Advanced Nursing Practice Exam
Review
Course Introduction
Advanced Nursing Practice explores the expanded roles and responsibilities of advanced practice nurses within diverse healthcare settings. The course delves into clinical decision-making, evidence-based practice, leadership, and collaboration across multidisciplinary teams. Students will develop advanced assessment, diagnostic, and therapeutic skills, with an emphasis on ethical considerations, health promotion, chronic disease management, and patient advocacy. By integrating theory with practical application, the course prepares nurses to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care and assume leadership roles in clinical, educational, and policy environments.
Recommended Textbook
Leading and Managing in Nursing 7th Edition by Patricia S. Yoder
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31 Chapters
757 Verified Questions
757 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Leading, Managing, and Following
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the RN charge nurse on the night shift in a small long-term care facility, you've found that there is little turnover among your LPN and nursing assistant (NA) staff members, but they are not very motivated to go beyond their job descriptions in their work.Which of the following strategies might motivate the staff and lead to greater job satisfaction?
A)Ask the director of nursing to offer higher wages and bonuses for extra work for the night LPNs and NAs.
B)Allow the LPNs and NAs greater decision-making power within the scope of their positions in the institution.
C)Hire additional staff so that there are more staff available for enhanced care, and individual workloads are lessened.
D)Ask the director of nursing to increase job security for night staff by having them sign contracts that guarantee work.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Clinical Safety: The Core of Leading, Managing, and Following
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Q1) Mary, an 85-year-old patient with cognitive impairment and gross instability, wanders continuously.Lately, she has fallen twice, and the family demands that she be restrained.As the unit manager, you have initiated a least restraint practice.What is an appropriate action in this situation?
A)Setting up a nursing team meeting to review practices
B)Calling the family to inform them of the practice
C)Initiating a multidisciplinary and family meeting to focus on Mary's needs
D)Restraining Mary to satisfy the family's wishes
Answer: C
Q2) In an effort to control costs and maximize revenues, the Rehabilitation Unit at Cross Hospital reduced the number of its managers and increased the number of units for which each manager was responsible.Within a year, the number of adverse events on the units had doubled.How do the increase in adverse events relate to decreased managers?
A)The overload of staff nurse duties
B)Resistance to change by staff
C)A change in reporting system for everyone
D)Fewer clinical leaders facilitate best practice
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Legal and Ethical Issues
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Q1) With regard to nursing practice, nurse managers are held responsible for: (Select all that apply.)
A)practicing within legal guidelines established under state law and nurse practice acts.
B)ensuring that nursing staff under their supervision are currently licensed to practice.
C)referring all errors in nursing judgment to state discipline boards.
D)ensuring that physicians are properly licensed to provide care on patient care units.
Answer: A, B
Q2) A staff nurse in the area that you manage has excelled in the delivery of patient education.You are considering implementing a new job description that would broaden her opportunity to teach patients and orient new staff members to the value of patient education.What ethical principle is being reinforced?
A)Justice
B)Fidelity
C)Paternalism
D)Respect for others
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Cultural Diversity and Inclusion in Health Care
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Q1) When interviewing a candidate for a nursing position who has an Aboriginal background, you recognize that the candidate's lack of eye contact reflects the candidate's cultural sensitivity.You are exhibiting:
A)acculturation.
B)cultural sensitivity.
C)ethnocentrism.
D)transculturalism.
Q2) Within the deaf culture, there is considerable disagreement about the use of SEE (Signed Exact English) and ASL (American Sign Language).This is indicative of:
A)dominant versus nondominant behaviors.
B)the need to recognize diversity within groups.
C)the impact of cross-culturalism.
D)how language separates subgroups.
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Chapter 5: Gaining Personal Insight: The Beginning of Being a Leader
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Q1) The charge nurse of a unit is asking the staff what patients they had the day before to make assignments for the day.A new nurse complains about having the same patients every day.The charge nurse considers the new nurse request at an assigned to different patient for today.What type of leadership is the charge nurse displaying?
A)Informal leadership
B)Formal leadership
C)Favoritism
D)No leadership displayed
Q2) The manager of a nursing unit is having difficulty working with a new graduate nurse.The new graduate nurse is excited and full of ideas she wants to try.The manager decides to journal her feelings regarding the new nurse and her feelings.What is the nurse manager practicing in this situation?
