Advanced Personality Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Advanced Personality Psychology explores cutting-edge theories, research, and applications in the study of personality. This course delves into the latest developments in personality assessment, trait theories, biological bases, and the interplay between personality and culture. Students critically examine empirical findings, methodological approaches, and the role of personality in mental health and well-being. Through case studies, current literature, and practical assignments, learners further their understanding of personality dynamics and the implications for psychology and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist argues that people are often not aware of why they act the way they do.Further,although he acknowledges that genetics may play a role in determining personality,our behavior is determined by the environment more than we recognize.This psychologist probably aligns himself with which approach to personality?
A)Psychoanalytic
B)Trait
C)Humanistic
D)Behavioral/social learning
Answer: D
Q2) What are the four essential components for the study of personality? Choose one of the six general approaches to personality and use it as an example to illustrate the differences in these components.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) The trait approach identifies where a person might lie along a continuum of personality characteristics.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) A formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables is more commonly called a correlation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A researcher finds that males make fewer errors than females when working in a competitive situation.However,women make fewer errors than men when working in a cooperative situation.This is an example of A)a confound.
B)two manipulated independent variables.
C)an interaction.
D)a failure to replicate.
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is not true about a good theory?
A)It uses as few concepts as necessary to explain a phenomenon.
B)It can generate many testable hypotheses.
C)It is never proved or disproved.
D)All experts agree it is correct.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) If you see your own unwanted thoughts and undesirable impulses in other people,then you are using the defense mechanism called A)displacement.
B)reaction formation.
C)intellectualization.
D)projection.
Answer: D
Q2) Make a list of the defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. For each mechanism give an example from your own life or someone you know who has used the defense mechanism to reduce or avoid anxiety.
Answer: Answer not provided
Q3) Which of the following is true about projective tests?
A)Test-takers are presented with ambiguous stimuli.
B)Test-givers are trained to recognize correct and incorrect answers.
C)Projective tests are typically used to determine where a person lies on a particular personality trait dimension.
D)Although once popular, projective tests are rarely used by psychologists today.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which statement best summarizes the results of research on Freud's theory of humor?
A)Very few of the research findings are consistent with Freud's predictions.
B)Almost all of this research supports Freud's theory of humor.
C)Although a few of the minor predictions from Freud's theory are supported, most of the major predictions have not been supported.
D)Although many of the research findings are consistent with Freud's predictions, they are subject to alternative interpretations.
Q2) A stage hypnotist arranges chairs so that only a few of the many volunteers who rush to the stage are able to participate in the show.She does this to capitalize on which responsiveness-enhancing variable?
A)Expectancy
B)Attitude
C)Motivation
D)Absorption
Q3) Give a description of your own of the defense mechanisms used by children and contrast them with those used by adults. Give examples of different individual differences in defense mechanisms.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Jung identified all but one of the following as a place in which the primordial images in our collective unconscious can surface.Which one?
A)Choice of occupation
B)Psychotic hallucinations
C)Cultural symbols
D)Our dreams
Q2) "There are images in your unconscious that you did not repress.You were born with these unconscious images." Which theorist is most likely to have said this?
A)Freud
B)Adler
C)Jung
D)Erikson
Q3) Evidence for the collective unconscious given by Carl Jung included
A)folklore, art, mythology, and psychosis.
B)data from laboratory experiments and case studies.
C)interpretation of Freud's central writings.
D)an in-depth examination of the concept of ego.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) The psychologists who developed the frustration-aggression hypothesis used or adapted each of the following concepts from Freudian theory except one. Which one?
A)Displacement
B)Sublimation
C)Catharsis
D)Reinforcement
Q2) According to object relations theory,a child's relationship with his or her parents
A)is not as important as the child's relationship with peers.
B)affects the way the child thinks of others in future relationships.
C)is more important as the child grows older, especially in the adolescent years.
D)is not as important as neo-Freudian theorists originally claimed.
Q3) Researchers find that avoidance coping strategies
A)with only a few exceptions tend to be less effective than active strategies.
B)are particularly effective with severe trauma.
C)are about as effective as emotion-focused strategies.
D)are most effective with long-term problems.
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) People high on the __________ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others.
A)agreeableness
B)openness
C)conscientiousness
D)psychoticism
Q2) Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of personality,psychologists should
A)begin with a theory about the basic structure of personality.
B)examine personality characteristics shared by everyone as well as those found in only a few people.
C)allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us.
D)examine only one type of personality data.
Q3) Trait psychologists believe that one can take any person and place him or her somewhere in a set of categories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Suppose your roommate is a defensive pessimist and has a major test coming up. If you let your roommate worry about the test,the likely results is that your friend will _________ than people not allowed to worry.
A)experience more anxiety
B)perform worse
C)feel better
D)become more optimistic
Q2) The original researchers of achievement motivation were not interested in all kinds of achievement. They were specifically interested in
A)achievement in school.
B)entrepreneurial behavior.
C)individual differences in achievement behavior.
D)cultural difference in achievement concepts.
