Advanced Personality Theory
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Advanced Personality Theory explores contemporary and classical approaches to understanding human personality. The course delves into major theoretical frameworks such as psychodynamic, trait, cognitive, humanistic, biological, and existential perspectives, emphasizing their empirical foundations and applications. Students critically examine the development, assessment, and dynamics of personality; consider cultural, social, and biological influences; and engage with current research and debates in the field. Emphasis is placed on integrating theory with real-world case studies and the implications for psychological assessment, intervention, and personal development.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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16 Chapters
963 Verified Questions
963 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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51 Verified Questions
51 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist attributes a boy's poor social skills to his lack of contact with children who model appropriate behavior.The psychologist is using which approach to personality?
A)Humanistic
B)Cognitive
C)Behavioral/social learning
D)Psychoanalytic
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about personality assessment?
A)Assessment of personality is useful only if we assume people can report about themselves accurately and honestly.
B)The methods a psychologist uses to assess personality depend partly on which approach to personality he or she adopts.
C)Psychoanalytic psychologists often use self-report inventories to assess personality.
D)Psychologists no longer use vague stimuli like inkblots to measure personality.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher uses a manipulated independent variable in her experiment. This means she
A)conducts her research in a laboratory.
B)uses comparison groups.
C)makes her prediction before conducting the study.
D)randomly assigns participants to conditions.
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is correct about the case study method?
A)It should only be used when a large number of participants cannot be examined.
B)It has been used almost exclusively by psychologists from the psychoanalytic perspective.
C)It is used only to generate hypotheses and illustrate treatments.
D)Sometimes it is more appropriate than conducting an experiment.
Answer: D
Q3) The use of nonmanipulated variables is required when an independent variable exists without the experimenter's intervention.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory,
Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud,to make sense of a patient's dream,a therapist needs to understand the
A)dream's manifest content.
B)dream's latent content.
C)part of the dream recalled best by the dreamer.
D)parts of the dream that recur in many different dreams.
Answer: B
Q2) The life instinct to which Freud attributed most of our behaviors is called A)id.
B)neurotic impulse.
C)libido.
D)the structural model.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following came first in Freud's career?
A)The case of Anna O.
B)The development of free association
C)Freud's theory of dream interpretation
D)The formation of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
Answer: A
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) If your friend the therapist agrees with Freud,she would say that the content of our dreams reveals
A)unacceptable ideas that are actually acceptable.
B)unconscious conflicts and desires.
C)anxieties with which we were born.
D)much useless information.
Q2) Participants in the "hidden observer" demonstrations placed their arms in painfully cold water. Researchers found that highly hypnotized participants
A)reported experiencing no pain.
B)could only experience pain after the experimenter told them they could.
C)left their arm in the water, but reported through their "hidden observer" that the experience was painful.
D)experienced no pain while hypnotized, but recalled the pain after the hypnosis was over.
Q3) Whether use of a defense mechanism is adaptive or maladaptive often depends on A)the user's age.
B)whether the user distorts reality.
C)whether the user is aware of the defense mechanism.
D)the user's gender.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to Jung,the objectionable characteristics we see in other people are often projections of our own
A)anima or animus.
B)personal unconscious.
C)shadow.
D)id impulses.
Q2) Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included
A)folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis.
B)data from laboratory experiments and case studies.
C)interpretation of Freud's central writings.
D)an in-depth examination of the concept of ego.
Q3) Erik Erikson observed that overly protective parents hinder the development of a sense of what he called autonomy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the method of personality assessment known as personal narrative. What are the steps involved in their analysis? Give one neo-Freudian theory for which personal narratives have provided support. List and explain the problems associated with this assessment technique.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) To explain why aggression sometimes decreases,many researchers have adopted the Freudian concept of
A)the Oedipus complex.
B)repression.
C)the superego.
D)catharsis.
Q2) According to the original frustration-aggression hypothesis,what is needed to reduce the likelihood of aggression in a frustrated person?
A)Removal of the frustrating agent
B)Reduced awareness of the frustrating agent
C)Catharsis
D)Repression
Q3) A four-category model of adult attachment styles divides people along which two dimensions?
A)Anxiety and avoidance
B)Feelings about one's mother and feelings about one's father
C)Fear of closeness and fear of sex
D)Images of one's self-worth and belief in one's abilities
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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67 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the "person by situation" approach,
A)personality is more important than the situation in determining behavior.
B)there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency.
C)behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation.
D)personality researchers need to measure behavior in more than one way.
Q2) According to Murray,we need to know all of the following pieces of information except one in order to predict a woman's achievement behavior.Which one?
A)The strength of her need for Achievement
B)Where her need for Achievement fits on her hierarchy of needs
C)The press
D)Her fear of failure
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach?
A)No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach.
B)The trait approach is the best approach for predicting change in personality.
C)Most trait researchers do not focus on predicting behavior.
D)Trait theorists place emphasis on identifying the mechanisms that determine behavior.
Q4) The projective test that Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Researchers find each of the following statements is true about defensive pessimists except one. Which one?
A)They set low expectations for themselves.
B)They want to fail.
C)They are motivated by the fear of failure.
D)They do better when allowed to worry about an upcoming performance.
Q2) Which of the following parental behaviors is likely to produce a child with high need for Achievement?
A)Allow the child to fail on his or her own, thereby learning from failures and mistakes.
B)Give the child a great deal of support and reinforcement; set up tasks so that the child works for reinforcers provided by the parent.
C)Arrange situations so that the child does not fail, but experiences success at almost every task.
