaptic learning.
D)homosynaptic learning.
Answer: B
Q3) According to dual-process theory,when stimuli are highly arousing:
A)habituation processes determine the response.
B)sensitization processes determine the response.
C)habituation processes dominate on the early trials.
D)habituation processes dominate on the later trials.
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,blocking occurs because:
A)both CSs perfectly predict the US.
B)neither CS perfectly predicts the US.
C)the CS that is trained in the first phase does not provide any new or predictive information.
D)the CS that is added in the second phase does not provide any new or predictive information.
Q2) Which of the following has been suggested as a mechanism for storage of new memories?
A)theta waves in the hippocampus
B)sharp waves in the hippocampus
C)theta waves in the cerebellum
D)sharp waves in the cerebellum
Q3) Suppose we condition a dog to salivate in response to a tone (by pairing the tone with food).Then,we present both the tone and a light together,followed by the food.The dog will:
A)salivate only in response to the tone.
B)salivate only in response to the light.
C)salivate in response to both the tone and light.
D)not salivate to the tone or the light.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The dorsal striatum seems to be particularly important for learning which association(s)in operant conditioning?
A)S-R
B)R-O
C)S-O
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Increasing dopamine appears to:
A)decrease how much we want something but not how much we like it.
B)decrease how much we like something but not how much we want it.
C)increase how much we want something but not how much we like it.
D)increase how much we like something but not how much we want it.
Q3) The distancing approach to fighting an addiction involves:
A)avoiding the stimulus that triggers the unwanted response.
B)removing the reinforcement for producing the unwanted response.
C)increasing the amount of time between the unwanted response and reinforcment.
D)rewarding desirable responses instead.
Q4) Indicate which schedule of partial reinforcement (FR,VR,FI,or VI)is being used in the following example: A soccer player makes a goal on average every 20 attempts.Explain your choice.
Q5) Describe how you could use shaping to get a child to do his homework.
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Chapter 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning
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94 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose Pigeon A is reinforced for pecking a key when a yellow light is on.Suppose too that pigeon B is reinforced for pecking in response to a yellow light,but is also trained to not respond when an orange light is on.If we test both pigeons with a yellow-orange light,we will find that:
A)both pigeons will give the same response to the yellow-orange light.
B)neither pigeon will respond to the yellow-orange light.
C)pigeon A will give a stronger response to the yellow-orange light than pigeon B.
D)pigeon B will give a stronger response to the yellow-orange light than pigeon A.
Q2) If we lesion the primary auditory cortex of a cat,the generalization gradient:
A)becomes negative.
B)acquires two or more peaks.
C)acquires a much sharper peak.
D)flattens out.
Q3) What is combinatorial explosion? Why is it a problem in categorization learning?
Q4) Describe an example of generalization in your everyday life.
Q5) Describe a network model that can account for the phenomenon of negative patterning.
Q6) Give an example from everyday life that demonstrates acquired equivalence.
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Chapter 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for
Facts and Events
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What seems to be the role of the hippocampus in episodic memory? Describe one study that demonstrated this role.
Q2) Which theory is supported by the finding that some people can have retrograde memory loss extending all the way back to their childhood?
A)multiple-memory trace theory
B)standard consolidation theory
C)depth-of-processing theory
D)Korsakoff's theory
Q3) Suppose you buy a new remote control for your television,and you are having a hard time remembering where the buttons are because they are arranged differently than they were on your old remote control.This is an example of:
A)retroactive interference.
B)proactive interference.
C)source amnesia.
D)false memory.
Q4) Explain why the shape of the typical forgetting curve implies that there is a consolidation period for memories.
Q5) What is functional amnesia? Describe two specific types.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
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96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding the power law of learning?
A)It cannot be overcome.
B)It is different for cognitive skills than for perceptual-motor skills.
C)It is different for different species.
D)It is the same for most skills.
