Advanced Marketing Research Exam Preparation Guide
Course Introduction
Advanced Marketing Research delves into sophisticated techniques and methodologies used to gather, analyze, and interpret data for marketing decision-making. The course covers topics such as research design, sampling theory, multivariate analysis, experimental methods, and qualitative approaches. Students will explore the practical application of statistical software, the development and validation of measurement instruments, and the translation of data into actionable marketing strategies. Through case studies and hands-on projects, participants will enhance their ability to design comprehensive research studies that address complex marketing challenges.
Recommended Textbook
Marketing Research Essentials 9th Edition by Carl McDaniel
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Role of Marketing Research in Management
Decision
Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Netflix attempted to determine the effect on its profits by raising its price 60 percent in 2011,this was an example of what type of research?
A)Pure
B)Applied
C)Programmatic
D)Non-programmatic
E)Basic
Answer: B
Q2) Linked-In is an example of a social media site that uses user-generated content (UGC).
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) About what percentage of Americans go online wirelessly using a smartphone?
A)10 percent
B)20 percent
C)30 percent
D)40 percent
E)60 percent
Answer: D
Page 3
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Chapter 1: A: The Role of Marketing Research in Management Decision Making
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Q1) The unique blend of product pricing,promotion,offerings,and distribution designed to meet the needs of a specific group is the marketing mix.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Recent studies show that Internet marketing research leads clients to very different business decisions than traditional marketing research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) According to the concept of return on quality,product quality is completely separate from a firm's profitability.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Marketing research is used only when marketers face a serious problem.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Page 4
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Chapter 2: The Marketing Research Industry and Research
Ethics
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Q1) When two or more companies with unique resources are formed to offer a new service to potential customers to create mutual benefit for these companies,this arrangement is called a(n):
A)strategic partnership.
B)merger.
C)syndicated service.
D)field service.
E)professional association.
Answer: A
Q2) Low-ball pricing by marketing research supplier firms is sometimes ethical.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) All consumers have the right to privacy.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: A: The Marketing Research Industry and Research Ethics
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Q1) Who might use the services of a field service firm?
A)custom research firms
B)syndicated research firms
C)ad agencies and corporations
D)none of the above
E)all of the above
Q2) What type of manager is among the heaviest users of marketing research?
A)franchise manager
B)vendor
C)new product development manager
D)top management
E)none of the above
Q3) Most of the large marketing research firms are concentrated in Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A study by Boston Consulting Group found that,on average,20-35 percent of a company's market research budget is invested in strategic research studies.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 3: Problem Definition,exploratory Research,and the Research Process
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Q1) A management decision problem describes an action that needs to be taken.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are examples of exploratory research EXCEPT:
A)focus groups.
B)pilot studies.
C)experience surveys.
D)experiments.
E)secondary data analysis.
Q3) When BMW designs a research study to determine the age,gender,income,and education of buyers of its 3-sedan during the past year,this is a type of what type of research design?
A)Experience study
B)Descriptive study
C)Focus group
D)Secondary data analysis
E)Causal study
Q4) An intranet provides easy access to external data.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 3: A: Problem Definition and the Research Process
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Q1) What does the iceberg principle refer to?
A)Most data analysis techniques tend to be outdated.
B)Research objectives are not often clearly defined.
C)Symptoms are often mistaken for problems in business.
D)none of the above
Q2) Two variables must be correlated in order to be causally related.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Marketing research problems are much broader in scope than management problems.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Suppose you are wanting to contract with a marketing research firm for a specific project.What criteria would you use in your selection process?
Q5) Most clients tend to prefer what type of reports?
A)elaborate written reports
B)oral reports
C)PowerPoint presentations
D)none of the above
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Chapter 4: Secondary Data and Databases
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Q1) The marketing research aggregator industry is a $100 million business annually.
A)True
B)False
Q2) All of the following are advantages of secondary data EXCEPT that it:
A)may provide a solution to the problem.
B)may help to clarify the problem during exploratory research.
C)may suggest alternative methods of primary data research.
