Advanced Medical Imaging
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Advanced Medical Imaging delves into cutting-edge techniques and technologies used in the visualization and analysis of anatomical structures and physiological processes within the human body. The course covers modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and advanced ultrasound methods. Students explore the physical principles behind each imaging technique, image acquisition and reconstruction, as well as safety considerations, quality assurance, and recent advances such as hybrid imaging and artificial intelligence applications. Emphasis is placed on clinical applications, interpretation skills, and the role of medical imaging in diagnosis, treatment planning, and biomedical research.
Recommended Textbook
Computed Tomography Physical Principles Clinical Applications and Quality Control 3rd Edition
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Computed Tomography: An Overview
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Q1) The British Department of Health and Social Security assisted in the development of the first clinically useful computed tomography scanner.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) PACS is an acronym for picture archiving and communications systems.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) In computed tomography,
A)a computer is used to reconstruct images of sectional anatomy.
B)a computer is used to calculate radiation dose to the patient.
C)a computer is not required because the physicist calculates the image, which the computer then prints out.
D)special detectors are used to reconstruct sectional images.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Introduction to Computers
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Q1) Which of the following uses software as a tool to provide additional information to the radiologist to make a diagnosis?
A)expert system
B)virtual reality
C)computer-aided detection (CAD)
D)artificial intelligence
Answer: C
Q2) The keyboard is an example of output hardware.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q3) An analog-to-digital converter consists of a sampler, a quantizer, and a coder.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) Sixteen binary bits (two bytes) equal a word.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Digital Image Processing
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Q1) Which analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is more accurate with respect to sampling an analog signal?
A)2-bit ADC
B)4-bit ADC
C)8-bit ADC
D)16-bit ADC
Answer: D
Q2) Nonvisible physical images include all of the following except:
A)temperature
B)pressure
C)elevation maps
D)holograms
Answer: D
Q3) The total number of gray levels is called:
A)a matrix
B)the gray scale
C)an electronic signal
D)bit depth
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Physical Principles of Computed Tomography
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Q1) Cross-section or slice of tissue
A)Radiography
B)Heterogeneous beam
C)Window width
D)Conventional tomography
E)Homogeneous beam
F)Display device
G)Attenuation
H)Data acquisition
I)Computed tomography
Q2) The range of computed tomography numbers in an image is called the:
A)window width
B)window level
C)region of interest
D)dynamic range
Q3) Which of the following is a limitation of radiography?
A)image blur caused by patient breathing
B)contrast degradation because of low peak kilovoltage techniques
C)the presence of ghost images caused by the tube movement
D)superimposition of structures
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Chapter 5: Data Acquisition Concepts
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Q1) Which generation of scanners, also called dual-source computed tomography scanners, consists of two x-ray tubes and two sets of detectors?
A)third generation
B)fourth generation
C)fifth generation
D)sixth generation
Q2) The overall goal of the electron-beam computed tomography scanner is to produce low-resolution images of moving organs that are free of artifacts caused by motion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In one type of fourth-generation computed tomography scanner, the tilting action of the detector ring is referred to as:
A)slip-ring technology
B)nutating
C)spiral scanning
D)helical scanning
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Chapter 6: Image Reconstruction
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Q1) Convolution
A)Set of rules for solving a problem
B)Mathematical technique of value estimation
C)Converts signals in the spatial domain to the frequency domain
D)Digital image processing
E)Linear superposition method
Q2) Image data are obtained:
A)after convolution
B)after preprocessing
C)after back projection
D)before back projection
Q3) Interpolation
A)Set of rules for solving a problem
B)Mathematical technique of value estimation
C)Converts signals in the spatial domain to the frequency domain
D)Digital image processing
E)Linear superposition method
Q4) An algorithm is a set of rules for solving a problem.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Basic Instrumentation
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Q1) Which of the following is where images are stored in a filmless imaging department?
A)hospital information system
B)radiology information system
C)picture archiving and communication system
D)data acquisition system
Q2) Quality control equipment is part of the equipment specifications for computed tomography.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The computer system for computed tomography includes all of the following except:
A)detector electronics
B)input-output devices
C)the central processing unit
D)array processors and back-projector
Q4) Communications refers to electronic networking or connectivity with use of a local-area or wide-area network.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Image Postprocessing and Visualization Tools
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Q1) Windowing in computed tomography is an example of:
A)a local processing operation
B)convolution
C)gray-level mapping
D)an image reconstruction algorithm
Q2) Windowing does not make use of the computed tomography numbers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) As the window width increases, picture contrast:
A)increases
B)decreases
C)remains unchanged
D)is optimized to show the specific anatomical structures
Q4) A narrow window width implies that the transition from black to white will take place over a wide range of computed tomography numbers.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A narrow window width means fewer computed tomography numbers.
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 9: Image Quality
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Q1) Cross-plane spatial resolution is traditionally described by the:
A)shallow angled slice ramp
B)slice-sensitivity profile
C)Cat phan phantom
D)full-width-at-half-max
Q2) Scatter-induced artifacts can be corrected with algorithms by carefully measuring or estimating the scatter distribution in the projection.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What refers to an increase in the mean energy of the x-ray beam as it passes through the patient?
A)beam hardening
B)attenuation
C)scatter radiation
D)partial volume
Q4) All of the following can be described as image quality parameters except:
A)high-contrast spatial resolution
B)low-contrast spatial resolution
C)noise
D)reconstruction parameters
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Chapter 10: Radiation Dose in Computed Tomography
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Q1) What instrument is used to measure the charge removed from the ionization chamber?
A)absorptometer
B)thermometer
C)electrometer
D)dosimeter
Q2) The computed tomography dose index was developed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Deterministic effects follow a:
A)linear dose
B)nonlinear dose
C)threshold dose
D)nonthreshold dose
Q4) What is used to measure exposure?
