Advanced Biological Psychology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Advanced Biological Psychology delves into the complex interactions between biological processes and behavior, building on foundational principles from neuroscience and psychology. This course explores the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions, emotions, learning, memory, and mental disorders. Students will examine the structure and function of the nervous system, neurochemical signaling, genetic influences, and the impact of environmental factors on brain activity. Through current research studies and case analyses, the course emphasizes critical thinking and the application of biological concepts to understand psychological phenomena and contemporary issues in mental health.
Recommended Textbook
Biological Psychology 12th Edition by James W. Kalat
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15 Chapters
1794 Verified Questions
1794 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the main source of nutrition for vertebrate neurons?
A)fats
B)glucose
C)sodium
D)complex carbohydrates
Answer: B
Q2) Glial cells serve many functions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Dendrites ____.
A)contain the nucleus, ribosomes, and other structures found in most cells
B)are branching fibers that get narrower near their ends
C)are thin fibers of constant diameter
D)are an insulating material that cover an axon
Answer: B
Q4) An efferent axon carries information away from a structure.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Synapses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which category of chemicals includes adenosine and several of its derivatives?
A)neuropeptides
B)acetylcholine
C)monoamines
D)purines
Answer: D
Q2) "Transporter" proteins transport neurotransmitters ____.
A)back into the presynaptic neuron
B)across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron
C)across the synapse back to the presynaptic neuron
D)to the appropriate receptor sites
Answer: A
Q3) Hormones exert their effects ____.
A)similarly to metabotropic neurotransmitters
B)similarly to ionotropic neurotransmitters
C)by attaching to special receptors on muscle fibers
D)by being metabolized and converted via presynaptic cells
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you are interested in determining if the volume of the hippocampus is associated with the amount of stress a person was experiencing.Which method would be the best choice?
A)CAT
B)fMRI
C)PET
D)rCBF
Answer: A
Q2) Many cells in association areas of the brain respond to more than one sensory modality.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ____.
A)densely packed with myelinated axons
B)composed mostly of unmyelinated axons
C)densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
D)composed only of dendrites
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Genetics, evolution, development, and Plasticity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In development,neurotrophins ____.During adulthood,they ____.
A)preserve neurons; produce apoptosis
B)produce apoptosis; increase neuronal branching
C)facilitate differentiation; facilitate migration
D)preserve neurons; increase neuronal branching
Q2) Focal hand dystonia,sometimes called "musician's cramp",is caused by ____.
A)extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers
B)deterioration of muscles in the hand
C)demyelination of neurons in the fingers
D)buildup of excess GABA in the temporal cortex
Q3) After cells have differentiated as neurons or glia,they ____.
A)differentiate
B)proliferate
C)myelinate
D)migrate
Q4) Removal of ____ turns genes off.
A)enzymes
B)histones
C)esters
D)acetyl groups
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) Johannes Müller held that whatever excites a particular nerve establishes a special kind of energy unique to that nerve.
A)True
B)False
Q2) V1 neurons would be most strongly activated by viewing ____.
A)the letter T
B)a circle
C)repeating stripes on a flag
D)a single bar of light
Q3) According to the retinex theory,we perceive color by ____.
A)the relative activity of three kinds of cones
B)contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others
C)a red vs. green system and a yellow vs. blue system
D)detecting the velocity of action potentials from the eye
Q4) Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?
A)cones only
B)rods only
C)both rods and cones
D)horizontal and amacrine cells
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Chapter 6: Other Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are hundreds of different types of olfactory receptors.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Three small bones connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window.What is the function of these bones?
A)They hold the tympanic membrane in place.
B)They convert airwaves into waves of greater pressure.
C)They spread out the air waves over an area of larger diameter.
D)They change the frequency of air waves into lower frequencies that can be heard.
Q3) The structures within the ear amplify the sound waves coming into the ear.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Amusia refers to impaired detection of frequency changes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe in detail one of the ways of relieving pain.
Q6) Taste receptors are continually being replaced.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the significance of mirror neurons.
Q2) Most types of movement can be clearly classified as voluntary or involuntary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Describe the relationship of conscious decisions and movements.What may this relationship reveal about consciousness?
Q4) Briefly describe the nature of Parkinson's disease.Include a discussion of its causes and possible treatments.
Q5) The cerebellum is most important for any process that requires ____.
A)precise timing
B)control of muscle strength
C)comparison between the left and right hemispheres
D)detecting the intensity of a stimulus
Q6) What is the usual age of onset for Huntington's disease?
A)5-7 years old
B)12-20 years old
C)30-50 years old
D)65 years or older
Q7) Briefly describe the cellular organization of the cerebellum.
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Chapter 8: Wakefulness and Sleep
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have demonstrated that the expression of the SCN genes can be changed through ____.
A)exposure of the eyes to light
B)barometric pressure
C)the diet
D)morning exercise
Q2) A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have ____.