D)may alert the researcher to potential problems in research.
E)may have a lack of availability.
Q3) A personalized computer information system that is designed and managed by a marketing manager using the company's databases is called a(n):
A)MBO system.
B)DSS.
C)PERT system.
D)GIS.
E)marketing research aggregator.
Q4) The issue of consumer privacy is an important aspect of behavioral targeting methods.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 4: A: Secondary Data and Databases
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Q1) Describe some of the important parts of an organization's information management system.
Q2) Database marketing is sometimes referred to as ____________.
A)macromarketing
B)niche marketing
C)micromarketing
D)none of the above
Q3) For example,a manager for Wal-Mart may have sufficient secondary data on incomes,family sizes,number of competitors,and growth potential to determine in which of five Iowa towns Wal-Mart wishes to locate its next store.And if traffic counts exist for the selected town,primary data will have to be gathered to select a specific site for the store.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a characteristic of a decision support system (DSS)?
A)Interactive
B)Flexible
C)Discovery-oriented
D)Easy to learn and use
E)All of the above are characteristics
10
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Chapter 5: Qualitative Research
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Q1) All of the following are disadvantages of depth interviews over focus groups EXCEPT:
A)depth interviews create less participant involvement than focus groups.
B)group pressure is eliminated.
C)the total cost of depth interviews can be higher than focus groups.
D)a moderators can only do four or five depth interviews per day.
E)focus groups can allow reactions from group members that may not have occurred in a depth interview.
Q2) When a trained interviewer conducts a one-hour discussion with a group of eight people to find out their preference for three TV commercials that have been created by an ad agency for a company's new product,this is an example of a(n):
A)focus group.
B)personal interview.
C)pilot study.
D)projective test.
E)in-depth interview.
Q3) A typical focus group discussion lasts about 90 minutes.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: A: Qualitative Research
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Q1) When a focus group moderator debriefs the client after the final focus group,this is known as _______.
A)third person technique
B)brainstorming
C)instant analysis
D)groupthink
E)none of the above
Q2) Training in psychology is useful for qualitative researchers.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How long should an ideal focus group be?
A)30 minutes
B)one hour
C)90 minutes
D)two hours
Q4) Research that focuses on interpretation through conversations is_________.
A)Hermeneutic Research
B)Delphi Method
C)Hypothesis Method
D)Specific Research
Page 12
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Chapter 6: Traditional Survey Research
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Q1) When people who were selected to participate in a survey do not complete the survey,and these people differ in important ways from people who did fill out the survey,we say that the results of the survey have:
A)nonresponse bias.
B)nonsystematic error.
C)interviewer error.
D)random sampling error.
E)interviewer bias.
Q2) When an interviewer who is being paid for each interview completed decides to "pad" the results by filling in the answers to the questions using some 'imaginary interviewees," what type of error has occurred?
A)Random sampling error
B)Interviewer error
C)Population error
D)Surrogate error
E)Selection error
Q3) Ad hoc mail surveys typically have a low rate of nonresponse.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: A: Traditional Survey Research
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Q1) A questionnaire that is not computer coded,thereby increasing the complexity of inputing the questionnaire data into a database,will probably suffer from which of the following?
A)processing error
B)interviewer error
C)surrogate information error
D)measurement instrument bias
E)none of the above
Q2) Which of the following is an advantage of CATI?
A)automatically handling respondent selection
B)automatically handling skip patterns
C)eliminating selection bias
D)computer tabulation of data can occur at any time
E)All of the above are advantages of CATI.
Q3) Interviewers are typically the main interface with consumers and are,therefore,a vital link to consumer cooperation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the major factors that determine the selection of a particular survey method?
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Chapter 7: Online Marketing Research
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Q1) The Internet is proving to be a very effective tool to recruit focus group participants with defined demographic and behavioral composition.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The most important factor in the quality of traditional face-to-face focus group research is the skill of the moderator.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All of the following are disadvantages of online focus groups EXCEPT:
A)it is very difficult to create group dynamics.
