Advanced Physiology Practice Questions
Course Introduction
Advanced Physiology explores the complex mechanisms that govern human body functions at molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic levels. This course builds on foundational physiological concepts to examine topics such as neurophysiology, cardiovascular and respiratory regulation, renal and endocrine function, and integrative homeostatic mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on clinical case studies, current research, and experimental techniques that help students analyze how physiological processes are altered in disease states. Critical thinking and application of principles to real-world and laboratory scenarios are central components, preparing students for advanced professional or research roles in health and biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by Christopher
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D. Moyes
Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about phenotype?
A)After an initial development period,phenotype of an organism is static.
B)Phenotype is affected by organization at the biochemical level only.
C)Altering phenotype allows an organism to change its physiological response.
D)Genotype may influence phenotype,but phenotype never affects genotype.
Answer: C
Q2) One theme in physiology states that the physiology of an animal is part of its __________,which is based on its __________ and environmental influences.
A)genotype;ancestry
B)phenotype;genotype
C)ancestry;phenotype
D)phenotype;diet
Answer: B
Q3) Animal physiology is the study of
A)how structures allow animals to function.
B)the chemical reactions found in animals.
C)the genetic lineage seen in the evolution of animals.
D)migratory patterns of animals.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Platyhelminthes exhibit which of the following lifestyles?
A)free-living
B)free-living and ectoparasitic
C)ectoparasitic and endoparasitic
D)free-living,ectoparasitic,and endoparasitic
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following statements is true with respect to myosin?
A)Plants,fungi,and animals share the same myosin families.
B)Myosin is found in all prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
C)Different classes of myosins are distinguished by differences in structural organization and amino acid sequence.
D)Cardiac -myosin allows for greater contractile efficiency.
Answer: C
Q3) Triploblastic animals are
A)acoelomate.
B)pseudocoelomate.
C)coelomate.
D)partially coelomate.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main reason the interior of the cell is negative at rest is because
A)the membrane is more permeable to Na than any other ion.
B)the membrane is more permeable to K than any other ion.
C)the Na /K+ pump is electrogenic.
D)it contains a much higher concentration of Cl .
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
A)monosaccharides / glucose,fructose,sucrose
B)disaccharides / lactose,maltose,galactose
C)polysaccharides / glycogen,starch,chitin
D)glycosylation / addition of lipids to macromolecules
Answer: C
Q3) The cytoskeleton is composed of a variety of fibers,including A)macrotubules.
B)large filaments.
C)microfilaments.
D)all of the above
Answer: C
Q4) The energy of movement is termed __________ energy.
Answer: kinetic
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Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gap junctions are formed by
A)groups of 8-12 connexons making a pore in one cell.
B)groups of 4-6 innexins or connexins forming a pore in one cell.
C)connexons from adjacent cells connecting with each other to form a cytoplasmic bridge.
D)both A and C
E) both B and C
Q2) The vertebrate hormones involved in water and electrolyte balance in the body are called
A)mineralocorticoids.
B)glucocorticoids.
C)ecdysteroids.
D)reproductive hormones.
Q3) __________ are a group of steroid hormones found in all vertebrates.
A)Estrogens
B)Androgens
C)Glucocorticoids
D)All of the above
Q4) Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback loops.
Q5) __________ is a biogenic amine used in immune responses and allergic reactions.
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Axons are found in the __________ region of a neuron.
A)signal reception
B)signal integration
C)signal conduction
D)signal transmission
Q2) Metabotropic receptors typically generate a response by
A)becoming an open channel as soon as the ligand binds.
B)activating gene transcription.
C)opening an ion channel via signaling from a second messenger cascade.
D)both B and C
Q3) There are some neurotransmitters,such as acetylcholine,that are used extensively throughout the nervous system.Yet a single type of neurotransmitter can have multiple effects.How is this possible?
Q4) Glial cells were originally thought to play a very minor role in the nervous system.In fact,their name is derived from the Greek word for glue.However,recent findings have demonstrated a number of functions for these cells.Discuss these functions and their importance in allowing neurons to function.
Q5) __________,or afferent neurons,are capable of sending information about the environment (internal and external)to the central nervous system.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contraction of striated muscle is regulated by A)TnC's affinity for Ca² (and nothing else).
B)alternating the two available isoforms of myosin.
