Advanced Personality Theories
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Course Introduction
Advanced Personality Theories offers an in-depth exploration of major theoretical frameworks and contemporary research in the study of human personality. The course examines classic and modern perspectives including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, cognitive-behavioral, and social-cognitive theories while integrating interdisciplinary findings from neuroscience, genetics, and cultural psychology. Students critically analyze theoretical models, assessment techniques, and empirical studies to understand the complexity of personality development, expression, and change across the lifespan. Emphasis is placed on current debates, cross-cultural considerations, and the application of personality theory to real-world issues in clinical, organizational, and social contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theories 9th Edition by Barbara Engler
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Chapter 1: Introduction Evaluating Personality Theories
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Q1) Sasha can be characterized as shy,tired,hungry,and attractive.Which of the following describes one of Sasha's personality traits?
A) She is shy.
B) She is attractive.
C) She is tired.
D) She is hungry.
Answer: A
Q2) According to the text,personality theorists develop,test,and apply their theories in three complementary orientations,in which they act as philosophers,scientists,and
A) artists.
B) theorists.
C) architects.
D) engineers.
Answer: A
Q3) Define the term theory.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 2: Psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud
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Q1) Describe the process of classical Freudian psychoanalysis. Answer: Classical Freudian psychoanalysis is a form of therapy developed by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. The process typically involves the patient lying on a couch and free associating, while the analyst sits out of sight and listens. The analyst may also use techniques such as dream analysis, transference, and interpretation of the patient's thoughts and feelings to help the patient gain insight into their unconscious conflicts and desires. The goal of classical Freudian psychoanalysis is to bring repressed thoughts and feelings to the surface, and to help the patient work through them in order to achieve greater self-awareness and emotional well-being. This process often takes place over several years, with multiple sessions per week.
Q2) Martina is a girl who is experiencing the Electra complex.Martina is most likely
A) in preschool.
B) in middle school.
C) in high school.
D) an adult.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Analytical Psychology Carl Jung
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Q1) Michael views all members of a particular ethnic group as sharing an unfavorable characteristic.Michael would be described by Jungians as A) an intuitor.
B) projecting his shadow.
C) denying his anima.
D) an extravert.
Answer: B
Q2) The feminine side of the male psyche is the A) animus.
B) anima.
C) shadow.
D) persona.
Answer: B
Q3) In Jung's personal unconscious,experiences are grouped into A) archetypes.
B) complexes.
C) values.
D) functions.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Inter-psychic Theories Alfred Adler, Harry Stack
Sullivan
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Q1) The prototaxic experience is the characteristic cognitive mode in which of Sullivan's stages of development?
A) Infancy
B) Childhood
C) Juvenile era
D) Preadolescence
Q2) The term family constellation refers to
A) the astrological signs of the family members.
B) the drawing power that a family has to attract new acquaintances.
C) one's position within the family birth order.
D) the emotional climate of the family.
Q3) The Freudian term that is the equivalent of Sullivan's parataxic distortion is
A) catharsis.
B) displacement.
C) resistance.
D) transference.
Q4) Describe how family constellation and family atmosphere shape personality.
Q5) Describe some of the major features of Adlerian psychotherapy.
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Q6) What is the difference between an intrapsychic and an interpsychic emphasis in theories of personality?
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Chapter 5: Psychoanalytic Social Psychology Karen Horney
Erich Fromm
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Q1) Julie is a very dependent young woman who believes that she can look to other people to fulfill herself.These behavior and thought modes typify which orientation?
A) Exploitative
B) Hoarding
C) Productive
D) Receptive
Q2) Shaniqua has a very strong need for the affection and approval of others,and she tends to choose dominant partners.What is her basic orientation toward life?
A) Self-effacing solution
B) Self-expansive solution
C) Resignation solution
D) Detachment solution
Q3) Discuss assessment and research in Fromm's theory.
Q4) Describe assessment and research in Horney's theory.
Q5) In the neurotic individual,the idealized self and the real self
A) become repressed.
B) mostly coincide.
C) become separated.
D) are one.
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Chapter 6: Ego Analytic Psychology Anna Freud Erik Erikson
Dan McAdams
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Q1) Ms.Jones divides her first-graders into reading groups according to ability.The "sparrows" know that they are the worst readers,whereas the "eagles" know that they are the best.According to Erikson,at this age,she can expect the "sparrows" to develop feelings of ________ and the "eagles" to develop feelings of ________.
A) mistrust; trust
B) role confusion; ego identity
C) guilt; initiative
D) inferiority; industry
Q2) Erikson found that the child-rearing practices of the Sioux,in comparison to those of the Yurok,were
A) less permissive.
B) less adaptive.
C) more gender neutral.
D) more structured.
Q3) Explain how Erikson's theory enlarged our understanding of the ego.
Q4) Discuss the general characteristics of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development.
Q5) Describe Dan McAdams' contributions to personality theory.
Page 9
Q6) Describe four ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalytic theory.
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Chapter 7: Human Relations Object Relations Theory,
Relational-Cultural Theory
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Q1) The object in object relations theory refers to
A) any inanimate object.