B)the group cannot be observed behind a one-way mirror.
C)loss of nonverbal cues.
D)access to hard-to-reach target population members.
E)product prototypes cannot be given to the group to examine.
Q4) A key factor in the increase of online panel research is the declining response rates of telephone interviews.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: A: Online Marketing Research
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Q1) What type of research has basically replaced computer-assisted telephone interviewing?
A)Online survey research
B)Productive Research
C)Telephone Research
D)Random Research
Q2) Greenfield Online and Harris Interactive are examples of _______.
A)recruited panels
B)opt-in list rentals
C)opt-in panels
D)mail panels
E)data capture of visitors
Q3) Respondent participation is critical to the success of the research process in order to minimize nonresponse bias.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Open-sourced panelists typically take longer than closed-source panelists to complete surveys.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Primary Data Collection: Observation
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Q1) In observation research,it is ethically permissible to record both the private and public behavior of people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Observation research can record human behavior by using other humans to record behavior but not by using machines to record this behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When McDonald's hires someone to drive around the state of Missouri visiting McDonald's restaurants and pretending to be a customer so that this person can fill out a survey summarizing the performance of the restaurant and its employees,this is an example of a(n):
A)an EEG study.
B)mystery shopper.
C)a natural situation.
D)a GSR study.
E)open observation.
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Chapter 8: A: Primary Data Collection: Observation
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Q1) __________ are researchers who sort through people's garbage to analyze household consumption patterns.
A)Garbologists
B)Pirates
C)Hoarders
D)Consumption Analyst
Q2) Which company provides scanner based data to its clients?
A)Predictive Networks
B)Virgin Entertainment
C)IRI
D)MRA
E)none of the above
Q3) ______________ is a device that measures a person's alertness level,especially with regard to reactions to advertisements.
A)RAMS
B)Peoplemeters
C)Electroencephalograph (EEG)
D)People Reader
E)none of the above
Q4) Describe the mystery shopper and how they are used by marketing researchers.
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Chapter 9: Primary Data Collection: Experimentation and Test Markets
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Q1) Companies frequently attempt to measure the national market share of a new product based on its market share results in a test market study.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The extent to which test market results can be used to estimate market share in states other than the ones in which the test market took place is the fundamental question in external validity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The idea that an interviewer may change his behavior when interviewing respondents in the afternoon because of a fatigue effect is the basis of which extraneous experimental factor?
A)Instrument variation
B)Mortality
C)Testing effects
D)History
E)Regression to the Mean
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Chapter 9: A: Primary Data Collection: Experimentation and Test Markets
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Q1) Research that is designed to determine whether a change in one variable likely caused change in another variable is referred to as _______________.
A)exploratory research
B)causal research
C)descriptive research
D)none of the above
Q2) Test markets are which of the following type of experiment?
A)controlled experiment
B)exploratory experiment
C)field experiment
D)laboratory experiment
E)none of the above
Q3) _____________ occur(s)when buyers from outside the test area come into the area to purchase the product being tested,thereby distorting the results of the experiment.
A)Most accurate results
B)Bias
C)Contamination
D)None of the above
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Chapter 10: The Concept of Measurement
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Q1) The degree to which a measurement scale produces the same or similar results in repeated measurements over time is known as the ____________ of the scale.
A)reliability
B)concomitant variation
C)operational definition
D)validity
E)content validity
Q2) The similarity in test scores on the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT)between the first and second taking of this test by Business School
M.B.A.applicants is known as what type of reliability of this test?
A)Test-retest reliability
B)Predictive reliability
C)Content reliability
D)Criterion-related reliability
E)Convergent reliability
Q3) A measurement rule tells the researcher what to do to measure something.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: A: The Concept of Measurement
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Q1) ____________ are specific types of concepts that exist at higher levels of abstraction than do everyday concepts.
A)Abstract Concepts
B)Constructs
C)Intuitive Constructs
D)None of the above.
Q2) _______________ reveals the lack of or low correlation among constructs that are supposed to be different.
