Advanced Personality Theory
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Course Introduction
Advanced Personality Theory delves deeply into the major theoretical perspectives that have shaped our understanding of personality, including psychodynamic, humanistic, trait, cognitive, biological, and socio-cultural frameworks. The course examines foundational and contemporary research, exploring how personality develops, is assessed, and influences behavior across the lifespan. Students critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of different models, consider cultural and contextual factors, and engage with current debates and emerging topics in the field. Through case studies and applied projects, learners develop skills in analyzing personality from multiple theoretical and empirical viewpoints.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 4th Edition by Randy J. Larsen
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If I describe Juan as "possessive" or Anita as "friendly," I am employing the use of A)trait-descriptive adjectives.
B)inner psychological states.
C)strategies to attain goals.
D)inner qualities of personality.
Answer: A
Q2) The lexical strategy (i.e., using natural language to identify fundamental traits) falls most squarely within the A)social and cultural domain.
B)cognitive-experiential domain.
C)dispositional domain.
D)intrapsychic domain.
Answer: C
Q3) The study of a single individual is an example of A)idiographic research.
B)nomothetic research.
C)correlational research.
D)cognitive psychology research.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Projective techniques are unlike other types of T-data because
A)everyone receives the same instructions.
B)they reveal responses that indicate personality.
C)they use a standard testing situation.
D)responses are usually interpreted.
Answer: C
Q2) In order to establish causality, participants in all conditions should be
A)manipulated.
B)equivalent.
C)undergraduate students.
D)counter balanced.
Answer: B
Q3) A study discussed in the text showed that childhood temper tantrums predicted divorce.This is an example of _____ predicting _____.
A)T-data; S-data
B)O-data; L-data
C)L-data; T-data
D)S-data; T-data
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Sample Questions
Q1) The five factor model is a combination of _____ and _____ approaches to studying personality taxonomies.
A)lexical and statistical
B)lexical and biological
C)theoretical and statistical
D)statistical and causal
Answer: A
Q2) The "traits as causes" perspective on personality characteristics is useful in all of the following areas EXCEPT
A)ruling out alternative explanations for behavior.
B)explaining why a person's behavior seems inconsistent with a trait at times.
C)viewing traits as internal structures.
D)counting how often a behavior is performed.
Answer: D
Q3) In the five factor model, the fifth factor is NOT called
A)intellect.
B)openness.
C)culture.
D)surgency.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlation between _____ and ____ would likely be the highest.
A)shyness averaged over a month; shyness on a given day
B)shyness averaged over a month; shyness averaged over a week
C)shyness averaged over a month; shyness averaged over a different month
D)shyness on a given day; shyness on another day
Q2) The text compares the complexities and richness of human personality to the way a color wheel, consisting of a mere three colors, can create the entire spectrum of colors visible to the human eye.This analogy illustrates how
A)the color spectrum varies with different human emotions.
B)individuals are as unique and diverse as the range of color spectrum.
C)a few basic and primary traits could be responsible for the idiosyncrasies of every personality.
D)the use of color therapy over an extended period of time may change the amount of a trait in an individual.
Q3) Trait psychology is sometimes also called _____ psychology.
A)social
B)differential
C)cognitive
D)developmental
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) People whose actual selves are close to their ideal selves score high on measures of A)possible selves.
B)feared selves.
C)desired selves.
D)self-esteem.
Q2) The finding that sensation seeking tends to decrease with age is an example of A)mean level change.
B)mean level stability.
C)rank order stability.
D)rank order instability.
Q3) When people in marriages have similar personalities, A)they are more likely to divorce.
B)their personalities remain more stable over time.
C)their personalities change more over time.
D)their personalities are neither more nor less likely to change over time.
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The personality traits of extraversion and neuroticism have been found to be
A)highly heritable.
B)moderately heritable.
C)slightly heritable.
D)not at all heritable.
Q2) _____ refers to the proportion of variance in a group of individuals that can be accounted for by genetic variance.
A)Heritability
B)Phenotypic percentage of variance
C)The genome
D)Eugenics
Q3) A yearly family trip to Uncle Earl and Aunt Eunice's farm would be considered part of the _____ environment.
