Advanced Research Methods in Psychology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Advanced Research Methods in Psychology provides an in-depth exploration of the methodologies and techniques used in psychological research. This course covers experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs, advanced statistical analyses, and qualitative research approaches. Special emphasis is placed on critical evaluation of research literature, ethical considerations, and the development of research proposals. Students will gain hands-on experience through designing studies, data collection, and analysis, preparing them for independent research projects and graduate-level work in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Research Methods in Psychology 10th Edition by John J Shaughnessy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define ethnocentric bias and provide an example from the field of psychology.
Answer: Ethnocentric bias is when we attempt to understand the behavior of individuals in a different culture through the framework or views of our own culture.An example of ethnocentric bias occurred when researchers studied the concept of agency,the ability to control one's environment and influence others,following Hurricane Katrina.Individuals higher in social status value control and agency,whereas individuals lower in social status value flexibility and resilience.People who stayed through the Hurricane Katrina,rather than flee,were judged as making bad choices.From their cultural perspective,however,they valued interdependence,strength,and faith as reasons for staying,rather than control and independence.
Q2) Most recently,the dominant psychological perspective for understanding people's behavior and mental processes is
A) computer and Internet psychology.
B) cognitive psychology.
C) clinical psychology.
D) behaviorism.
Answer: B
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Scientific Method
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Q1) Of the following,the best description of "intervening variables" in psychology is that
A) there are very few intervening variables in psychology.
B) they are obstacles in successful theory construction and testing.
C) they are constructs that unite a wide variety of apparently dissimilar variables.
D) they rarely are of use when psychologists try to explain why variables are related.
Answer: C
Q2) Four goals of research in psychology are
A) reliability, validity, experimentation, and theory construction.
B) description, prediction, explanation, and application.
C) description, correlation, experimentation, and theory construction.
D) observation, measurement, causal inference, and explanation.
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
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Q1) Which of the following is not an important consideration for a researcher who is designing an experiment that will involve deception?
A) the availability of alternative, deception-free methods for carrying out the research
B) how many people will participate in the research
C) the importance of the study to scientific knowledge
D) the degree of deception involved and the possibility of risk to the participants
Answer: B
Q2) Greater risk in a research study is acceptable when
A) clear and immediate benefits to the participants are expected.
B) the research has obvious scientific and social value.
C) valid and interpretable results will be produced.
D) all of these
Answer: D
Q3) Identify the conditions under which participants are considered to be "at risk."
Answer: Participants are considered "at risk" when the possibility of physical,psychological,or social injury is judged to be more than minimal risk.Minimal risk is defined as no greater than the risks of daily living.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Observation
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Q1) A researcher studying interpersonal communication measured the time that couples made eye contact during a conversation.Which descriptive statistics would most commonly be used describe the researcher's duration measurements?
A) mean and standard deviation
B) median and difference scores
C) mode and correlation
D) proportion and percentage
Q2) Reactivity is a research problem because when it occurs,
A) observers may record only the observations that are consistent with their expectations.
B) people's behavior may not represent their typical behavior.
C) relevant information may be lost from archival records.
D) there will be a spurious relationship between variables.
Q3) One step in the analysis of narrative records consists of identifying units of behavior according to specific criteria.This process is called
A) coding.
B) chunking.
C) filing.
D) classifying.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Survey Research
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Q1) Low response rates that result when respondents fail to return a completed mail survey are a major factor leading to response rate bias.These low response rates pose a potential problem because
A) a carefully selected convenience sample becomes a probability sample.
B) segments of the population may be overrepresented or underrepresented in the final sample.
C) only surveys with a 100% response rate can be interpreted.
D) the sample size becomes smaller than the researcher intended.
Q2) Correlational research is potentially limited when it comes to
A) applying the results of correlational studies to predict such issues as physical and psychological health-related problems.
B) establishing quantitative relationships between two sets of responses obtained in a survey.
C) interpreting causal relationships based on correlational studies alone.
D) using sophisticated statistical procedures in analyzing correlational studies.
Q3) Why is a longitudinal design preferred over a study using successive independent samples to assess the direction and extent of attitude change for individual respondents?
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Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs
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Q1) Our ability to draw appropriate conclusions based on the results of an experiment depends most of all on the
A) external validity of the experiment.
B) internal validity of the findings.
C) amount of variation in the experiment.
D) statistical significance of the findings.
Q2) A researcher has manipulated only one independent variable at two levels,has held constant as many other variables as possible and has balanced individual differences by using random assignment.The researcher is likely to be able to claim that the independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable because the experiment is
A) externally valid.
B) internally valid.
C) a natural groups design.
D) statistical.
Q3) Explain how the procedures for conducting a matched groups design and a natural groups design differ from the random groups design.
Q4) Identify and briefly define the three primary types of control used in experiments.
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Chapter 7: Repeated Measures Designs
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Q1) When a participant in an experiment that involves the complete repeated measures design develops expectations about which condition should occur next in the sequence,the methodological problem that occurs is called A) reactivity effects.