A)Predictive validity
B)Predictive reliability
C)Concurrent validity
D)Convergent validity
E)Discriminant validity
Q3) Interval scales are preferable to ordinal scales when the researcher wants to know the magnitude of differences between two brands.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Using Measurement Scales to Build Marketing
Effectiveness
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Q1) If all of the alternatives in rank-order scales are not included in the list of alternatives to be ranked,the results of the study can be very misleading or even wrong.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What type of scale is the following?
The President of Ford Motor Co.is doing a good job as President.
Strongly Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly
Disagree Agree
A)Semantic differential scale
B)Constant sum scale
C)Likert scale
D)Paired comparison scale
E)Stapel scale
Q3) In scaling,numbers are assigned as indicants of the properties of people,objects,or events.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 11: A: Using Measurement Scales to Build Marketing
Effectiveness
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Q1) A limitation of purchase intent scales is that __________ don't always accurately predict behavior.
A)constructs
B)attitudes
C)satisfaction scores
D)noncomparative scales
Q2) If consumers are willing and able to answer questions,the best approach to utilize is______ questioning.
A)direct
B)indirect
C)balanced
D)unbalanced
E)none of the above
Q3) The link between attitudes and behavior: the more favorable the attitude of consumers,the higher the incidence usage.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and briefly describe considerations in selecting a scale.
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Chapter 12: Questionnaire Design
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Q1) Suppose that a personal interviewer asks a respondent during a taste test of a new cake product: "How did you like the taste and smoothness of the cake?" What is the flaw in this question?
A)This is a leading question.
B)This is a loaded question.
C)This is a double-barreled question.
D)This is an unfair question.
E)This is a biased question.
Q2) When an interviewer in a personal interview situation shows a 3" x 5" card to the interviewee with six categories of age groups listed on the card,and asks the interviewee: "Please tell me which of these age categories applies to you," what type of question is this?
A)Multiple-choice
B)Probe
C)Open-ended
D)Screener
E)Dichotomous
Q3) Screening questions are used to estimate the budget cost for a survey study.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: A: Questionnaire Design
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Q1) Which of the following is not part of the criteria for a good questionnaire?
A)considers the respondent
B)considers the computer hardware tabulating the results
C)provides decision-making information
D)meets data-processing requirements
E)All are part of the criteria for a good questionnaire.
Q2) When a questionnaire asks the respondent to skip question 4 if they answered "no" to question 3,this is an example of _______.
A)piping
B)editing
C)branching
D)coding
E)none of the above
Q3) A researcher who wants to know consumers' perceptions of the taste and temperature of a restaurant's food should combine these attributes into a single question.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why do open-ended questions require more time (and money)to evaluate than closed-ended questions?
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Chapter 13: Basic Sampling Issues
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Q1) The entire group of people about whom the researcher wants to obtain information in a marketing research study is called the:
A)area sample.
B)population.
C)sampling frame.
D)convenience sample. E)sample.
Q2) In simple random sampling,the probability of a sample element being selected for the
Sample equals the desired sample size ________ the population size.
A)plus
B)minus
C)divided by D)squared,then added to E)times
Q3) In Internet sampling,the interviewing of respondents is essentially volume-insensitive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: A: Basic Sampling Issues
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Q1) Which of the following sampling methods is the most statistically efficient (the most representative)?
A)simple random
B)systematic random
C)stratified random
D)cluster
E)All are equally statistically efficient.
Q2) In a ___________,data are obtained from or about every member of the population of interest,while in a ______________,information is obtained from or about a part of the population and used to make estimates about various characteristics of the total population.
A)Sample,census
B)Sample,study
C)Census,sample
D)Census,study
Q3) Ideal census conditions are seldom available,even when the population is very small.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Sample Size Determination
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Q1) The standard normal distribution has a mean of ________ and a standard deviation of
A)one;zero
B)zero;zero
C)one;one
D)zero;one
E)zero;two
Q2) If the mean of a set of scores equals 4,what is the z-score for a score of 2 if the standard Deviation of the scores equals 0.5?
