Advanced Research Methods in Psychology
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Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of advanced research methodologies used in psychological science. Students will critically examine experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, and qualitative research designs, along with sophisticated techniques for data collection and analysis. Emphasis is placed on ethical considerations, reliability and validity, statistical inference, and the use of software tools for data analysis. Through hands-on projects and critical evaluation of published research, students develop the skills necessary to plan, conduct, and analyze complex psychological studies, preparing them for independent research and graduate-level work in psychology.
Recommended Textbook Research In Psychology Methods and Design 7th Edition by C. James Goodwin
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12 Chapters
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Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking in Psychology
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Q1) Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?
A) Because all events have causes, there must be some First Cause, namely God
B) Why do I know it? I just know it, that's all
C) My country, right or wrong
D) It just stands to reason that animals with a cortex must have some level of consciousness
Answer: C
Q2) A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that A) science is free from human biases
B) psychologists assume that people are essentially machines
C) observations can be verified by more than a single observer
D) results of research are always reported in terms of numbers (statistics)
Answer: C
Q3) Fixing belief by relying on ________ occurs when students fail to question their professors.
Answer: authority
Q4) Peirce called the use of logical arguments to fix a belief the _________ method. Answer: a priori
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Chapter 2: Ethics in Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) The formulation of the APA code of ethics included collecting data about possible ethical violations; the procedure used was called the _________ method.
Answer: critical incidents
Q2) In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue?
A) confidentiality
B) debriefing
C) following up on participants to insure their well being
D) allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure
Answer: D
Q3) How did researchers justify the Willowbrook hepatitis study?
A) they believed the ultimate goal of eliminating hepatitis at the institution justified the deliberate exposure to hepatitis
B) they believed that hepatitis was so rampant that the participants would be likely to contract it anyway
C) both of the above justifications were used
D) the researchers made no attempt to justify the study
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) To reason inductively is to
A) reason from the specific event to the general principle
B) reason from the general principle to the specific event
C) use a modus tollens improperly
D) affirm the consequent
Answer: A
Q2) What is the advantage of using operational definitions?
A) they force researchers in different laboratories to all use the exact same definition
B) they facilitate replication
C) it's easy to agree on a universal definition for a concept like aggression
D) there are no advantages to using operational definitions; no two persons can ever agree on the best definition
Answer: B
Q3) A theory can be the starting point for developing a research hypothesis through the logical process of _______.
Answer: deduction
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Chapter 4: Measurement, Sampling, and Data Analysis
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Q1) A set of data has a mean of 12 and a 95% confidence interval of 10-14. What does this mean?
A) the standard deviation will be 14-10, or 4
B) you can be 95% sure that 12 is the population mean
C) in order for the mean to be significantly different fro some other mean, the scores producing the other mean cannot be between 10 and 14
D) you can be quite sure that the population mean falls somewhere between 10 and 14
Q2) In the study by Korn, Davis, and Davis, it was determined that department chairs rated B. F. Skinner higher on their "all time" list than historians did. The study featured a(n) _______ scale of measurement.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
Q3) Define habituation and explain how it can be used to examine an infant's understanding of gravity.
Q4) Define reliability and explain why it is important for behavioral measures to be reliable.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) Studies of aggression have sometimes been criticized for developing questionable operational definitions of aggression (e.g., horn honking). This is primarily a criticism of _________ validity.
A) internal
B) construct
C) external
D) statistical conclusion
Q2) A researcher is interested in whether memory is better for concrete rather than abstract nouns and designs a study to answer the question. In this study, the independent variable is
A) a situational variable
B) a task variable
C) an instructional variable
D) a subject variable
Q3) ________ validity is concerned with the extent to which results generalize beyond the particular experiment being conducted.
Q4) If a study lasts for an appreciable period of time, participants might learn new things or grow wiser in some way, thereby producing a threat to internal validity known as
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Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Q1) Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children?
A) it illustrated the problem of cohort effects in cross-sectional studies
B) unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low
C) it combined longitudinal and cross-sectional methods into a single design
D) it showed that intellectually gifted children have serious problems with social skills
Q2) The avoidance of order effects is the major design problem for __________ designs.
Q3) According to Orne, what characterizes most participants?
A) they are suspicious and uninterested in the study in which they are participating
B) they are cooperative and try to help the experimenter
C) they are too afraid for their behavior to be considered normal
D) they will actively try to give results opposite to the ones wanted by the experimenter
Q4) Describe the origins of the term Hawthorne effect, and explain what the term means today.