B) any target that satisfies a drive.
C) anything or anyone with whom a person forms a relationship.
D) the therapeutic subject.
Q2) Which of the following best exemplifies the borderline characteristic of splitting?
A) Tanya, who has remained depressed for several years
B) Louisa, who cannot stay in serious relationships for long without feeling resentful
C) Ahn, whose personality swings between being very extraverted and being very introverted
D) Perry, whose view of the people in his life constantly shifts from idealized to hateful
Q3) Explain how the Stone Center group was influenced by Chodorow's observation that boundaries between mothers and daughters differ from boundaries between mothers and sons.
Q4) Explain how disconnections are the major source of psychological problems.
Q5) Describe how psychotherapy can change and overcome the negative effects of disconnection.
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Chapter 8: Experimental Analysis of Behavior John Dollard and
Neal Miller BFSkinner
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Q1) Discuss findings from research about the learning process.
Q2) In operant conditioning,a reinforcement is anything that A) follows a behavior.
B) increases the likelihood of a response.
C) is intended to increase the likelihood of a response. D) prohibits a response.
Q3) In Walden II,Skinner illustrated that the way to achieve an ideal society is to use positive reinforcement to shape desired behaviors of the members of society.To what extent do you agree with Skinner's belief? What would you change about his approach?
Q4) Every time Luis gives his dog a treat,he shakes the box of treats first.His dog now reacts excitedly to the sound of the box of treats being shaken,even before Luis takes out a treat.In this situation,the treat is the A) unconditioned response. B) conditioned response. C) unconditioned stimulus. D) conditioned stimulus.
Q5) Define and give examples of habits,drives,and reinforcers as defined by Dollard and Miller.
Q6) Describe Skinner's concept of a utopian society.
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Chapter 9: Social Learning Theories Albert Bandura, Julian
Rotter, Walter Mischel
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Q1) Gregory is a child with low aggressive tendencies,whereas Joseph is a child with high aggressive tendencies.According to Mischel,in a nonstressful situation,
A) both children would act aggressively.
B) neither child would act aggressively.
C) only Joseph would act aggressively.
D) only Gregory would act aggressively.
Q2) What is CAPS?
A) A personality theory proposed by Bandura
B) A personality assessment tool developed by Mischel
C) A personality theory that considers both the stability of personality and the variability of behaviors across situations
D) A personality assessment tool that includes both objective (for example, multiple choice) and projective items
Q3) The concept of locus of control is most closely associated with A) Mischel.
B) Skinner.
C) Rotter.
D) Bandura.
Q4) Describe Rotter's I-E scale.Discuss the construct it measures and its findings.
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Chapter 10: Traits and Personology Gordon Allport Henry Murray
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Q1) Teresa describes her boyfriend to her therapist.At the beginning of the description,Teresa mentions some of the essential personality traits that her boyfriend usually displays.As the conversation continues,Teresa speaks in more detail about her boyfriend's personality,including his tendencies in particular situations.The latter part of this conversation focused on her boyfriend's
A) affiliation needs.
B) secondary dispositions.
C) central dispositions.
D) defendance needs.
Q2) Evaluate Murray's theory in terms of its function as philosophy,science,and art.
Q3) In the study of personality,Murray advocated a(n) ________ approach,which was unprecedented.
A) historical
B) interdisciplinary
C) philosophical
D) pragmatic
Q4) Explain how common traits differ from personal dispositions.
Q5) Discuss Allport's definition of personality.
Q6) Discuss the concept of functional autonomy.
Q7) Identify the units by which Murray suggests behavior can be studied. Page 13
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Chapter 11: Factor Analytic, Genetic and Evolutionary
Theories Raymond Cattell, The Big Five Personality Traits, Genetic and Evolutionary Developments
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Q1) Cite Cattell's definition of personality and compare his approach with those of other theorists.
Q2) Adler's "social interest," Horney's "moving toward," and Erikson's "basic trust" can all be seen as aspects of which factor?
A) Agreeableness
B) Conscientiousness
C) Openness
D) Neuroticism
Q3) Relative to the current DSM-IV-TR system of classifying mental disorders,the Five-Factor Model suggests
A) a continuum between normality and abnormality.
B) a larger number of diagnoses in the mood disorders category.
C) a larger number of diagnoses in the psychotic disorders category.
D) that people with disorders are qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from those without disorders.
Q4) Describe the differences among the Big Five,the Five-Factor Model,and the Five-Factor Theory.
Page 15
Q5) Evaluate factor analytic trait theories in terms of their function as philosophy,science,and art.
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Chapter 12: Biological Traits Hans Eysenck
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Q1) Eysenck's theory might be regarded as a model of which approach to personality?
A) Artistic
B) Philosophical
C) Scientific
D) Sociological
Q2) What is the conclusion of studies on discovery learning that takes the personalities of students into consideration?
A) Extraverted students do better with discovery learning.
B) Introverted students do better with discovery learning.
C) There is no relationship between personality and preferred mode of learning.
D) Both extraverts and introverts need equal amounts of discovery and reception learning for maximal learning.