A) 1.5
B)+ 1.5
C) 4.0
D)+ 2.5
E)+ 4.0
Q3) The size of the population under study is an important part of the formulas for determining the sample size for a study.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: A: Sample Size Determination
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Q1) All of the statistical methods for determining sample size in this chapter assume which of the following?
A)a large population
B)a valid questionnaire
C)simple random sampling
D)stratified sampling
E)none of the above
Q2) ____________ is a range of values within which the true population value is estimated to fall.
A)Interval estimate
B)Point estimate
C)Population estimate
D)Sample estimate
E)none of the above
Q3) Population size is the most important determinant of effective sample size.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a normal distribution,the mean,median,and mode are equal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis
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Q1) When the instructions for an interviewer tell the interviewer to go ahead to Question #20
If the respondent answers "No" to Question #16,this is an example of a(n):
A)scan.
B)coding.
C)validation.
D)marginal error.
E)skip pattern.
Q2) During an in-depth personal interview,the interviewer should record the respondent's responses verbatim.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The variance of a set of data is equal to:
A)the square of the standard deviation.
B)the square of the standard error of the mean.
C)the standard deviation.
D)the standard error of the mean.
E)the square root of the standard deviation.
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Chapter 15: A: Data Processing and Fundamental Data Analysis
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Q1) The coding step pertains to only closed-ended responses on questionnaires.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The idea behind this type of statistical analysis is to look at the responses to one question in relation to the responses to one or more other questions.
A)one-way frequencies
B)cross tabulations
C)analysis using measures of central tendency
D)analysis using measures of dispersion
E)analysis using line and/or bar charts
Q3) Which of the following is not a measure of dispersion?
A)mean
B)standard deviation
C)variance
D)range
Q4) Means are not included in a cross tabulation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Illustrate a condition in which a "SKIP PATTERN" is needed.
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Chapter 16: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships
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Q1) Suppose that a researcher wants to check to see if the average household income in Webster Groves,Missouri,has changed from the $60,000 it was three years ago.The Researcher takes a random sample of households in Webster Groves and finds that the average income of these households is $58,000.If the standard error of the mean for this sample is $500,what is the approximate value produced by the Z-test?
A)+ 4.00
B)+ 3.65
C)+2.00
D) 4.00
E) 3.65
Q2) The Z-test is typically used for large samples that have greater than 30 respondents,while the t-test is typically used for small samples that have less than 30 respondents. A)True B)False
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Chapter 16: A: Statistical Testing of Differences and Relationships
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Q1) Which of the following is the appropriate statistical test when examining cross tabulations?
A)chi-square test
B)t-test
C)z-test
D)one-way ANOVA
E)none of the above
Q2) Which of the following is not a step in hypothesis testing?
A)evaluating the randomness of the sample
B)stating null and alternative hypotheses
C)choosing the appropriate statistical test
D)developing a decision rule given the significance level
E)All of the above are steps in hypothesis testing.
Q3) When testing hypotheses about frequency distributions,nominal variables are acceptable.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ANOVA technique requires two pieces of information from the researcher.Describe these two pieces of information and the level of measurement associated with each.
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Chapter 17: Bivariate Correlation and Regression
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Q1) When two variables are involved in a research study,the appropriate statistical tests are
Called:
A)univariate techniques.
B)spurious techniques.
C)multivariate techniques.
D)one-dimensional techniques
E)bivariate techniques.
Q2) When the data describing the association between two variables are used to create a
Straight-line through the data points such that this line summarizes the relationship between these variables,this is called a(n):
A)multiple regression procedure.
B)ANOVA procedure.
C)chi-square procedure.
D)least-squares procedure.
E)two-group t-test procedure.
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Chapter 17: A: Bivariate Correlation and Regression
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Q1) The explained variation by the regression is referred to as the:
A)total variation.
B)bivariate.
C)sum of squares due to regression .
D)none of the above
Q2) What is the variation not explained by the regression?