Q5) Why does counterbalancing solve progressive order effects better than carry-over effects?
Q6) All possible orders of conditions are used in ___________ counterbalancing.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) When analyzing a multilevel design, multiple t tests
A) are OK, providing you complete no more than five of them
B) increase the probability of making a Type II error
C) increase the probability of making a Type I error
D) should be completed first, then an ANOVA to verify the results
Q2) If a between-subjects design uses random assignment, the design will be called a(n)
A) nonequivalent groups design
B) repeated-measures design
C) independent groups design
D) matched groups design
Q3) From an ethical standpoint, describe the arguments for and against the use of control groups in, for example, a study that evaluated the effects of giving nursing home patients some additional control over their lives (e.g., giving them a plant to care for).
Q4) In the research example that examined the effects of social skills training in children with autism, what was the matching variable and why was it chosen?
Q5) What are the defining features of the three main designs that involve between-subjects factors?
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Q1) One of the chapter's research examples concerned the so-called closing time effect. The researchers found that the gender of the rater made a difference and the time of the ratings also made a difference. That is, the study produced
A) an interaction between the gender factor and the time factor
B) a main effect for the gender factor
C) a main effect for the time factor
D) two main effects
Q2) A 2x2x4 factorial design
A) has three dependent variables
B) includes eight different conditions
C) includes an independent variable with three levels
D) has sixteen different conditions
Q3) In a 2x3 mixed factorial design, with 10 people needed to fill the upper left hand cell of the matrix, how many people will be needed to complete the experiment?
A) 60
B) 20
C) 30
D) could be 20 or 30 (need more information)
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Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) In a(n) __________ study, there is a criterion variable and several predictor variables.
Q2) Consider correlations of +.65 and -.65. How do they differ? In what way are they alike?
Q3) A researcher administers a number of tests and correlates each test with every other test, placing the results in a(n) __________.
Q4) When examining how certain traits tended to run in families, Galton organized his data into a chart that was in effect the first
A) scatterplot
B) bar graph
C) line graph
D) frequency distribution
Q5) Use Eron's study on TV violence and aggression to show how both the directionality problem and the third variable problem can be solved.
Q6) Describe how correlational research can be used to examine the relationship between psychological defense and behavioral maturity.
Q7) What is the coefficient of determination and what does it mean?
Q8) The points will cluster near the diagonal of a(n) ____ for a strong correlation.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) Archival research has to deal with all of the following problems except
A) experimenter bias
B) nonrepresentative information
C) subject reactivity
D) missing data
Q2) A formative evaluation is designed to answer the question:
A) Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work?
B) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce?
C) Should you develop this program?
D) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
Q3) Quasi-experimental designs can include all of the following except
A) random assignment
B) independent variables
C) subject variables
D) nonequivalent groups
Q4) This study uses a _________ design.
A) mixed factorial design
B) nonequivalent control group
C) interrupted time series
D) time series with a control group
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) Which of the following designs evaluates a drug treatment program by including a placebo condition?
A) A-A1-B-A1-B
B) changing criterion
C) alternating treatment
D) A-B-C-B
Q2) In an A-B-C-B design,
A) contingent reinforcement (B) is compared with no reinforcement (C)
B) reinforcement is given but is not contingent on behavior during period C
C) drug effects can be evaluated; C is the placebo control condition
D) two different reinforcement schedules are compared, one during the first B and a second during the second B
Q3) In operant conditioning research, according to Skinner, the only important dependent measure is _________.
Q4) Single-subject designs have several elements in common. Describe them.
Q5) All single-subject designs include
A) a time during which a baseline level of behavior is measured
B) a control group
C) a withdrawal stage
D) at least two baselines (one at the start, one at the end)
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Q1) On a survey, subjects sometimes respond the way they think they should respond, rather than in terms of how they truly feel; that is, they show a(n) _______ bias.
Q2) To reduce bias in observational research, more than one observer is sometimes used, and ___________ is calculated.
Q3) Attempting to study the everyday behaviors of people, while remaining separate from them, is the goal of
A) naturalistic observation
B) participant observation
C) case studies
D) archival research
Q4) All of the following are examples of probability sampling except
A) simple random
B) quota
C) cluster
D) stratified
Q5) What is meant by nonresponse bias and how can it affect the interpretation of survey data?
Q6) What is a DK alternative and when should it be used?
Q7) Describe the two varieties of electronic surveying.
Page 14
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