A)Leadership
B)Reflection
C)Knowledge
D)Action
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Chapter 6: Being an Effective Follower
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Q1) As a nurse manager, you are a leader and a follower in health care and on the unit you manage.Looking at the larger picture of health care and patient environment on the unit, what is the primary role of the followers on the unit, as defined in nursing?
A)Direct care provider
B)Implements leader's policy unquestioned
C)Passive role on unit
D)Devalued staff member
Q2) In nursing theory, one theorist developed the theory of self-care of patients.In the theory, the nursing action of providing care and educating the patients can be interpreted in the form of followership for the patient.Who was their theorist?
A)Dorothea Orem
B)Patricia Benner
C)Ida Jean Orlando
D)Robert E.Kelley
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Chapter 7: Managing Self: Stress and Time
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Q1) Which one of the following statements has been proven to be true?
A)Recent research has found that women do not have a unique physiologic response to stress.
B)Both men and women interpret the same stressor in the same manner without regard to past experiences.
C)Stress influences the immune system in one complex manner.
D)Stressors that are identical do not necessarily have similar effects on each individual.
Q2) High levels of work-related stress affect all but which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
A)Job satisfaction
B)Absenteeism and turnover
C)Nurses' health
D)Client welfare
Q3) Sources of occupational stress in nursing include all except which of the following?
A)Authoritarian leadership
B)Concern about moral wrongdoing by colleagues
C)Multiple changes in a short time
D)Rotating shifts
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9
Chapter 8: Communication and Conflict
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Q1) A nurse educator is giving a workshop on conflict.During the sessions, he makes various statements regarding conflict.All of the statements are true except:
A)conflict can decrease creativity, thus acting as a deterrent for the development of new ideas.
B)horizontal violence involves those with similar status but little power in the larger context.
C)interprofessional collaboration reduces unresolved conflicts.
D)all conflicts involve some level of disagreement.
Q2) Jill is the head nurse on a unit in a large hospital.Two of the staff nurses are constantly arguing and blaming each other, and a resolution has not occurred in months.To solve the existing conflict, which is the most creative conflict resolution?
A)Avoiding
B)Competing
C)Compromising
D)Collaborating
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Chapter 9: Power, Politics, and Influence
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Q1) One day, at coffee, your co-worker suggests that you and she sit with unit members of the hospital research committee.She suggests that this would be an excellent way to get to know people who share her interest in research.Her actions are an example of:
A)mentorship.
B)politics.
C)networking.
D)empowerment.
Q2) A nurse manager must implement a 2% budget cut on the nursing unit.What approach would the manager use to most effectively empower the staff of the unit?
A)Discuss the guidelines for the budget cuts with the staff, making the decisions with those who participate.
B)Inform the staff of the budget cuts in a series of small group meetings and accept their ideas in writing only.
C)Provide the staff with handouts about the budget cuts and let them make recommendations in writing.
D)Hold a series of mandatory meetings on the budget cuts, asking staff for ideas on the cuts.
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Chapter 10: Health Care Organizations
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Q1) What is an example of an HMO?
A)Nurse practitioners are paid promptly at discounted fees for each service rendered at a women's health clinic.
B)Physicians in a large urban center are reimbursed for visits made to their clients.
C)Physicians are paid for each service delivered to enrolled patients through a prepaid plan.
D)Patients pay fixed annual fees for ambulatory care services, regardless of actual utilization of health services.
Q2) To prepare for the orientation of newly hired nurses, the nurse manager plans a presentation outlining the concept of healthcare networks.Healthcare networks are:
A)units that provide only primary care services.
B)owned by the institutions.
C)a feature of all public institutions.
D)units that serve large populations.
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Chapter 11: Organizational Structures
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Q1) "Georgia Hospital will provide care that is a national example of consumer service" is a:
A)vision statement.
B)statement of philosophy.
C)mission statement.
D)rationale for care.
Q2) A hospital is working toward becoming a Magnet hospital.The chief nursing officer is aware that professional nursing departments in Magnet hospitals will:
A)not be directed by nurses.
B)be virtual organizations.
C)be designed to maintain nursing standards of practice.
D)be entitled to have client care departments.