A)Dependent variation
B)Error sum of squares
C)Neither A nor B
D)Both A and B
Q3) The variation explained by the regression equation is called SSR or sum of squares due to the regression,and the variation not explained by the regression is called SSE or the error sum of squares.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One way to study the relationship between the dependent and independent variable is to plot the data in a scatter diagram.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which of the relationships in the matrix is the strongest?
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Chapter 18: Multivariate Data Analysis
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Q1) In multiple discriminant analysis,the dependent variable must be ________ ,while in
Multiple regression analysis,the dependent variable must be ________ .
A)nominal;nominal
B)nominal;metric
C)ordinal;nominal
D)metric;metric
E)metric;nominal
Q2) Which type of multivariate analysis should be used when a researcher wants to estimate
The utility that consumers associate with different product features?
A)Conjoint analysis
B)Cluster analysis
C)Multiple regression analysis
D)Factor analysis
E)Multiple discriminant analysis
Q3) In factor analysis,there is no dependent variable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: A: Multivariate Data Analysis
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Q1) In the multiple regression formula,which of the following represents the dependent variable?
A)Y
B)a
C)b1
D)X1
Q2) In multiple regression analysis the dependent variable is nominal or categorical.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cluster analysis produces mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups such that the individuals or objects grouped are ______________ within and ______________ between groups.
A)homogeneous;heterogeneous
B)homogeneous;homogeneous
C)heterogeneous;homogeneous
D)heterogeneous;heterogeneous
Q4) There is no dependent variable in a factor analysis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Communicating the Research Results
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Q1) Typically,all of the following should appear in an Appendix of a research report EXCEPT:
A)detailed explanations of the statistical procedures.
B)a copy of the questionnaire.
C)a set of cross-tabulations for every item in the survey.
D)the findings.
E)detailed research procedures on special research techniques.
Q2) An effective presentation of the research report should be tailored to the audience that receives the report.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All research reports should include recommendations from the researcher. A)True B)False
Q4) The Executive Summary of a research report should summarize every statistical finding of the project.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 19: A: Communicating the Research Results
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Q1) Persuasion does not imply stretching or bending the truth,but rather using research findings to reinforce conclusions and recommendations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Clients tend to prefer long text-based reports to shorter ones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following parts of the marketing research report goes at the end?
A)appendices
B)executive summary
C)findings
D)methodology
E)none of the above
Q4) The most difficult task for a student marketing research team is interpreting project findings to arrive at conclusions,and then using the conclusions to formulate recommendations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) List and briefly describe the six major parts of the marketing research report.
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Chapter 20: Managing Marketing Research
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of research management?
A)stay on schedule
B)manage client profitability
C)develop staff
D)meet potential new clients
E)build an effective organization
Q2) The key to good supplier-client relations is ____________.
A)hard work
B)communication
C)a fair price
D)positive results
E)keeping the project on schedule
Q3) Captive outsourcing is:
A)when a research firm outsources to a firm in a small,developing country.
B)when a research firm creates a wholly-owned foreign facility for outsourcing.
C)outsourcing to prisoners held against their will.
D)outsourcing to a third-party provider.
E)the most cost efficient way to hire a market researcher staff.
Q4) What is a recent trend with regard to outsourcing versus insourcing marketing research services?
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Chapter 20: A: Managing Marketing Research
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Q1) A key argument against the traditional accounting way of determining return on Investment is that it:
A)adds profit return to expenditure instead of multiplying it.
B)ROI focuses on short-term instead of long-term marketing development.
C)divides profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
D)multiplies profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
E)subtracts profit return by expenditure instead of multiplying it.
Q2) A key argument against the traditional accounting way of determining return on Investment is that it:
A)adds profit return to expenditure instead of multiplying it.
B)divides profit return by expenditure instead of subtracting it.
C)divides profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
D)multiplies profit return by expenditure instead of adding it.
E)subtracts profit return by expenditure instead of multiplying it.
Q3) Estimating the financial return from a research project provides a quantitative way to identify good research projects.
A)True
B)False
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