Q2) Research on talent and expertise suggests that:
A)practice alone determines who will become an expert.
B)it is easy to determine how much practice an individual will need in order to become an expert.
C)people need to born with talent in order to become experts.
D)the total amount of practice is an important variable in determining whether a person will become an expert.
Q3) People with Parkinson's disease:
A)can be treated with deep brain stimulation.
B)have trouble with mirror-reading tasks.
C)usually begin experiencing symptoms in their 20s.
D)have abnormally high levels of dopamine.
Q4) What is the difference between having talent and being an expert?
Q5) Draw a graph that demonstrates the power law of learning for the task of learning to tie your shoes.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control
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105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which part of the prefrontal cortex seems to be particularly involved in working memory functions?
A)orbital prefrontal cortex
B)medial prefrontal cortex
C)lateral prefrontal cortex
D)posterior prefrontal cortex
Q2) In the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task,the subjects must select the stimulus that is:
A)the same color and shape as the one they remember.
B)different from the one they remember.
C)the most similar to the one they remember.
D)the same size as the one they remember.
Q3) It has been suggested that in ADHD the basal ganglia:
A)send inappropriate signals to the prefrontal cortex.
B)do not seem to communicate with the prefrontal cortex at all.
C)suppress genes that normally regulate attention.
D)do not send enough information to the cerebellum.
Q4) How did George Sperling demonstrate that the iconic memory holds a large amount of visual information?
Q5) Describe what limits your ability to hold information in your short-term memory.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe how a therapist could use systematic desensitization to extinguish a person's fear of spiders.
Q2) The research on learned helplessness suggests that depression may be prevented by:
A)encouraging people to think about the good things in their lives.
B)encouraging people to smile even when they feel sad.
C)exposing people to adversities that they can overcome.
D)preventing people from experiencing even minor challenges.
Q3) Human depression seems to involve:
A)learned helplessness.
B)conditioned avoidance.
C)flashbulb memories.
D)conditioned emotional responses.
Q4) Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:
A)are present in humans but not in non-human animals.
B)prove the existence of emotions in non-human animals.
C)are consistent with the existence of emotions in non-human animals.
D)are very different in humans than in non-human animals.
Q5) Describe the function of each of the direct and indirect neural pathways for emotion.
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Chapter 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing,
Interacting, and Reenacting
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When observer rats were exposed to a novel food odor on a demonstrator rat's breath,and then had their hippocampus lesioned,what happened to the lesioned rats' preferences for the novel food?
A)Their preference was reduced the most if the lesion occurred 30 days after their being exposed to the odor.
B)Their preference was reduced the most if the lesion occurred 1 day after their being exposed to the odor.
C)Their preference was enhanced the most if the lesion occurred 30 days after their being exposed to the odor.
D)Their preference was enhanced the most if the lesion occurred 1 day after their being exposed to the odor.
Q2) What is the two-action test? How can it be used to demonstrate whether true imitation is occurring?
Q3) Autistic children:
A)cannot recognize when they are being imitated.
B)show more impairment of meaningful gestures than meaningless ones.
C)have problems with perspective taking.
D)have more trouble imitating individual actions than sequences of actions.
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Chapter 12: Development and Aging: Learning and Memory
Across the Lifespan
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are three reasons that gestures might help accelerate acquisition of verbal language?
Q2) Mutations on the ____ gene seem to be associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
A)APOE
B)APP
C)PS1
D)PS2
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding neurogenesis?
A)It is increased when BDNF is removed.
B)It is not uniform throughout the brain.
C)It occurs only after apoptosis has been completed.
D)The majority of neurons are in place by 10 weeks after conception.
Q4) Down syndrome:
A)is a form of mental retardation.
B)affects males more than females.
C)occurs when an individual gets an extra copy of chromosome 23.
D)results in a life expectancy of about 18 years.
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Q5) Explain how sensitive periods are beneficial to learning and memory in the brain.