Q3) Imaging technology,such as PET,MRI,and fMRI,has been used to identify brain activity correlating to
A) the cravings of alcoholics.
B) economic trends.
C) dating patterns.
D) the runner's high experienced by trained athletes.
Q4) Should intelligence be considered an aspect of personality?
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Chapter 13: Humanism Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
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Q1) Michelle is living in what Rogers would call a state of congruence.This means that
A) Michelle has met all of her D-needs.
B) Michelle's id and superego are in balance.
C) Michelle's perception of herself and her actual experience of her life match.
D) Michelle provides unconditional positive regard to others.
Q2) According to Rogers,____________ subconsciously guide(s) an individual toward productive growth experiences in the absence of conflicting external rules and societal values.
A) positive psychology
B) peak experiences
C) D-needs
D) the organismic valuing process
Q3) According to Maslow,the number of self-actualized individuals in the population is
A) probably less than one percent.
B) about 5 percent.
C) about 10 percent.
D) over 50 percent of adults.
Q4) Explain why Maslow has been called the father of humanistic psychology.
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Chapter 14: Existential Psychoanalysis Rollo May
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Q1) Explain how May defined myth,why he believed we need new myths,and the types of myths he believed were currently needed.
Q2) To what extent do you agree with the existentialist attitude that "there is no truth or reality for us as human beings except as we participate in it,are conscious of it,and have some relation to it"?
Q3) Regarding feelings,May believed that
A) people should recognize that they play an active role in creating their own feelings.
B) feelings are less important than the behaviors to which they lead.
C) feelings are more universal and less idiosyncratic than most individuals recognize.
D) the accumulation of positive and negative feelings is typically equivalent over the course of the life span.
Q4) May stated that we need to adopt which kind of values?
A) New ones that fit our present situation
B) Old-fashioned, traditional ones
C) Religious, spiritual ones
D) Technological ones that reflect our power over nature
Q5) Identify two major traditions that Rollo May combines.
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Chapter 15: Personal Constructs George Kelly
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Q1) "Try some of the broiled octopus," said Chad."It tastes delicious." "I don't think the concept of taste can even be applied to something that looks like that," said Jeremy.
Which corollary best accounts for the difference between Chad's and Jeremy's construction systems in the above example?
A) Communality
B) Dichotomy
C) Fragmentation
D) Range
Q2) Explain why Kelly suggested that we conceive of ourselves as scientists.
Q3) Discuss Kelly's fundamental postulate and eleven corollaries that support it.
Q4) Compare Kelly's Rep Test to other measures of personality.How is it unique?
Q5) Kelly referred to his theory as a jackass theory because,in the theory,motivation is A) due to biological drives.
B) explained by environmental reinforcements.
C) implied by human nature.
D) instinctual in nature.
Q6) How successful would Kelly's Rep Test be in assessing your personality?
Q7) What are the limits,if any,of constructive alternativism?
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Cognitive-Behavioral Theories Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, Arnold Lazarus
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Q1) Lazarus advocates using technical eclecticism.What does that imply?
A) Applying his knowledge to improve other theorists' techniques
B) Creating an effective treatment by borrowing techniques from various theories, despite not agreeing with the theories in full
C) Employing the latest technological innovations in therapy
D) Adhering to one theoretical approach to psychotherapy with all clients
Q2) Max is very fearful of airplanes.If he does fly,he feels overwhelming anxiety when he approaches the gate at the airport.Within Ellis's A-B-C theory of personality,the behavior of approaching the gate at the airport represents
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
Q3) The A-B-C theory of personality suggests that emotional consequences are largely created by
A) a significant precipitating event.
B) biological predispositions.
C) one's beliefs.
D) unconscious conflict between aggressive and inhibitory impulses.
Page 21
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Chapter 17: Zen Buddhism
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Q1) The reflective illumination or awakening of Zen is known as A) satori.
B) gassho.
C) duality of thought.
D) koan.
Q2) According to the teachings of Buddha,the source of all the troubles in the world is the idea of the
A) physical body.
B) thinking mind.
C) compassionate heart.
D) personal self.
Q3) A primary difference between Eastern and Western psychotherapies is that
A) Western therapists are better qualified to help others.
B) in Eastern therapies, the emphasis is individual, whereas in Western therapies, the emphasis is relational.
C) Western therapies attempt to make the self stronger, whereas Eastern therapies attempt to eliminate the self.
D) only Western therapies aim for a change of life for the individual.
Q4) Explain what is meant by satori.
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Chapter 18: Conclusion personality Theory in Perspective
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Q1) Under ___________ leadership,psychology was transformed from the largely introspective study of consciousness into the study of overt or observable behaviors.
A) Watson's
B) Rogers's
C) Bandura's
D) Freud's
Q2) Discuss the history of the terms psyche and psychology from their origins in Greek thought to their present-day use.
Q3) Which of the following theorists is most concerned with philosophy?
A) Freud
B) Skinner
C) Bandura
D) Cattell
Q4) Which theorist would be most likely to reject the notion of free will?
A) Ellis
B) B. F. Skinner
C) Allport
D) May
Q5) Ultimately,is the study of personality more philosophy,science,or art?
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