C)utilizing different combinations of muscle protein isoforms.
D)the rate at which Ca² is able to bind to actin.
Q2) Smooth muscle,like striated muscle,utilizes Ca² as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur.However,smooth muscle does not have troponin.Therefore,Ca² must interact with other proteins.Describe these relationships and then comment on how this alternate control system affects the rate and duration of smooth muscle contraction.
Q3) Insect flight muscles contract at frequencies much higher than the stimulation rates they receive from the nerves that innervate them.For this reason,they are termed __________ flight muscles.
Q4) Invertebrate muscle,like vertebrate muscle,
A)has two major forms of muscle (striated and smooth).
B)utilizes thick and thin filaments in contraction.
C)makes use of obliquely striated muscle.
D)both A and C
Q5) Specialized animal cells that have contractile properties are called __________,or muscle cells.
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Touch and pressure receptors can be broadly grouped into three categories: tactile receptors,proprioceptors,and __________.
Q2) Why is it so difficult to localize sound with only one ear? How does having two ears help to localize sound?
Q3) Bitter and sour tastes are generally associated with A)carbohydrates.
B)proteins.
C)ions.
D)toxic substances.
Q4) All sensory systems work in the same general way.They transduce an incoming stimulus into changes in membrane A)potential.
B)capacitance.
C)refractory period.
D)fluidity.
Q5) Generally,how do sensory neurons encode stimulus intensity? What is the dynamic range of a sensory neuron? How does range fractionation improve the dynamic range?
Q6) A tympanal organ functions as an insect __________.
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Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mammalian cerebral hemispheres are connected by a mass of white matter called the __________.
Q2) Succinctly explain how ocean acidification can affect the behavior of fish,such as the orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula).
Q3) The hormone _______________ is secreted by the pineal gland.
Q4) The tendency to reduce the magnitude of a response following repeated stimulation is called __________.
Q5) Which of the following structures is NOT included in the limbic system?
A)amygdala
B)hypothalamus
C)olfactory bulb
D)cerebellum
Q6) In its protective role,the blood-brain barrier becomes an obstacle in delivering therapeutic drugs to specific regions of the brain in the treatment of a variety of brain disorders.Describe what the blood-brain barrier is made of,and how different compounds are capable of crossing it.
Q7) Split-brain syndrome follows from severing the __________.
Q8) What are the three main anatomical differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) During periods of activity,when the heart rate is rapid,the mean arterial pressure in humans is
A)2/3 diastolic pressure and 1/3 systolic pressure.
B)1/3 diastolic pressure and 2/3 systolic pressure.
C)1/2 diastolic pressure and 1/2 systolic pressure.
D)approximately equal to systolic pressure.
Q2) Small increases in blood vessel __________ can lead to big decreases in vessel resistance.
A)length
B)radius
C)pressure
D)force
Q3) Based on the law of bulk flow,what is the unit for "flow"?
A)volume
B)volume/time
C)time
D)force/area
Q4) _____________ capillaries are the most porous of all capillaries,and are found in very specialized organs,such as the liver.
Q5) Capillaries empty into __________.
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is correct?
A)Opsonization is a process that targets a pathogen for phagocytosis by covering it with soluble sugars.
B)The complement system includes a group of proteins that circulate in an inactive form and become activated when they detect molecular signatures of pathogens.
C)Mannose-binding lectin is a carbohydrate that is secreted by the liver.
D)Macrophages secrete monocytes.
Q2) Which of the following cells produce antibodies?
A)T cells
B)NK cells
C)B cells
D)V and D cells
Q3) The innate immune system
A)is a collection of defenses that is found in all animals,including sponges.
B)remains ready until it is needed,and responds without specificity to the type of pathogen.
C)is also referred to as an induced immune system.
D)can increase the intensity of the immune response when a pathogen is detected a second time.
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a fish swims forward with its mouth open,water will flow across the gills without active pumping.This is known as __________.
Q2) The total volume of air moved in one ventilatory cycle is referred to as the
Q3) In terms of the ideal gas law,if the temperature increases and the volume is not fixed,then
A)pressure increases.
B)concentration decreases.
C)volume decreases.
D)gas constant increases.
Q4) Most air-breathing chelicerates use a series of 10-100 thin lamellae,collectively called __________,to extract oxygen from the air.