Q3) A psychologist asks you to look at some pictures and tell a story about the people in them. Which test are you probably taking?
A)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
B)Picture Description Test (PDT)
C)Rorschach test
D)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) The biological approach to personality has each of the following strengths except one.Which one?
A)It has identified some realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change.
B)It has provided a bridge between the study of psychology and the discipline of biology.
C)Nearly all of the hypotheses generated from the biological approach can be tested through direct manipulation of the variables of interest.
D)Most of the advocates of the biological approach are academic psychologists interested in testing their ideas through research.
Q2) Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find the same three dimensions of personality across cultures.Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for
A)a biological basis of personality.
B)the importance of environmental influences on personality.
C)evolutionary personality theory.
D)the need for factor analysis.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) A researcher reports that men in this country tend to marry younger women and women tend to marry older men.This finding might be used to support which theory?
A)Eysenck's theory of personality
B)The five-factor model
C)The goodness of fit model
D)Evolutionary personality theory
Q2) Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are,according to research,more likely to be
A)neurotics.
B)extraverts.
C)introverts
D)of no particular personality.
Q3) One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed
A)are so very different that comparisons cannot be made.
B)are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways.
C)are highly specialized for adoptive parenting.
D)allow the same genetic influences to emerge.
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Discuss the basic tenets of Carl Rogers's humanistic approach to personality. Discuss where anxiety comes from according to Rogers,including the defenses that he suggested we use against anxiety. Describe Rogers's characterization of the fully functioning person.
Q2) According to Rogers,the therapist's job is to
A)identify the client's problems for him or her.
B)teach the client what it means to be fully functioning.
C)change the client's self-destructive behaviors.
D)provide an atmosphere within which clients are able to help themselves.
Q3) According to Carl Rogers,individuals progress toward an ultimate satisfying state of being self-actualized.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the humanistic approach,people will be happy when A)their immediate needs, such as money and shelter, are met. B)they establish meaningful personal relationships. C)their lives are free from problems. D)they move toward becoming fully functioning.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Correlational research conducted on lonely people has revealed that these individuals
A)tend to have difficulty adjusting to new experiences.
B)tend to have difficulty making new friends.
C)feel comfortable only when others open up to them.
D)all of these
Q2) According to Jourard,our ____________ increases when we disclose personal information to friends and loved ones.
A)anxiety
B)well-being
C)disclosure reciprocity
D)all of these
Q3) People in collectivist cultures are likely to feel good about themselves when they
A)rise to positions of leadership.
B)stand out from the crowd with an individual accomplishment.
C)stand up for themselves.
D)obtain a sense of belonging within the culture.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Q1) A basic tenet of Rotter's social learning theory is that the strength of expectancy is determined by the value we place on reinforcement.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to self-efficacy theory,the extent of people's beliefs that they can bring about outcomes is referred to as
A)reinforcement value.
B)efficacy expectation.
C)outcome expectation.
D)performance accomplishments.
Q3) Bandura argued there are internal determinants as well as external causes of behavior. Which of the following is not an internal influence?
A)Thoughts
B)Experiences
C)Beliefs
D)Expectancies
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) Research finds that happiness with one's relationship is related to having a partner who is
A)masculine or androgynous.
B)feminine or androgynous.
C)masculine if a male, feminine if a female.
D)masculine if you are masculine, feminine if you are feminine.
Q2) The androgyny model of gender-type divides people into how many different groups?
A)Two
B)Four
C)Six
D)Eight
Q3) Imagine you present a gender-role inventory to a group of freshmen and discover that one participant scored low on both the masculine and feminine scales. Under which category does this participant belong?
A)Feminine
B)Masculine
C)Androgynous
D)Undifferentiated
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) The cognitive approach to personality explains differences in personality as differences in the way people respond to stress.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which part of the A-B-C process would be saying to yourself,"It is necessary that I get perfect grades in school."?
A)Activating experience
B)Irrational Belief
C)Emotional Consequence
D)Self-defeating thinking
Q3) Which of the following was advocated by George Kelly?
A)People are largely controlled by the environmental stimuli they encounter.
B)People are motivated to make sense out of all the stimuli that impinge on them.
C)People are happier when they accept that life is full of unexpected turns and surprises.
D)Most of what determines our behavior is not readily accessible to consciousness.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) In a study of boys in aggression-provoking situations,such as another student breaking the boy's radio while he is out of town,researchers found that boys with a history of reactive aggression
A)were more likely to interpret the act as intentional.
B)were more likely to interpret the act as hostile.
C)tended to act more aggressively in response to the act.
D)all of the above
Q2) Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?
A)It is related to depression.
B)Processing filters out positive information.
C)It tends to identify one's problems with specific events.
D)It is a form of negative reinforcement.
Q3) According to depressive schema theory,compared to nondepressed people,depressed individuals are more likely to
A)generate thoughts that cause them to become depressed.
B)change their ideas about who they are and what they want from life.
C)have a high self-image that is consistently contradicted by objective facts.
D)have experienced trauma in childhood.
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