Advanced Personality Theory
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Advanced Personality Theory delves into the major contemporary approaches to understanding human personality, including psychodynamic, trait, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and biological perspectives. The course emphasizes critical analysis of key theoretical frameworks, examination of empirical research, and exploration of issues related to personality assessment, development, and change. Students will consider the historical evolution of personality theories, the cultural and contextual influences on personality, and the practical applications of these theories in clinical, organizational, and social settings. Through readings, discussions, and case studies, participants will develop a nuanced understanding of the complexities and controversies that define the study of human personality today.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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Q1) A personality psychologist who focuses on the stable patterns of aggressive behavior in schoolchildren that may be related to genetic predispositions follows the A)psychoanalytic approach.
B)biological approach.
C)humanistic approach.
D)behavioral/social learning approach.
Answer: B
Q2) A psychologist develops a test to measure individual differences in social anxiety.She obtains social anxiety scores from a large group of participants,and then tries to predict how those scoring high on the test will act in a social situation as compared to those scoring low.This psychologist would probably be identified with which approach to personality?
A)Psychoanalytic
B)Trait
C)Humanistic
D)Behavioral/social learning
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) Jessica is conducting a study of the personality of eighth-graders with high achievement motivation. She discovers from statistical analysis that her test's items are measuring more than one concept. You might tell Jessica that she has a problem with A)internal consistency.
B)reliability.
C)statistical significance.
D)predictive validity.
Answer: A
Q2) When a theory is described as parsimonious,it means that the theory
A)has stimulated a great deal of research.
B)uses only those constructs necessary to explain the phenomenon.
C)was derived from past research data.
D)is not capable of generating testable hypotheses.
Answer: B
Q3) The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter's intervention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) Sandy is given a set of cards by her therapist on which ambiguous pictures of people are displayed. To understand and treat her psychological problems,Sandy's therapist is using the
A)Rorschach inkblot test.
B)Thematic Apperception Test.
C)free association test.
D)Human Figure Drawing Test.
Answer: B
Q2) In Freud's structural model,which part of the adult personality is housed completely in the unconscious?
A)Id
B)Ego
C)Superego
D)Memory
Answer: A
Q3) The defense mechanism upon which the whole structure of psychoanalysis rests is the one known as repression.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following defense mechanisms is said to protect the individual by attributing unacceptable thoughts to someone else?
A)Sublimation
B)Reaction formation
C)Denial
D)Projection
Q2) A stage hypnotist arranges chairs so that only a few of the many volunteers who rush to the stage are able to participate in the show.She does this to capitalize on which responsiveness-enhancing variable?
A)Expectancy
B)Attitude
C)Motivation
D)Absorption
Q3) State three specific predictions of Freud's theory about hostile humor. Summarize the evidence for a preference for hostile humor,the reduction of aggression with hostile humor,and the relationship between tension reduction and funniness.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following statements best summarizes research on the effects of birth order on personality?
A)Most of the predictions derived from Adler's theory have been supported.
B)Birth order often does not predict how people will score on personality measures.
C)Birth order often has a strong influence on shaping the adult personality.
D)Most studies find middle-born children to be better adjusted than first- or last-born children.
Q2) According to Jung,people in all cultures throughout history have believed in powerful God-like entities because of
A)inherent feelings of helplessness and powerlessness.
B)the God archetype.
C)the power of organized religion to promote its views.
D)fear and anxiety about death.
Q3) Briefly sketch the life of Alfred Adler,stating how his life experiences may have influenced his theory. Discuss Adler's contribution to psychoanalytic theory and identify the main points of his approach,including the roles of inferiority,birth order,and other basic factors that influence personality development in Adler's view.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Freud gave which of the following names to the death instinct in his theory?
A)The shadow
B)Libido
C)Thanatos
D)Catharsis
Q2) Research on frustration and aggression generally has found that
A)frustration always leads to aggression.
B)frustration sometimes leads to aggression.
C)frustration rarely leads to aggression.
D)frustration always leads to aggression, but sometimes in indirect or displaced forms.
Q3) In terms of the four-category model of adult attachment,dismissing people have feelings that they are unworthy while they tend to see others as trustworthy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In general,avoidance coping strategies are more effective in helping people with a wide variety of stressors than active strategies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Allport called the five to 10 traits that best describe an individual's personality
A)central traits.
B)common traits.
C)cardinal traits.
D)the Big Five.
Q2) Critics of the trait approach to personality have raised each of the following points except one.Which one?
A)Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly.
B)There is little evidence for cross-situational consistency.
C)Psychologists place too much emphasis on personality test scores when making psychological diagnoses.
D)Trait measures do not predict behavior well.
Q3) Murray referred to each environmental force that activates a need as a(n) A)trigger.
B)repressor.
C)press.
D)itch.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) According to an attribution analysis of achievement behavior,first-year student Arnold is most likely to improve his academic performance if he attributes poor freshman grades to A)his ability.
B)the difficulty of college classes.
C)his level of effort.
D)inadequate preparation for college.
Q2) One reason dispositional optimists handle stressful situations better than pessimists is that optimists
A)have more friends to help them.
B)use different kinds of coping strategies.
C)have more successes in life to pick them up.
D)are more likely to use active coping strategies.
Q3) Researchers have found an association between achievement behavior and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one?
