Advanced Cognitive Neuroscience
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Advanced Cognitive Neuroscience delves into the neural mechanisms underlying complex cognitive processes such as attention, memory, language, decision-making, and consciousness. The course integrates cutting-edge research in brain imaging, electrophysiology, and computational modeling to explore how different brain systems interact to support perception, thought, and behavior. Emphasis is placed on understanding experimental design, critically evaluating scientific literature, and considering the implications of neuroscientific discoveries for clinical practice and artificial intelligence. Students gain a comprehensive perspective on both the theoretical frameworks and practical methodologies driving current advances in cognitive neuroscience.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Neuroscience 5th Edition by
Michael Gazzaniga
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Page 2
Chapter 1: A Brief History of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) According to Edward Thorndike, which of the following is NOT true about rewards?
A)They indicate which creatures have malleable structures in the brain.
B)They help to stamp things into the mind.
C)They lead to adaptive learning.
D)They are part of the law of effect.
Answer: A
Q2) The primary contribution of Golgi to the field of cognitive neuroscience was that he A)developed a staining technique that permitted full visualization of individual neurons. B)showed experimentally that the nervous system is composed of a net of physically interconnected neuronal units.
C)discovered that cells in different regions of the cortex also differ in shape and size.
D)demonstrated that nerves can release chemicals that have an activating effect on nearby muscle cells.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Structure and Function of the Nervous System
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Q1) Which of the following statements regarding the prenatal development of the human nervous system is correct?
A)The brain develops from ectoderm cells, whereas the spinal cord develops from mesoderm cells.
B)Ectoderm cells are the precursors of the entire nervous system.
C)Glial cells are derived from endoderm cells, whereas neurons are derived from ectoderm cells.
D)Mesoderm cells are the precursors for all parts of the human nervous system.
Answer: B
Q2) The frontal lobe is ________ to the occipital lobe, whereas the temporal lobe is ________ to the parietal lobe.
A)posterior; superior
B)anterior; inferior
C)superior; caudal
D)inferior; rostral
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience
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Q1) The small regions in a three-dimensional grid, approximately 5 to 10 cubic millimeters in volume, that neuroimagers use to map the brain are known as A)posners.
B)sternbergs.
C)voxels.
D)pixels.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following types of topographic representation does NOT incorporate information about the location of a stimulus in space?
A)retinotopic maps in the visual cortex
B)motor maps in the motor cortex
C)cochleotopic maps in the auditory cortex
D)somatosensory maps in the somatosensory cortex
Answer: C
Q3) The best neuroimaging method for visualizing the white and gray matter is computerized tomography (CT).
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Hemispheric Specialization
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Q1) You are watching a show on TV while speaking on your cell phone to a loved one. A commercial with a couple fighting appears. Suddenly, the person says something on the phone and you get irritated. The person on the other side of the line is perplexed by your response. This is an example of
A)the interpreter.
B)left hemisphere brain activity.
C)rationalization.
D)All of the answer options are correct.
Q2) Split-brain patients are asked to detect targets that appear briefly on a computer screen. On some trials, the targets are preceded by cues that correctly indicate their upcoming location. The detection advantage produced by the cues
A)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target are shown in the same visual field.
B)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the left visual field.
C)occurs only if the cue and subsequent target appear in the right visual field.
D)occurs regardless of which visual field contains the cue and target.
Q3) Describe how the facial expressions of right- and left-hemisphere-damaged patients differ.
Q4) Describe how modularity plays a role in consciousness.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The primary gustatory cortex is located in the A)thalamus and hypothalamus.
B)hippocampus and amygdala.
C)pons and medulla.
D)insula and operculum.
Q2) Why might it be computationally useful for the primate brain to have so many different visual areas?
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of cortical plasticity?
A)the processing of tactile information by blind people in cortical regions that process visual information in sighted people
B)the ability of the barn owl to localize objects in space based on auditory and not visual information
C)the integration of information about olfaction and gustation in the orbitofrontal cortex
D)the activation of the superior colliculus by visual information in patients exhibiting blindsight
Q4) What would the subjective experience of color-grapheme synesthesia be like?
Describe an experiment (real or hypothetical) that would demonstrate that these associations are automatically experienced.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Object Recognition
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Q1) What categories of visual stimuli have regions of cortex that are activated when a person views examples from each category? Describe one approach that can establish a causal role of each region for perceiving these categories. Why is this evidence that these regions are involved in processing these categories?
Q2) A major source of evidence against the idea that faces are processed in a special neural region in humans is that the candidate region
A)is used to process a variety of perceptual stimuli in nonhuman primates.
B)is also involved in processing highly familiar places.
C)is recruited when people have to make discriminations among highly familiar stimuli.
D)varies significantly in location from person to person.
Q3) As a neurologist, you have a patient with prosopagnosia, and the patient has also lost the ability to read. Which of the following are you LEAST likely to report after examining this patient?
A)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the inferior parietal lobe.
B)Patient shows signs of a lesion in the ventral pathway.
C)Patient is able to identify an individual when hearing the individual's voice.
D)Patient demonstrates impaired object perception.
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Chapter 7: Attention
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Q1) The observation that extinction is worse when identical, rather than different, stimuli are simultaneously presented to the ipsilesional and contralesional sides of the visual field indicates that
A)neglected stimuli do not undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention.
B)neglected stimuli undergo perceptual processing in the absence of focused attention.
C)neglected stimuli can capture attention involuntarily.