D)Give a moderate amount of support and encouragement, but limit parental involvement that might undermine the child's perception of personal mastery and accomplishment.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) A woman likes to spend her time with others,enjoys loud music,often acts impulsively,and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck's model of personality,this woman is
A)sociable.
B)extraverted.
C)low in neuroticism.
D)impulsive.
Q2) Compared to 30 or 40 years ago,personality psychologists today generally are more likely to acknowledge that
A)the personalities of newborns resemble a "blank slate."
B)personality cannot be separated from our biology.
C)all people have similar biological functioning, such as nearly identical brain-wave activity.
D)differences in adult personality are a result of different learning histories.
Q3) Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns?
A)Differences show up on teachers' evaluations.
B)Differences are found in scores on achievement tests.
C)Differences are related to intelligence.
D)Differences are found in the child's grades.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) How do most personality researchers phrase the "nature-nurture" question today?
A)Which determines personality-genetics or the environment?
B)Which is more important in determining personality-genetics or the environment?
C)To what extent are our personalities influenced by genetics?
D)To what extent and how do both genetics and the environment influence personality?
Q2) Two babies that come from different fertilized eggs may be
A)siblings.
B)dizygotic twins
C)unrelated
D)all of these
Q3) The fact that friends often serve as a buffer against stress supports the idea that extraverts
A)are generally more anxious than introverts.
B)have higher positive affect due to greater social activity.
C)are less sensitive to information about rewards than introverts.
D)often find interacting with friends to be an unpleasant experience.
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12
Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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61 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A Rogerian therapist expects each of the following except one might happen if progress is being made during psychotherapy.Which one?
A)The client no longer needs to feel valued by the therapist regardless of what he or she says.
B)The client's ideal self will change to be more like the real self.
C)The client's real self will change to be more like the ideal self.
D)The client will begin to accept parts of him- or herself that previously had been denied or distorted.
Q2) Adlai Stevenson once said,"A hungry man is not a free man." What feature of the humanistic approach to personality does this reflect?
A)The emphasis on personal responsibility and free will
B)Rogers' fully functioning person
C)Maslow's hierarchy of needs
D)Maslow's description of psychologically healthy people
Q3) According to Rogers,the therapist's job is to
A)identify the client's problems for him or her.
B)teach the client what it means to be fully functioning.
C)change the client's self-destructive behaviors.
D)provide an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on research findings,which of the following is the most likely first topic of conversation between two people who have just met for the first time?
A)Favorite movies
B)Problems with parents
C)Embarrassing moments in high school
D)Political opinions
Q2) Compared to two people just getting to know one another,two good friends
A)disclose relatively little to one another.
B)are more likely to reciprocate their partner's level of intimacy during a conversation.
C)are less likely to reciprocate their partner's level of intimacy during a conversation.
D)typically limit their conversations to intimate topics.
Q3) Researchers find that most Americans spend
A)the majority of their time alone.
B)almost no time by themselves.
C)more time by themselves as they get older.
D)a lot of time alone until they become elderly.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the consequence of a behavior increases the behavior's frequency,the consequence is referred to as a response.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Self-efficacy therapy is designed to help people
A)learn to interact better with others.
B)develop their skills and natural abilities.
C)believe that they can have an impact on the environment and change problem behaviors.
D)deal with the environment more efficiently.
Q3) According to Bandura,we learn many behaviors by observing models.Whether or not we perform these behaviors depends on
A)our expectations for rewards and punishments.
B)the reinforcement value of the rewards.
C)generalized expectancies.
D)whether we are children or adults.
Q4) Explain from where our expectations come for behaviors we have never performed before,according to Bandura. Define self-efficacy and efficacy expectations and give your own examples of mastery experiences and vicarious experiences.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on academic achievement and locus of control typically finds
A)internals perform better academically, but this difference does not surface until students reach college.
B)externals perform better academically, but this difference disappears when students reach college.
C)internals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.
D)externals perform better academically, and this seems to be true at all age levels.
Q2) Denise and Carla both place a high value on good health. Denise is an internal and Carla is an external. We would predict that
A)Denise will probably be in better health than Carla.
B)Carla will probably be in better health than Denise.
C)Both will probably be equally healthy and healthier than the average person their age.
D)Both will probably be equally healthy and less healthy than the average person their age.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not one of the representations of self,according to self-discrepancy theory?
A)Should self
B)Ideal self
C)Actual self
D)Ought self
Q2) According to Ellis,people have psychological problems due to faulty reasoning based on
A)self-defeating thoughts.
B)irrational beliefs.
C)skewed personal constructs.
D)activating experiences.
Q3) Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly?
A)People are largely controlled by the environmental stimuli they encounter.
B)People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them.
C)People are happier when they accept that life is full of unexpected turns and surprises.
D)Most of what determines our behavior is not readily accessible to consciousness.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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38 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers asked participants in one study to take photographs to indicate how the participants thought of themselves. The women in the study were more likely than the men to take pictures of themselves that included other people. The findings support the notion that,compared to men,women
A)are more dependent on other people.
B)have a larger network of friends.
C)are more mature socially.
D)are more likely to develop an interdependent self-construal.
Q2) Among the personal factors cognitive psychologists consider when predicting aggressive behavior,which of the following is typically included?
A)The provocative situation
B)Genetic predisposition to aggression
C)The ego defense mechanisms the person uses
D)Visual cues in the environment.
Q3) How do men and women differ in their emotional memories and the kinds of information they process more rapidly? Give an example of your own of an independent self-construal and an interdependent self-construal. How do the genders differ in these cognitive representations of the self?
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