Advanced Research Methods in Psychology
Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Advanced Research Methods in Psychology provides an in-depth examination of the methodological approaches and techniques used in psychological research. This course covers advanced experimental design, qualitative and quantitative methods, statistical analysis, and ethical considerations in research. Students will critically evaluate published studies, design their own research projects, and apply data analysis software to interpret findings. Emphasis is placed on problem-solving, effective communication of results, and the development of skills necessary for conducting independent research in various subfields of psychology.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods In Psychology 9th Edition by John J Shaughnessy
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Q1) Explain why psychologists at the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century embraced an empirical approach to advance understanding about human behavior.
Answer: At the turn of the 20<sup>th</sup> century society was interested in pseudoscientific topics such as clairvoyance and telepathy.To establish the young field of psychology as a science,the early psychologists focused on behavior and mental processes that could be observed directly.By adopting an empirical approach,with its emphasis on direct observation and experimentation for answering questions,early psychologists were able to divorce psychology from pseudoscience.
Q2) Before beginning a research project,researchers should search the psychological literature about their topic
A)to stop the research if the study or a similar one has already been done.
B)to demonstrate that no one has had a similar idea.
C)in order to develop research hypotheses.
D)all of these
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: The Scientifi C Method
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Q1) A(n)____________ is a statement about the cause of an event or behavior.
A)causal inference
B)experiment
C)construct
D)correlation
Answer: A
Q2) A researcher manipulates the amount of time participants view a list of words (1 vs.4 minutes),and measures the number of words the participants are able to write down 10 minutes later.The researcher suggests that in-between the presentation time and the later recall of the words,the words are in participants' memory.The construct of "memory" in this example represents
A)an operational definition.
B)the researcher's independent variable.
C)the researcher's dependent variable.
D)an intervening variable.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Ethical Issues in the Conduct of Psychological Research
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Q1) Which of the following is not required of researchers in an informed consent procedure?
A)reasons for why deception is used in the research
B)description of the nature of the research
C)information that might influence participants' willingness to participate
D)all of these are required
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following represents the basic question addressed by the risk/benefit ratio?
A)Are the risks in a study greater than minimal risk?
B)Are the benefits (to individual participants and society)of a study greater than the risks?
C)Will the researcher's reputation be enhanced or hurt by the study's findings?
D)Are the benefits gained by individuals greater than the risks posed to society?
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Observation
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Q1) In order to minimize observer bias,researchers should
A)limit the amount of information observers have about the hypothesis.
B)fully explain the research hypothesis to observers so there is no confusion.
C)ask observers to code which of their observations are biased and which are not.
D)make sure that observers read all of the previously published research on the behavior they're observing.
Q2) For both physical and psychological measurement the lowest scale of measurement involves categorizing the stimulus into one of a number of discrete categories (e.g. ,male or female).This level of measurement is called a(n)
A)ordinal scale.
B)ratio scale.
C)nominal scale.
D)interval scale.
Q3) Define observer bias and describe the best way to reduce this problem in a research study.
Q4) Do you think the observers demonstrated acceptable interobserver reliability? Why or why not?
Q5) Calculate and report the observers' interobserver reliability.
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Chapter 5: Survey Research
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Q1) Survey researchers are most interested in
A)the responses of individuals in their sample.
B)obtaining a very large sample size.
C)predicting which individuals in the sample will return a completed survey.
D)generalizing responses from a sample to the population.
Q2) Which of the following samples would be representative of a population that is 75% women and 25% men?
A)60 women,20 men
B)75 women,25 men
C)225 women,75 men
D)all of these
Q3) Suppose the researcher mails the survey to the 100 people in the representative sample and only 50 of the people return a completed survey.Can you state that this sample of 50 represents the population? Why or why not?
Q4) Which of the following characteristics do most surveys have in common?
A)direct observation and inference
B)sampling and a set of predetermined questions
C)limited scope and pragmatic purpose
D)interviewing and the use of focus groups
Q5) Identify the key features of a good questionnaire item.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Independent Groups Designs
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Q1) The researcher should
A)reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small;thus,the independent variable had a reliable effect on the dependent variable.
B)accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small;thus,the independent variable had no effect.
C)neither accept nor reject the null hypothesis of no difference because the probability value of .025 is significantly different than .05.
D)reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion.
Q2) Describe briefly how confidence intervals can be used to determine if the means for the two conditions of an experiment differ.
Q3) A statistically significant outcome is an outcome that
A)has a large likelihood of occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
B)has a small likelihood of occurring if the null hypothesis is true.
C)occurs in 5 out of every 100 experiments (p = .05).
D)has neither Type I nor Type II errors.
Q4) What type of experimental design did this researcher use?
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Chapter 7: Repeated Measures Designs
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Q1) Practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design are balanced by A)ensuring that the results for each participant are balanced.
B)subtracting the results for the different groups of participants in the experiment.
C)averaging across the results for each pair of participants.
D)averaging across the results for all participants.
Q2) Cite at least two reasons why a researcher might choose to use a repeated measures design.