A)Social anxiety
B)Dispositional optimism
C)Defensive pessimism
D)Type A
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) If Jose drinks one cup of coffee in the afternoon,he will have difficulty falling asleep at night.Jose is also more easily annoyed than other people when someone nearby plays loud music.Jose could probably be classified as
A)an extravert.
B)an introvert.
C)neurotic.
D)psychotic.
Q2) Researchers have examined cerebral asymmetry in depressed people.The results of this research suggests that
A)some people may be born with a greater likelihood to become depressed than others. B)our experiences are less important in determining depression than our inherited tendencies.
C)whether a person develops a depression-prone brain activity pattern depends on experiences during the first few years of life.
D)there is relatively little psychologists can do for depressed people if the depression has a biological component.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that about _________ percent of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics.
A)10
B)20
C)30
D)40
Q2) According to the parental investment model,women prefer men who are A)the same age they are.
B)capable of achieving financial security.
C)physically attractive.
D)gentle and sensitive to their needs.
Q3) How do most personality researchers phrase the "nature-nurture" question today?
A)Which determines personality-genetics or the environment?
B)Which is more important in determining personality-genetics or the environment?
C)To what extent are our personalities influenced by genetics?
D)To what extent and how do both genetics and the environment influence personality?
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12
Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to A)behaviorism.
B)existential philosophy.
C)the trait approach to personality.
D)the psychoanalytic approach to personality.
Q2) Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as "psychologically healthy"?
A)They have many friends.
B)They are the only ones who have "peak experiences."
C)They tend to be creative.
D)They are unconcerned with what others think of them.
Q3) "Eupsychian management" refers to
A)the way a psychotherapist controls the direction of therapy.
B)how well a person manages all of the different aspects of his or her life.
C)rearranging an organization to help employees satisfy higher-level needs.
D)taking responsibility for one's life.
Q4) Describe your understanding of the therapeutic situation in person-centered therapy. What is the therapist's job,and what are the key elements and techniques Rogers used? Give one way this approach to psychotherapy is successful.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Researchers generally conceive of "self-esteem" as how you feel about yourself.They distinguish this from "self-concept," which is
A)what others think about you.
B)the kind of person you believe yourself to be.
C)what psychologists can determine empirically through personality tests.
D)the unconscious view you hold of yourself.
Q2) In contrast to low self-esteem people,when faced with failure,people with high self-esteem typically work just as hard as they do after successes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cross-cultural researchers find that the causes of high self-esteem are
A)similar in nearly all cultures.
B)different in individualistic and collectivist cultures.
C)similar in nearly all cultures, but what makes people happy varies across cultures.
D)impossible to assess because of subtle differences among languages.
Q4) How and why do feelings of self-worth fluctuate? Explain how contingencies of self-worth help people feel good about themselves in spite of failures.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Q1) A tennis coach works with players to improve the accuracy of their backhand stroke with successive attempts to produce more hits on target each week of the season. The coach is using a form of conditioning known as A)stimulus generalization.
B)shaping.
C)punishment.
D)discrimination.
Q2) Early social learning theorists introduced the notion of behavior-environment-behavior interactions.By this,they meant that A)our behavior is a function of the environment in which we interact.
B)we are influenced by both the environment and the behavior of others. C)we change our style of interaction depending on our environment.
D)the environment influences our behavior, and our behavior influences the kind of environment in which we find ourselves.
Q3) Explain from where our expectations come for behaviors we have never performed before,according to Bandura. Define self-efficacy and efficacy expectations and give your own examples of mastery experiences and vicarious experiences.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) Who among the following is likely high in unmitigated communion?
A)Belinda, a surgeon who sacrifices her own needs and interests to care for all her patients.
B)Matilda, who sees her personal value in terms of how well others think she takes care of her family.
C)Bernard, who subjugates his needs to the needs of the others in his office.
D)All of these
Q2) Researchers investigating the observational learning of gender-role behaviors find that boys imitate male models instead of female models
A)as soon as they develop an identity as a male.
B)after they noticed that a certain behavior is performed more by one gender than the other.
C)more often than girls imitate female models.
D)but that the opposite is not found for girls.
Q3) Dogs exposed to aversive stimuli from which they could not escape were found to A)learn through observation how to be helpless.
B)avoid the stimulus on every trial.
C)stop moving when placed in a shuttle-box situation.
D)suffer from neurological damage.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Joshua classifies each person he meets as either sensitive or insensitive. A cognitive personality theorist would probably say that sensitive-insensitive is an example of a A)personal construct.
B)prototype.
C)self-schema.
D)possible self.
Q2) Which of the following is correct about cognitive-affective units?
A)They are basically the same for everyone.
B)They are equally accessible in memory.
C)How we interpret a situation depends on which cognitive-affective units are activated.
D)Cognitive therapists try to reduce the number of cognitive-affective units in their clients.
Q3) The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people
A)respond to reinforcement.
B)process information.
C)think about their past.
D)dream.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Researchers find that depressed people recall depression-related words better than nondepressed people.This finding is used to support which concept?
A)Learned helplessness
B)Depressive schema
C)Explanatory style
D)Locus of control
Q2) Women and men differ in the kinds of information they recall. Researchers explain this in terms of differences in the way men and women
A)make an effort to remember.
B)form cognitive representations of themselves.
C)have been trained to remember information in school.
D)mature intellectually.
Q3) Aggressive scripts that have been practiced are the most likely to be ignored first.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How does the depressive schema work? Explain how depressive thoughts are related to depressing feelings and contrast the outlook on life between most normal people and depressed individuals.
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