Q3) What would be the most appropriate mission statement for a nursing center?
A)"At Plentyville, we provide rehabilitative services for addicted adolescents."
B)"Georgiatown provides treatment and prevention services for county residents."
C)"At Heart, our aim is to provide services that lead the nation in health education and research."
D)"At Coeur, we strive to achieve optimal pain management with patients who are experiencing chronic pain."
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Care Delivery Strategies
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Q1) A conflict develops between an associate nurse and a primary nurse over the assessment of a patient with pulmonary edema.Based on her assessment of the patient, the associate nurse insists that it is her role to change the care plan because she is the one who has made the assessment.As the nurse manager, you clarify that:
A)it is the role of the primary nurse to make alterations based on assessment data and input.
B)the associate nurse is accountable and responsible while the primary nurse is off duty and therefore is able to alter the care plan.
C)neither the primary nor the associate should make changes without first consulting you as the manager.
D)it really does not matter who alters the nursing care plan as it depends on situation and time to do so.
Q2) Case managed care may enhance profit in a for-profit health organization by:
A)minimizing costs in high resource consumption areas.
B)combining licensed and non-licensed care providers in delivering patient care.
C)increasing reimbursement from third-party payers.
D)reducing the amount of technology used to support clinical decision making.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Staffing and Scheduling
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Q1) In a job interview for a staff position, which of the following indicates your knowledge of patient safety?
A)"Will I be able to get overtime hours on your unit?"
B)"If there is an opportunity to work extra shifts, I would really like that."
C)"Is there a strategy in place to reduce the number of overtime hours on the unit?"
D)"I see no reason why I wouldn't be able to work overtime."
Q2) A nurse manager must also consider a number of internal variables that will affect staffing patterns.An internal variable to be considered is:
A)organizational staffing policies.
B)state licensing standards.
C)American Nurses Association.
D)consumer expectations.
Q3) A strategy to increase RN staff retention at Valley Hospital includes:
A)better compensation and benefits.
B)clearer position descriptions.
C)lay-offs of nursing assistants.
D)adequate staffing to meet acuity levels.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Work Force Engagement Through Collective
Action and Governance
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Q1) Nurses on the dialysis unit notice that changes in labeling of fluids have meant several alarming near miss in terms of wrong administration of fluids.They take this concern to the unit manager.As an advocate of nurse autonomy, the most appropriate response in this situation would be to:
A)ensure that the nurses are aware of the reasons for the change and how the decision was made about the new labels.
B)discuss concerns about the labels and develop potential solutions that take into account changes that can be made at the local level and those that need system intervention.
C)suggest that the staff wait until they have become more familiar with the labels before taking further action.
D)tell the staff that you will notify the pharmacy about these concerns and leave it up to the pharmacy to decide what should be done.
Q2) Collective action is effective in:
A)ensuring that needs of nurses are placed ahead of other disciplines.
B)defining nursing as a profession.
C)advising patients of the needs of nurses.
D)amplifying the influence of individuals.
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Chapter 15: Making Decisions and Solving Problems
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Q1) After the nurses who work on an adolescent psychiatric unit have had a brainstorming session, they are ready to resolve the problem of unmanageable teenage patients.To maximize group effectiveness in decision making and problem solving, the nurse manager has:
A)prevented conflict.
B)formed highly cohesive groups.
C)used majority rule to arrive at decisions.
D)encouraged equal participation among members.
Q2) A good nursing decision maker is one who:
A)uses various models to guide the process based on the circumstances of the situation.
B)adopts one model and uses it to guide all decision making.
C)decides not to use any models because they are all useless.
D)develops a new model each time a decision has to be made.
Q3) Decision making is described by the nursing educator as the process one uses to:
A)solve a problem.
B)choose between alternatives.
C)reflect on a certain situation.
D)generate ideas.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: The Impact of Technology
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Q1) To improve outcomes on the stroke recovery unit, the unit manager leads an evidence-based practice (EBP) project.The goal of this project is to:
A)enable detection of variations in clinical outcomes from well-researched standards that are supported by confirmatory evidence.
B)gain quick access to literature based on studies of patients and families who have experienced stroke.
C)develop a list of articles that could be accessed to address clinical issues and problems with stroke patients.