Q5) Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular system via a sieved opening called the __________.
Q6) Which of the following is NOT explicitly included in the Fick equation?
A)diffusion coefficient
B)area of the membrane
C)concentration gradient
D)temperature
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is correct?
A)Small mammals are more constrained by evolutionary history than large mammals.
B)In vertebrates,connective tissue and bones are the most important elastic energy stores.
C)Collagen of small mammals has very different properties than collagen of large mammals.
D)Smaller animals store more elastic energy during movement than larger animals.
Q2) The __________ caudal fins of cruising sharks are much taller on the dorsal side than on the ventral side.
Q3) One of the features of the Cori cycle is the
A)conversion of muscle-derived lactate into glucose by the liver.
B)oxidation of lactate by the heart.
C)conversion of lactate into glycogen by the muscle fibers.
D)all of the above
Q4) During muscle activity,ATP plays a role in providing energy for
A)cross-bridge cycling.
B)establishing ion gradients across the sarcolemmal membrane.
C)transporting Ca² back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
D)all of the above
Q5) How does the mitochondrial content vary among muscle types and species?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some fish,such as eels,are referred to as _______________________ since they live their adult life in freshwater but migrate to saltwater to breed.
Q2) An animal that excretes most of its nitrogen in the form of ammonia is called an
Q3) Which of the following statements about the nephron is false?
A)The epithelial cells of the proximal tubule have numerous microvilli.
B)The wall of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is described as "thick" or "thin" depending on the width of the tubule lumen.
C)In the distal tubule,the most common epithelial cell type has few microvilli.
D)Various regions of the nephron mediate different transport processes.
Q4) The role of the glomerulus is to
A)provide blood to the nephron.
B)accept blood from the Bowman's capsule.
C)concentrate the urine.
D)establish osmotic gradients in the kidney medulla.
Q5) The "remodeling" of the fish gill to permit a fish to switch from freshwater to sea water is called __________.
Q6) Describe the three main classes of diuretic hormones found in insects.
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why do animals require lipids for normal physiological function? While animals can produce some fatty acids on their own (de novo),others must be acquired from the diet.Which are the two essential fatty acids that animals cannot manufacture themselves,and what are their sources?
Q2) Glucocorticoids serve which of the following functions?
A)induction of gluconeogenesis
B)reduction of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues
C)mobilization of triglycerides in the form of fatty acids
D)all of the above
Q3) Hyperphagy
A)is an important adaptation for survival in all animals,including humans.
B)is common in large mammals,but rare in small mammals and birds.
C)translates into fat deposition,which is important for migration,reproduction,and dormancy.
D)A and C
Q4) The enamel of the mammalian tooth is composed of crystals of
A)calcium carbonate.
B)calcium fluoride.
C)calcium phosphate.
D)calcium chloride.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cold-adapted enzymes are more efficient at low temperatures than their warm-adapted counterparts due to their
A)increased stability.
B)reduction in weak bonds that stabilize the three-dimensional structures.
C)higher proportion of hydrogen bonds.
D)more than one of the above
Q2) Of the major classes of macromolecules,only __________ are substantially affected by temperature over the normal range experienced by animals.
A)proteins and lipids
B)carbohydrates
C)nucleic acids
D)all of the above
Q3) The observation that a given enzyme retains its kinetic properties in different species adapted to different temperature regimes is a phenomenon known as A)Arrhenius effect.
B)Q .
C)conservation of Km.
D)homozyme stability.
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term "anisogametic" refers to
A)the haploid condition of mature gametes.
B)arrestment following the first meiotic division.
C)degradation of the polar bodies.
D)sex-specific difference in gamete size.
Q2) Methoprene
A)prevents insects from reproducing by not allowing the larvae to develop.
B)is a very effective insecticide that kills insects upon contact.
C)disrupts neural function of insects.
D)is highly toxic to birds.
Q3) The luteal phase of the ovulation cycle of mammals corresponds to the __________ phases of the estrous cycle.
A)proestrus and estrus
B)estrus and metestrus
C)metestrus and diestrus
D)diestrus and proestrus
Q4) Birds transfer sperm directly from the __________ of the male to that of the female.
Q5) What are the three levels through which genomic variation is generated by sexual reproduction?
Page 18
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