A)shared common family
B)nonshared family
C)family experiential
D)phenotypic family
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following physiological mechanisms is thought to control overall cortical arousal?
A)Parasympathetic nervous system
B)Ascending reticular activating system or ARAS
C)Behavioral activation system or BAS
D)Behavioral inhibition system or BIS
Q2) An electroencephalograph measures
A)alpha waves.
B)skin conductance.
C)cardiovascular reactivity.
D)morningness-eveningness.
Q3) The _____ theory of personality suggests that differences in sociability are caused by differences in the amount of blood an individual has present in his or her body compared to other substances.
A)arousal
B)bodily fluid
C)reinforcement sensitivity
D)circadian rhythm
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Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The presence or absence of a father during early childhood is an example of _____ that is associated with individual differences.
A)an environmental effect
B)an adaptive self-assessment
C)frequency dependent strategy
D)sex role effect
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the evolutionary approach?
A)Lack of knowledge about conditions during human evolution.
B)Selective pressures today may be different than during most of human history.
C)Different evolutionary explanations can be used to explain the same phenomenon.
D)Using an inductive method to generate evolutionary based hypotheses.
Q3) To determine whether something is an adaptation or a byproduct requires knowledge of
A)the range of functioning for the adaptation.
B)the reproductive success gained by the adaptation
C)the adaptation and a description of its nature.
D)all possible by-products of the adaptation.
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10
Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are walking down the street and encounter a large, angry dog that growls and bares its teeth at you.You are experiencing _____ anxiety.
A)objective
B)canine
C)traumatic
D)neurotic
Q2) If the id cannot find the external object to satisfy its desires, it will
A)search until finds the appropriate object.
B)create a fantasy object to replace the object.
C)use reason and logic to substitute an alternate object.
D)delegate finding the appropriate object to the superego.
Q3) According to Freud, a person who smokes and overeats is probably fixated at the _____ stage.
A)Oral
B)Anal
C)Phallic
D)Latency
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Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person deals with the question "Who am I?" in the _____ stage.
A)initiative versus guilt
B)autonomy versus shame and doubt
C)trust versus mistrust
D)identity versus role confusion
Q2) More infants fall into the _____ category than the other categories.
A)securely attached
B)avoidantly attached
C)ambivalently attached
D)separation anxiety
Q3) In adulthood, people are usually in the generativity versus _____ stage.
A)mistrust
B)guilt
C)stagnation
D)role confusion
Q4) Divorce is a poor resolution at the _____ stage.
A)intimacy versus isolation
B)integrity versus despair
C)autonomy versus shame and self-doubt
D)generativity versus stagnation
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women tend to score higher than men on measures of
A)need for power.
B)need for intimacy.
C)need for achievement.
D)All of these.
Q2) Which term best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals?
A)Need
B)Desire
C)Motive
D)Press
Q3) Examples of safety needs are
A)food and air.
B)shelter and security.
C)respect and achievement.
D)love and acceptance.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a construct?
A)Gravity
B)Anxiety
C)Intelligence
D)All of these.
Q2) IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of
A)achievement intelligence.
B)aptitude intelligence.
C)emotional intelligence.
D)All of these.
Q3) A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n) _____ explanatory style.
A)internal
B)external
C)stable
D)unstable
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Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who _____ tend to complain of more physical ailments.
A)score high on neuroticism
B)score high on extraversion
C)have positive illusions
D)All of these.
Q2) People who spend much time worrying score
A)high on measures of hostility.
B)low on measures of hostility.
C)high on measures of neuroticism.
D)low on measures of neuroticism.
Q3) People _____ in affect intensity exhibit _____ frequent changes in their moods.
A)low; slightly more
B)low; many more
C)high; more
D)high; less
Q4) According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they
A)have similar facial expressions.
B)serve similar functions.
C)occur together in experience.
D)are rated as feeling distinct.
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Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) People _____ tend to respond to criticism with decreased motivation.
A)with low self-esteem
B)with high self-esteem
C)who are shy
D)who are not shy
Q2) The ability to see oneself as other people might is known as
A)a private self-concept.