D)advance the development of staff who are able to conduct independent nursing research on stroke outcomes.
Q2) As a nurse manager representative on a clinical information system selection team, you would be particularly concerned if the favored system:
A)involves screen displays that are best configured for nonclinical users.
B)requires an upgrade to servers in the facility.
C)requires staff orientation and training during implementation of the software.
D)minimizes the amount of data entry necessary.
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Chapter 17: Delegating: Authority, Accountability,
Responsibility in Delegation Decisions
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Q1) Which of the following exemplifies accountability? Karen, the nurse manager on 5E:
A)consistently submits her budgets on time.
B)gets along well with her staff and with other managers.
C)outlines her rationale for reduction of RN coverage on nights to the Nursing Practice Committee after serious patient injury.
D)actively solicits ideas regarding scheduling from her staff.
Q2) The nurse on the 7-7 shift is assigning a specific component of care to an unlicensed nursing personnel (UNP) employee.The night nurse would remain:
A)accountable.
B)responsible.
C)authoritative and liable.
D)responsible and task-oriented.
Q3) A key advantage that a charge nurse has in terms of delegating is that:
A)clients receive less attention because too many staff make it difficult to coordinate care.
B)nurses report less pressure to perform necessary tasks themselves.
C)administration can predict overtime more accurately.
D)team skills can be used more effectively.
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Chapter 18: Leading Change
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Q1) An example of one strategy to improve participation in the change process by staff fitting the behavioral descriptions of laggards, early majority, late majority, and rejecters is to:
A)encourage teamwork.
B)transfer to a different unit.
C)require attendance at staff meetings.
D)delegate the roles and tasks of change.
Q2) The wound care nurse decided to involve those to be affected by change early in the change management process.This can positively result in:
A)coordination.
B)resistance.
C)anticipation.
D)participation.
Q3) Complex change situations require that the change leader promote ongoing visioning among staff members.One strategy is to:
A)consciously evaluate invisible mental models.
B)allow for individual outcomes.
C)encourage cooperative activities.
D)operate between order and disorder.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Building Effective Teams
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Q1) In the cardiac intensive care unit, there has been simmering discontent about the new nurse manager, who avoids any discussion about her scheduling and practice decisions.The staff have begun to sort into "different camps" depending on how they feel about the manager or the decisions.Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes this situation?
A)The tension that has been generated will result in creative solutions.
B)Staff will become a cohesive group that takes a stand against the manager.
C)The conflict will result in increased dialogue about practice and scheduling options.
D)Patient care may suffer because attention and energy is being diverted toward the unit relationships.
Q2) The state of being emotionally impelled, demonstrated by a sense of passion and dedication to a project or event, describes:
A)commitment.
B)control.
C)willingness to cooperate.
D)communication.
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Chapter 20: Managing Costs and Budgets
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Q1) After reviewing her monthly budget report, the nurse manager sees that she has a negative variance, which prompts her to change the staffing schedule.A negative or unfavorable variance in a monthly expense report may result from:
A)overestimation of inflation.
B)higher than expected client acuity.
C)net revenue exceeding net expenses.
D)not replacing staff who called in sick.
Q2) An example of an initiative that may reduce total healthcare costs would be:
A)offering nurse practitioner-led clinics that educate parents about non-pharmacologic strategies for managing ear infections.
B)educating seniors about the comparative costs of medications that are prescribed to them.
C)lowering copayments for prescription drugs for seniors.
D)advocating for more readily available MRI services to ensure early diagnosis.
Q3) Which of the following factors is not implicated in rising healthcare costs?
A)Rising expectations of consumers for cure and care
B)Marketing of drugs to consumers
C)Large administrative staffs to process medical billings
D)Rising Medicare costs
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Page 22
Chapter 21: Selecting, Developing, and Evaluating Staff
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Q1) The validity of comments and ratings related to performance is enhanced by:
A)maintenance of anecdotal notes over the entire evaluation period.
B)quantity of information gathered for appraisal purposes.
C)agreement of the employee with the ratings and comments.
D)whether or not other individuals have contributed to the observations.
Q2) The nurse manager schedules evaluations of staff members using a newly developed performance appraisal tool.The development of a performance appraisal tool should include:
A)organizational mission, philosophy, and position requirements.