A)interrupted or shortened REM sleep
B)prolonged wakefulness
C)prolonged NREM sleep
D)enhanced dreaming
Q3) It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from ____.
A)dreaming
B)sleeping too soundly
C)acting out our dreams
D)having difficulty falling asleep
Q4) Describe how light resets the SCN.
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Chapter 9: Internal Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____ increases the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones that increase insulin secretion.
A)occipital cortex
B)lateral hypothalamus
C)medial part of the hypothalamus
D)pineal gland
Q2) Most young mammals stop nursing,at least partly,due to the loss of what ability?
A)metabolizing the sugar in milk
B)sucking sufficiently
C)the Babinski reflex
D)digesting the fat in milk
Q3) What defines a homeostatic process?
A)the regulation of blood flow
B)any process governed by hormones
C)the maintenance of certain body variables within a fixed range
D)reproduction involving distinct male and female genders in a species
Q4) Stomach distension is necessary to produce satiety.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How does cholecystokinin limit meal size?
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Chapter 10: Reproductive Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most effective way to stimulate sexual behavior in a female rodent is to inject her with ____.
A)prolactin followed by estradiol
B)progesterone following by parathyroid hormone
C)alpha fetoprotein followed by cholecystokinin
D)a combination of estradiol and progesterone
Q2) Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol)prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter ____.
A)serotonin
B)norepinephrine
C)dopamine
D)acetylcholine
Q3) Estrogens are present only in females
A)True
B)False
Q4) Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male's lifetime.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the organizing effects of sex hormones and give specific examples.
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Chapter 11: Emotional Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?
A)locked-in syndrome
B)pure autonomic failure
C)panic attack
D)prosopagnosia
Q2) Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on ____.
A)acetylcholine
B)estrogen
C)testosterone
D)dopamine
Q3) Brief activation of the sympathetic nervous system can enhance activity of the immune system.
A)True
B)False
Q4) One could reduce anxiety by ____.
A)decreasing GABA
B)increasing CCK
C)blocking CCK
D)blocking dopamine
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Chapter 12: The Biology of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The patient H.M.suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the ____.
A)corpus callosum
B)hippocampus
C)lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus
D)prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus
Q2) After a series of electrical shocks,a person becomes overresponsive to lights and noises.This exemplifies ____.
A)habituation
B)sensitization
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning
Q3) A "Hebbian" synapse is one in which ____.
A)activity at that synapse strengthens the response of the postsynaptic neuron to all of its synapses
B)repeated use of the synapse over a limited period of time leads to habituation
C)calcium flows into the cell while magnesium flows out of the cell
D)activity of the synapse, paired with an action potential in the postsynaptic cell, strengthens that synapse
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Cognitive Functions
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Sample Questions
Q1) As compared to a person with Broca's aphasia,a person with Wernicke's aphasia can
A)remember the names of objects
B)understand written language
C)understand spoken language
D)speak fluently and rapidly
Q2) When people perceive themselves as being threatened,oxytocin ____.
A)increases their attention to possible dangers
B)decreases their attention to possible dangers
C)calms them down
D)helps them better analyze the situation
Q3) Auditory information is sent to the ____.
A)ipsilateral hemisphere only
B)contralateral hemisphere only
C)ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres equally
D)contralateral hemisphere more than the ipsilateral hemisphere
Q4) Provide a detailed description of spatial neglect.
Q5) Most left-handers have left-hemisphere dominance for speech
A)True
B)False
15
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the most common cognitive symptom of schizophrenia?
A)obsessive concentration on a single idea
B)alternating between one personality and another
C)excessive attention to detail when discussing a topic
D)impaired understanding of abstract concepts
Q2) Which effect would be considered to be agonistic?
A)blocking the synthesis of neurotransmitters
B)stimulating the release of neurotransmitters
C)blocking the postsynaptic receptors
D)mimicking enzymes that breakdown neurotransmitters
Q3) A schizophrenic patient whose main symptoms are lack of emotional expression,lack of social interaction,and lack of speech is suffering from ____.
A)positive symptoms
B)negative symptoms
C)thought disorders
D)delusions
Q4) Briefly describe the four major categories of antidepressant drugs
Q5) What are the key symptoms of autism spectrum disorders?
Q6) Describe the differences between antagonists and agonists.
Q7) Define major depression.
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Chapter 15: Appendix A: Brief, basic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of the "three Rs" of animal research,reduction refers to minimizing
A)the number of animals used
B)the amount of pain
C)alternative explanations
D)ethical concerns
Q2) In many species,a young male bird learns its song by listening to adult males.Development of the song requires certain genes and the opportunity to hear the appropriate song during a sensitive period early in life.What type of explanation is illustrated here?
A)evolutionary
B)ontogenetic
C)neurological
D)physiological
Q3) A(n)____ is most likely to have a PhD and study the anatomy,biochemistry,or physiology of the nervous system.
A)psychiatrist
B)neuroscientist
C)neurologist
D)neurosurgeon
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