D)neglected stimuli are often confused with stimuli that are successfully attended.
Q2) The term ________ refers to the operations involved when we select for further processing a limited subset of information from the total information available to us from our sensory systems and stored mental representations.
A)arousal
B)vigilance
C)attention
D)cuing
Q3) Can object representations modulate spatial attention? Please describe evidence to support your answer.
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Chapter 8: Action
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Q1) Describe the neurological condition of apraxia. How does this disorder inform our understanding of how complex movements are represented in the brain?
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an effector?
A)the brain
B)the jaw
C)the arm
D)the back
Q3) With time, people who experience a hemiplegia typically experience a full recovery.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord communicate with muscle fibers by releasing acetylcholine, which influences muscle activity by
A)depolarizing neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
B)directly causing muscle contractions.
C)hyperpolarizing peripheral motor neurons.
D)inhibiting neurons in the dorsal root of the spinal cord.
Q5) Describe the affordance competition hypothesis and explain how single-cell recordings support the model.
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Chapter 9: Memory
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Q1) According to the modal model of memory, information that is currently held within short-term memory originates from
A)sensory memory.
B)working memory.
C)both sensory and working memory.
D)neither sensory nor working memory.
Q2) Barbara remembers that Madrid is the capital of Spain, but she has no idea when or where she acquired this knowledge. Her ________ memory is accurate, but her ________ memory is incomplete.
A)semantic; episodic
B)nonassociative; semantic
C)episodic; implicit
D)explicit; implicit
Q3) Of the following choices, damage to the ________ is most likely to result in impairment to the visuospatial sketch pad, or visual working memory.
A)parietal-occipital cortex
B)medial temporal lobe
C)hippocampus
D)perisylvian region
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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Q1) The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test?
A)One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups.
B)The primary measures of this test are response latencies.
C)The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.
D)Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad.
Q2) Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that
A)the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces.
B)the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.
C)the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
D)the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions.
Q3) Describe the different brain areas involved in emotion. What role does the amygdala play in these systems? How does it differ from the role of other brain areas?
Q4) What is emotional regulation? Describe the different forms of regulation and the neural structures involved.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Language
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Q1) Language errors in which a person substitutes words that are related in meaning for one another are called
A)lemma confusions.
B)syntactic substitutions.
C)semantic paraphasias.
D)orthographic intrusions.
Q2) In Hagoort's language model, the "memory" component is mediated by the ________, the "unification" component by the ________, and the "control" component by the ________.
A)inferior frontal cortex; temporal lobe; lateral frontal cortex
B)inferior frontal cortex; lateral frontal cortex; temporal lobe
C)temporal lobe; lateral frontal cortex; inferior frontal cortex
D)temporal lobe; inferior frontal gyrus; lateral frontal cortex
Q3) Animal calls were thought to be purely emotional. Which of the following findings with monkey calls does NOT contradict this view?
A)A call in presence of a snake led to monkeys looking down.
B)A call in presence of a leopard led monkeys to flee into the trees.
C)A call is seldom made when a monkey is alone.
D)Calls can be strung together in predictable orders.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Cognitive Control
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Q1) People with frontal lobe injuries and control participants were asked to figure out a way to clean a floor when there are no towels. Which of the following statements would be associated with frontal lobe patients and not controls?
A)"The floor is dirty."
B)"Just take your blouse off and clean it with that."
C)"We can clean the floor with the soles of our shoes."
D)"We need a cloth or paper to clean the floor."
Q2) Focal injuries of the prefrontal cortex generally produce all of the following cognitive changes or symptoms EXCEPT
A)deficits in planning complex behaviors.
B)perseveration in responding.
C)fluent aphasia.
D)disruption of working memory.
Q3) Dynamic filtering is one view of the prefrontal cortex, in which this area is a repository of representations and selects information most relevant to the current task.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is there more than one decision system? Provide evidence to support your view.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Social Cognition
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Q1) Which of the following resulted in the significant personality changes observed in Phineas Gage?
A)Parkinson's disease
B)temporal lobe epilepsy
C)orbitofrontal damage
D)limbic damage
Q2) The trolley problem described in your text has many variations. One of them goes as follows: "You are a surgeon and have five patients who each need a different organ transplant. No acceptable donor for any of them can be found, until one day a healthy traveler comes to your office and is the perfect donor for all five patients. Are there any circumstances under which it would be morally acceptable to kill this person to save the lives of five others?" Based on the study of Greene and colleagues, which areas of your brain did you likely use when thinking about this ethical dilemma?
Q3) Autistic children are likely to report that ________ when performing the Sally-Anne task.
A)Sally will look in the location in which Anne has put the marble
B)Sally will look in the location where she originally put the marble
C)Sally will move the marble back to its original location
D)Sally will prefer to focus on her own thoughts and not look for the marble
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Page 15
Chapter 14: The Consciousness Problem
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Q1) Discuss, in the context of consciousness, Darwin's statement, "The difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, is certainly one of degree and not of kind."
Q2) Which structure is responsible for extended consciousness?
A)thalamus
B)brainstem
C)cerebral cortex
D)cerebellum
Q3) Multiple realizability refers to the principle that multiple combinations of neuronal activity patterns can result in the same observable behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why do we need an interpreter system?
Q5) The scaffolding to storage framework was proposed to account for the movement from ________ to ________.
A)conscious; unconscious
B)unconscious; conscious
C)conscious; awareness
D)awareness; conscious
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