B)a generalized overview of the duties of a position.
C)a skills checklist and accreditation requirements.
D)an ordinal scale that ranks all employees.
Q3) Anecdotal notes:
A)should be completed only when there are performance concerns.
B)can be used to support and justify fairness in termination discussions.
C)are unnecessary if the evaluation instrument is thorough.
D)need to be completed at the end of a performance period.
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Chapter 22: Person-Centered Care
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Q1) Which of the following exemplifies a service orientation for a facility?
A)Staff members on the unit are encouraged to chart details about family support networks.
B)Chart audit reveals that details related to assessment of family history are missing.
C)The palliative care unit organizes a "tree of light" fundraiser each year to highlight the importance of palliative care.
D)A children's preoperative holding area is implemented in response to requests from families and staff nurses for development of an area.
Q2) In writing the patient satisfaction survey, the nurse manager is aware of the education levels of the families.What is the most critical element in the concept of health literacy?
A)Providing instructional materials at appropriate reading levels
B)Facilitating access to translators for persons with language barriers
C)Obtaining, processing, and understanding basic health information so appropriate decisions can be made
D)Knowing that most people have limited health literacy skills
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Chapter 23: Managing Quality and Risk
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Q1) As a nurse manager, you know that the satisfaction of patients is critical in making QI decisions.You propose to circulate a questionnaire to discharged patients, asking about their experiences on your unit.Your supervisor cautions you to also consider other sources of data for decisions because:
A)the return rate on patient questionnaires is frequently low.
B)patients are rarely reliable sources about their own hospital experiences.
C)hospital experiences are frequently obscured by pain, analgesics, and other factors affecting awareness.
D)patients are reliable sources about their own experiences but are limited in their ability to gauge clinical competence of staff.
Q2) At Hospital Alpha, there has been a 20% increase in instruments and sponges being left in patients during surgery and surgeries on the wrong limbs.These are known as:
A)sentinel events.
B)medically sensitive events.
C)nurse-sensitive events.
D)Never Events.
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Chapter 24: Translating Research Into Practice
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Q1) Once evidence related to the use of prompted voiding in patients with cognitive impairment has been appraised and integrated with practice, it is important to:
A)consider whether patients' families see this as necessary for the well-being of family members.
B)search large databases such as CINAHL to amass further evidence.
C)clarify the clinical practice question.
D)solicit input regarding integration with practice.
Q2) Within a multisite healthcare system, the most appropriate strategy for translation of research would be:
A)widespread development of protocols using EBP at unit levels.
B)dissemination of EBP and recommendations to individuals, units, and the organization.
C)development of the skills of individual managers on how to build guidelines based on EBP.
D)establishment of an interdisciplinary center to guide and lead the translation of research findings into practice.
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Chapter 25: Managing Personal and Personnel Problems
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Q1) During unit staff meetings, you observe that Marg rolls her eyes and snorts whenever Julia makes a comment.Your first response as a unit manager is to:
A)discuss what you have observed with Marg.
B)file immediate documentation in Marg's personnel file.
C)ask Julie to monitor Marg's behavior during meetings.
D)ignore the behavior, as Marg is one of your strongest nurses.
Q2) Before terminating an employee, a nurse manager must:
A)be an expert in all legal aspects of termination and discipline practices.
B)follow the organization's specific policies for addressing disciplinary problems and termination.
C)function as a counselor for problem employees.
D)do everything to assist and protect the employee by adjusting standards and policies.
Q3) The nurse manager knows that the most serious effect that absenteeism has on the nursing unit is that:
A)using replacement personnel with new ideas may be beneficial.
B)salary costs are lower because personnel are fewer, and outcome is favorable.
C)absence on the part of the rest of the staff is decreased.
D)unacceptable patient care may result.
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Chapter 26: Role Transition
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Q1) A nurse is interviewing for a manager's position.Which of the following actions is considered a role preview?