Q3) Define differential transfer and describe one method a researcher could use to detect whether differential transfer is a problem in a repeated measures experiment.
Q4) What distinguishes the complete repeated measures design from the incomplete repeated measures design?
Q5) Counterbalancing is an important research technique because it is used to A)average individual differences variables across conditions of a repeated measures design.
B)average practice effects across conditions of an independent groups design.
C)average practice effects across conditions of a repeated measures design.
D)all of these
Q6) What is the independent variable in this experiment?
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Chapter 8: Complex Designs
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Q1) The limits of the external validity of the effects of each of the two independent variables in a complex design are specified when
A)there is no interaction effect of the two variables but significant main effects for both variables.
B)there is no interaction effect of the two variables and neither variable produces a main effect.
C)there is no interaction effect of the two variables and one independent variable has a main effect but the other variable does not.
D)there is an interaction effect of the two variables and main effects of the variables may or may not be present.
Q2) Briefly describe the analyses that are done to interpret the results of complex designs when an interaction effect is present and when an interaction effect is not present.
Q3) What is the repeated measures variable? What are the levels?
Q4) What are the means for the main effect of the Apology variable? [Be sure to specify which mean belongs with each condition.]
Q5) What is the manipulated independent groups variable in this study? What are the levels?
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Single-Case Designs and Small-N Research
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Q1) In the multiple-baseline design across individuals,the treatment is administered A)many times to each individual.
B)successively to one individual at a time.
C)during the common baseline period for all individuals.
D)to all individuals in the study at the same time.
Q2) The problem of generalizing from a single individual arises when the case study method is used.This problem is likely to be most serious when the case has been selected from a population with A)zero variability.
B)a low degree of variability.
C)a moderate degree of variability.
D)a high degree of variability.
Q3) The task confronting clinical psychologists can be described as trying to predict "what any one person will do." Actuarial predictions and group norms can be useful,but the clinician's task also illustrates the need for A)nomothetic research.
B)spiritual research.
C)idiographic research.
D)psychoanalytic research.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs and Program Evaluation
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Q1) Students on two college campuses serve as treatment and control groups in a study investigating the effectiveness of an alcohol-abuse prevention campaign.A well-known student on one of the campuses dies of alcohol intoxication in the course of the study;students on the other campus did not learn of the student's death.The reaction of other students to the student's death on their campus could represent a potential threat to the internal validity of the study called A)history.
B)selection.
C)additive effects of selection and history.
D)additive effects of selection and maturation.
Q2) Contamination that results from communication of information between groups of participants in an experiment can lead to all of the following except A)greater compliance with the instructions within each group.
B)resentment on the part of participants receiving less desirable treatments.
C)rivalry among participants receiving different treatments.
D)general diffusion of treatments across the groups.
Q3) What major threats to internal validity are controlled by this research design?
Q4) What type of research design was used for this study?
Q5) What type of research design was used in this study?
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Chapter 11: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part I
Describing Data,confi Dence Intervals, Correlation
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Q1) To construct a confidence interval for a comparison between two independent group means we substitute the ____________ for a single sample mean.
A)population mean
B)difference between two sample means
C)difference between the sample mean and the population mean
D)difference between two population means
Q2) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the three measures of central tendency: mean,median,mode.
Q3) A correlation coefficient ranges from
A)0.0 to +1.00
B)0.0 to -1.00
C)-1.00 to 0.0
D)-1.00 to +1.00
Q4) Which of the following is not a major stage of data analysis?
A)getting to know the data
B)transforming the data
C)confirming what the data reveal
D)summarizing the data
Q5) Explain the phrase,"Correlation does not imply causation."
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Chapter 12: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Part II Tests of
Statisticalsignifi Cance and the Analysis Story
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Q1) Explain the difference between experimental sensitivity and statistical power and identify factors that influence each.
Q2) (a)What is a Type I error and what is a Type II error when using NHST? (b)Which is more common in psychological research?
Q3) The appropriate inferential test when each subject participates in both conditions of an experiment is
A)a between-subjects t-test.
B)a between-conditions t-test.
C)a repeated measures t-test.
D)a t-test for independent groups.
Q4) What values form the numerator and denominator for the F-ratio (F-test)for each statistical effect?
Q5) Two measures of effect size for an independent groups design with more than two means are
A)eta-squared and Cohen's f.
B)Cohen's d and the F-test.
C)the t-test and the F-test.
D)F squared and rho.
Page 14
Q6) Were the results statistically significant? Explain your decisions.
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Chapter 13: Communication in Psychology
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Q1) The second page of a formal,written research report is the A)Introduction.
B)Abstract.
C)Author Notes.
D)Title page.
Q2) The title of a research manuscript should A)be "flashy" to attract potential readers to the research.
B)include the goals and the primary methodological design of the research.
C)inform readers of important variables or theoretical issues in the research.
D)include the author's name,such as "John Doe's Study of Personality and Behavior"
Q3) The most common type of graph in psychology journals is the A)histogram.
B)frequency polygon.
C)line graph.
D)pie chart.
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