B) sequential effects.
C) differential transfer.
D) anticipation effects.
Q2) The additional step needed when analyzing the results in a complete repeated measures design is to
A) compute the mean (or median) score for each participant for each condition of the experiment.
B) multiply participants' score in each condition by the order in which the condition appeared.
C) add the participants' scores across all conditions and divide by the number of conditions.
D) subtract the mean of all conditions from each participant's score.
Q3) Define differential transfer and describe one method a researcher could use to detect whether differential transfer is a problem in a repeated measures experiment.
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Chapter 8: Complex Designs
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Q1) An interaction effect is likely to be uninterpretable when this problem in measurement occurs:
A) simple main effect
B) ceiling or floor effect
C) nonparallel lines
D) highly reliable measurement of the dependent variable
Q2) A researcher did an experiment testing the effects of noise on students' ability to study effectively in different environments.The design was a 3 * 2,with three levels of background noise and two different environments.The researcher obtained an interaction effect and decided to try to identify the source of the interaction effect by testing the effect of the noise variable separately at each level of the environment variable.Which of the following types of effects in the analysis of a complex design was the researcher testing?
A) simple main effect
B) main effect
C) moderator effect
D) comparison of two means
Q3) Distinguish between a main effect and an interaction effect in a complex design.
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Chapter 9: Single-Case Research Designs
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Q1) Idiographic research,as represented by the case study method,has the potential to reveal
A) causal mechanisms underlying behavior.
B) contradictory effects in well-controlled treatment studies.
C) nuances and subtleties of individual behavior.
D) definitive evidence for the effectiveness of a particular treatment.
Q2) The problem of generalizing from a single individual arises when the case study method is used.This problem is likely to be most serious when the case has been selected from a population with A) zero variability.
B) a low degree of variability.
C) a moderate degree of variability.
D) a high degree of variability.
Q3) Identify a methodological problem specific to the ABAB design and a methodological problem specific to the multiple-baseline designs.
Q4) Identify two advantages and two disadvantages of the case study method.
Q5) What two methodological problems dealing with the measurement of baselines apply to all single-case experimental designs?
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
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Q1) One factor that may make it difficult to interpret the result of even a true experiment in a natural setting is contamination (when there is communication of information about the experiment between groups of participants).Briefly describe the three types of problems that can result from contamination.
Q2) In the context of conducting experiments in natural settings,random assignment of participants to conditions is
A) usually perceived by possible participants as the fairest procedure.
B) the fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is known.
C) the fairest procedure if the effectiveness of the treatment is not known.
D) usually perceived by those in positions of authority as the fairest procedure.
Q3) Research done in natural settings,as compared to research done in laboratory settings,is more likely to emphasize
A) abstract goals.
B) methodological goals.
C) ethical goals.
D) practical goals.
Q4) Distinguish between evaluation of outcome and evaluation of efficiency as these are used in program evaluation.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part
Idescribing Data, confidence Intervals, correlation
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Q1) A correlation coefficient is a ________ summary of the degree of relationship between two sets of scores.
A) subjective
B) qualitative
C) quantitative
D) graphical
Q2) When interpreting confidence intervals when there are three or more means,if the intervals do not overlap,we have evidence that
A) the differences among population means are inconclusive.
B) the population means differ.
C) the range of values for each interval is extreme.
D) the sample means do not differ.
Q3) Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion or variability?
A) range
B) variance
C) standard deviation
D) confidence interval
Q4) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three measures of central tendency: mean,median,mode.
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Chapter
Significance and the Analysis Story
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Q1) The F-test provides a statistic that represents the ratio of between-group variation in the data to
A) sample size.
B) within-group variation.
C) total variation in the data.
D) degrees of freedom.
Q2) If the omnibus analyses of variance for a complex design reveals a statistically significant interaction effect,the source of the interaction effect may be identified using simple main effects analysis and,when there are more than two levels of an independent variable,also
A) complex comparisons.
B) null comparisons.
C) simple correlations between variables.
D) comparisons between two means.
Q3) Confidence intervals drawn around group means in a complex design provide information regarding
A) the probable pattern of population means.
B) the null hypothesis.
C) interaction effects.
D) the statistical significance of any differences among population means.
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Chapter 13: Communication in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) About ______ percent of the manuscripts submitted for publication in American Psychological Association journals are accepted for publication.
A) 25
B) 33
C) 50
D) 75
Q2) Identify the APA-format error in the following sentence: Nature and nurture interact to produce gender differences (Alice Eagly & Wendy Wood,2013)..
A) The reference to the authors should appear at the beginning of the sentence.
B) Parentheses should not be used in the sentence.
C) The authors' first names should not appear in the citation.
D) The year should come before the authors' names.
Q3) A written research proposal,unlike the report of a completed research study,generally will not include
A) a Method section.
B) an Appendix.
C) an Abstract.
D) any reference to statistics.
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