A)Formal commitment of the employment contract
B)Improving role performance
C)Touring the unit
D)Disillusionment about the expectations of the job
Q2) Sarah is a nursing graduate of 5 years who is very confident in her clinical skills.She has taken some certificate courses in leadership and management and has considered beginning a graduate degree with this focus.She is excited about being able to use her knowledge and interest by being hired as a nurse manager.Before beginning her new position, Sarah spends time with her nurse executive to clarify the executive's expectations of her and of the unit that she has been hired to manage.Sarah finds that she has begun to think negatively about the way nursing care is delivered on her nursing unit.She often wishes that she was back on her old unit and in her familiar staff nurse role.This behavior:
A)is natural when assuming a new position.
B)diverts energy from internalization of Sarah's new role.
C)is justified if practices are deficient on the new unit.
D)reflects Sarah's astuteness as a clinician.
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Page 28
Chapter 27: Managing Your Career
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Q1) A nurse manager has been employed in the same facility for 20 years and has held the same position.This career style is known as:
A)linear.
B)spiral.
C)steady state.
D)entrepreneurial/transient.
Q2) A cover letter and a résumé together should be no longer than ________ page(s).
A)two B)one
C)four
D)three
Q3) Thomas has been a nurse in your ICU for 10 years.In facilitating Thomas' professional development, the nurse manager would focus on:
A)certification for the ICU environment.
B)discussions about how Thomas can fit with role expectations and relationships.
C)possible changes to other ICU environments.
D)encouraging him to lead changes that leave long-term impacts after his retirement.
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Chapter 28: Developing the Role of Leader
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Q1) After being interviewed for the unit manager position, the staff nurse reflects on the interview process.The staff nurse is aware that leadership begins:
A)within.
B)through a relationship with a mentor.
C)with the job description.
D)with the chief nursing officer of the organization.
Q2) Kari, a head nurse on the dialysis unit, has been informed during budget planning meetings that budget cuts are likely.She discusses this at the next unit meeting and tells staff members that unless they do their jobs well, their positions may be terminated, and there will be no replacement.Kari is enacting which management style?
A)Transformational
B)Transactional
C)Trusting
D)Truthful
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Chapter 29: Developing the Role of Manager
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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/44377
Sample Questions
Q1) As a nurse manager on a urology unit, you note that there has been a marked increase in medication errors on the unit.Which of the following actions would be consistent with the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI) measures?
A)Staff are consulted regarding improvements in interprofessional approaches to patient care.
B)Nursing staff are asked for input regarding the purchase of new medication carts.
C)A recognition program is developed to acknowledge nurses who have provided safe and exemplary care utilizing skills in the staffing mix to optimize the delivery of patient care.
D)Recent changes in staffing mixes are examined to determine if the timing of changes coincides with the increase in errors.
Q2) A manager who is concerned with ensuring that patients on her surgical unit have the necessary information to make informed choices is:
A)practicing legal nursing care.
B)demonstrating respect for patient rights.
C)avoiding risks.
D)likely experiencing staff issues with informed consent.
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Chapter 30: The Strategic Planning Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) Benchmarks in the strategic marketing planning process are useful in:
A)establishing programs.
B)setting targets.
C)rewarding employees.
D)measuring progress.
Q2) Which of the following represents an effective goal statement?
A)Involve patients and families in planning health care.
B)To revise clinical guidelines for incontinence care from evidence within 6 months.
C)Patients and families are partners first in care planning.
D)To acquire $4 million in additional funding within 12 months to support clinical education programs for dementia.
Q3) A private ambulance clinic established a few streets away from Pacific Hospital markets its services as quality-based within caring relationships.The clinic is part of the __________ environment.
A)public
B)macro
C)competitive
D)social
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Chapter 31: Thriving for the Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) To move beyond stereotypical thinking and toward thinking about the future, which of the following would be most consistent with thinking wildly in the Wise Forecast Model©?
A)Listing everything that we know about our current situation
B)Defining which practices will remain unchanged and which will change
C)Asking someone with a great deal of experience to share ideas about best practice
D)Challenging current and future practices with questions of "what if?"
Q2) Your organization is in the middle of re-designing patient care units, with decisions based on best practices and various other sources of evidence.In the middle of the transition, there is a temporary halt called to the transition because of a re-design of the health care system and greater emphasis on primary care.As a manager in this situation, your staff experience a gap between what they expected (the original re-design of the units) and what is actually happening (a need to integrate primary care in some way).According to Selye, the nurses on your nursing team are likely experiencing what?
A)Eustress
B)Distress
C)Stress
D)Compression
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