A)Geiger counter
B)ionization chamber
C)detector chamber
D)scintillation detector
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Chapter 11: Single-Slice Spiralhelical Computed
Tomography: Physical Principles and Instrumentation
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Q1) What year was the first computed tomography scanner able to perform volume data acquisition introduced?
A)1988
B)1989
C)1990
D)1991
Q2) Even with slip-ring technology, long high-tension cables are needed for data transfer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The reconstruction increment is also referred to as:
I. the reconstruction interval
II. reconstruction spacing
III. the reconstruction model
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
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Chapter 12: Multislice Spiralhelical Computed Tomography:
Physical Principles and Instrumentation
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Q1) Another application of the dual-source computed tomography scanner includes imaging of obese patients.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What term is used to describe the separating of the direct and complementary data trails and also results in efficient z-sampling?
A)efficient sampling scan
B)complete sampling scan
C)optimized sampling scan
D)total sampling scan
Q3) The definition of pitch in a multislice scanner, as defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission, states:
A)P = distance the table travels per rotation (d)/total collimation (W)
B)P = distance the table travels per rotation (d) + total collimation (W)
C)P = distance the table travels per rotation (d) * total collimation (W)
D)P = total collimation (W)/distance the table travels per rotation (d)
Q4) A pitch greater than 1 will result in an increased dose.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Other Technical Applications of Computed
Tomography Imaging: Basic Principles
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Q1) The size of the needle and site of injection are not important during a computed tomographic angiography examination.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The computed tomography simulation process includes: I. scan the patient in the computed tomography scanner
II. plan the treatment and computed tomography simulation
III. treatment setup
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) Computed tomography screening
A)Used in radiation oncology departments
B)Used to measure bone mineral density
C)Imaging of vascular structures with the use of intravenous contrast
D)Real-time computed tomography
E)Used to image critically ill patients
F)Used to image asymptomatic patients
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Chapter 14: Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography:
Basic Concepts
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Q1) Which modeling technique transforms a two-dimensional profile into a three-dimensional object?
A)extrusion
B)image mapping
C)procedural texturing
D)surface mapping
Q2) The x, y, and z coordinates define a space in which multidimensional data are represented, which is called the:
I. three-dimensional space
II. cartesian space
III. scene space
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) Algorithms for sliding thin slabs include all of the following except:
A)average intensity projection
B)maximum intensity projection
C)minimum intensity projection
D)total intensity projection
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Chapter 15: Virtual Reality Imaging
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Q1) What is the first step in virtual endoscopy imaging?
A)careful selection of scan parameters
B)image segmentation
C)three-dimensional rendering
D)image display
Q2) The Navigator visualization software allows for all of the following except:
A)capabilities for viewing inside cavities
B)capabilities for tumor staging
C)real time navigation, or "fly through"
D)viewing of three-dimensional surface-rendered abnormalities of tubular structures
Q3) Virtual reality is a branch of computer science that immerses users in a computer-generated environment and allows them to interact with three-dimensional scenes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Studies have shown that virtual endoscopies would be more expensive than real endoscopies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Positron Emission Tomographycomputed
Tomography Scanners
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Q1) The most commonly used radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomographic imaging is:
A)(<sup>15</sup>O carbon monoxide)
B)(<sup>13</sup>N ammonia)
C)(<sup>11</sup>C methionine)
D)(<sup>18</sup>F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG))
Q2) Which of the following can reduce noise in the final reconstructed positron emission tomography images?
I. use of image segmentation
II. use of a single photon rather than a positron-emitting source
III. use a special noise filter
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
Q3) Sodium iodide and bismuth germinate are newer scintillating materials that have reasonably high detection efficiency.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Computed Tomography of the Head, Cerebral
Vessels, Neck, and Spine
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Q1) Contrast enhancement is well visualized on bone algorithm or bone windows.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Indications for a computed tomographic scan of the neck include all of the following except:
A)carotid stenosis
B)goiter
C)mass
D)polyps
Q3) As with plain radiographs, transverse images and coronal reformatted images are viewed as if facing the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Studies requiring reformatted images are acquired with ________ slices.
A)coronal
B)sagittal
C)thick
D)thin
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Chapter 18: Computed Tomography of the Body
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Q1) Computed tomography is superior to magnetic resonance imaging for most clinical indications of the chest and abdomen.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A triphase study of the liver includes all of the following except:
A)arterial phase
B)delayed phase
C)preinjection phase
D)venous phase
Q3) Computed tomographic imaging of skeletal trauma includes anatomical regions of the:
I. ankle
II. pelvis
III. shoulder
A)I and II
B)II and III
C)I and III
D)I, II, and III
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Chapter 19: Pediatric Computed Tomography
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Q1) It is the responsibility of every person involved with pediatric computed tomographic imaging to make sure that diagnostic scans are obtained with the minimum radiation dose.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Mature cells are the most radiosensitive.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Computed tomography remains the primary screening modality for the abdomen and pelvis in pediatric patients.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Successful computed tomographic angiography in children requires optimization of scan technique and contrast administration.
A)True
B)False
Q5) For chest computed tomography, shallow breathing in the child is adequate.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Quality Control for Computed Tomography
Scanners
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Q1) The average CT number of water QC test should be done:
A)daily
B)weekly
C)monthly
D)annually
Q2) A possible cause of failure for the high-contrast resolution quality control test is that of an enlarged focal spot in the x-ray tube.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Quality control tests, test results, and interpretation of test results should be:
A)recorded in a quality control logbook
B)recorded on pieces of paper
C)recorded on the bulletin board beside the computed tomography scanner
D)recorded in the positioning notebook of the technologist
Q4) All quality control tests should be conducted on a monthly basis.
A)True B)False
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