B)social comparison.
C)perspective taking.
D)social identity.
Q3) A person who goes to a wild, all-night party the night before an exam may be engaging in
A)stupidity.
B)prevention focus.
C)promotion focus.
D)self-handicapping.
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of health issues, shy women _____ when compared to non-shy women.
A)are more likely to see a gynecologist.
B)are less likely to see a gynecologist.
C)are more likely to insist on contraception before having sex.
D)avoid potentially dangerous sexual situations.
Q2) _____ is the deliberate, manipulative style of behavior that uses other individuals for personal gain.
A)Dictatorialism
B)Machiavellianism
C)Zoroasterism
D)Rastafarianism
Q3) Showing someone how fun an activity will be is an example of the _____ manipulation tactic.
A)pleasure induction
B)hardball
C)silent treatment
D)self-abasement
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Chapter 16: Sex, Gender, and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A problem for the socialization theory is that
A)research suggests that fathers prefer to spend time with daughters.
B)children may evoke sex differences in the way they are treated.
C)there is no cross-cultural evidence for the differential treatment of boys and girls.
D)boys and girls behave differently even if they been intentionally socialized in a similar manner.
Q2) Sex differences in depression between men and women are observed
A)across the life span.
B)only in childhood.
C)mostly in adolescence and adulthood.
D)mostly in old age.
Q3) High levels of testosterone in women is linked to all of the behaviors below EXCEPT
A)Being the more "masculine" partner in lesbian relationships.
B)Increased sexual desire just prior to ovulation.
C)Greater success in traditionally masculine careers.
D)Frequent disciplinary infractions when incarcerated.
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Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among lowland Yanomamö men, one of the LEAST desirable personality characteristics is
A)cowardice.
B)neuroticism.
C)low self-esteem.
D)aggressiveness.
Q2) Men from higher social classes in _____ cultures tended to be have low levels of conformity, more self-direction, and have greater intellectual flexibility than did men from lower social classes.
A)collectivist
B)individualist
C)interdependent
D)all
Q3) Egalitarianism is associated with
A)high-variance conditions.
B)low-variance conditions.
C)agricultural cultures.
D)cultures of honor.
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Chapter 18: Stress, Coping, Adjustment, and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists do not understand fully the link between optimism and health because
A)most of the research is correlational.
B)it is difficult to measure optimism.
C)most of the research is non-correlational.
D)optimism has only recently been studied.
Q2) Research suggests that disclosing traumatic events has the effect of
A)increasing physiological arousal during disclosure.
B)improving physical health.
C)reducing the likelihood of depression.
D)All of these.
Q3) Selye described repeated stressors as leading to
A)primary appraisals
B)secondary appraisals.
C)the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
D)primary and secondary appraisals.
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _____ paradox refers to behavior patterns that avoid one problem, but create other problems.
A)neurotic
B)narcissistic
C)schizoid
D)disorder
Q2) Antisocial personality disorder is associated with
A)withdrawn behavior in childhood.
B)aggression and cruelty in childhood.
C)hallucinations in childhood.
D)paranoid behavior in childhood
Q3) The statistical definition of abnormal focuses on
A)ways that behavior cause an individual to suffer.
B)ways that behaviors cause the community to suffer.
C)characteristics that are rare in the population.
D)ways standard personality traits can be seen as abnormal.
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Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Further research using the lexical approach is A)unnecessary.
B)likely to find new traits related to sociability.
C)likely to find new traits related to sexuality or sex differences.
D)likely to find new traits related to agreeableness.
Q2) Recent experimental demonstrations of false memories are
A)indicating that patterns of memories are inconsistent over time.
B)a long way from the issue of repressed or false childhood memories of traumatic events.
C)showing that there are higher instances of childhood sexual abuse then previously believed.
D)questioning the id's responsibility for repressed and false memories,
Q3) Proponents of the evolutionary perspective on personality will continue to ask which of the following basic questions?
A)"What are the basic traits of personality?"
B)"What is the adaptive function of each psychological mechanism?"
C)"Are there sex differences in every domain of personality?"
D)"How close have evolutionary adaptations come to perfection?"
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