Adult Development and Aging Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Adult Development and Aging explores the psychological, biological, and social processes of adulthood from emerging adulthood through late life. The course examines key theories and research findings on how individuals change and adapt across adult life stages, addressing topics such as cognitive and personality development, physical and mental health, relationships, work, retirement, and coping with loss. Students will analyze factors that influence successful aging, age-related challenges, and the impact of societal attitudes toward aging, integrating concepts from developmental psychology and gerontology.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 5th Canadian Edition by Denise Boyd
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19 Chapters
1981 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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91 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The three broad categories used by developmentalists to classify developmental changes include physical, social, and _______ domains.
A) biological
B) psychological
C) cognitive
D) maturational
Answer: C
Q2) Based on the work of Jean Piaget, which of the following developmental achievements does not belong in a description of children's cognitive development?
A) Children learn through observation of role models and their environment.
B) Children use their senses and motor abilities to explore the world and develop basic concepts of space and time.
C) Children begin to use symbols, such as language, to think and communicate.
D) Children use their logical thinking skills to solve problems in the everyday world.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Q1) A neo-Piagetian developmentalist would explain the development of cognition in children on the basis of
A) increased exposure to social and cultural demands.
B) improved capacity in their short-term memory, which enables problem-solving.
C) their enrollment in preschool or elementary school and exposure to an enriched environment.
D) development through the psychosexual stages.
Answer: B
Q2) The belief in one's own capacity to cause an intended event to occur or to perform a task is known as
A) reciprocal determinism.
B) self-efficacy.
C) modelling.
D) reinforcement.
Answer: B
Q3) Gene expression is controlled through dominant-recessive patterns of inheritance.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Q1) When an egg and a sperm are combined in a petri dish and the resulting embryo is implanted in a woman's uterus, the assisted reproduction technique is known as A) cryptopreservation.
B) artificial insemination.
C) cloning.
D) in vitro fertilization.
Answer: D
Q2) Chronic illness in a mother can affect the prenatal development of her unborn child. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) It is in the ________ stage of labour that the mother pushes and delivery begins. A) third
B) active
C) second
D) first
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Theorists who argue that perceptual abilities are learned are called A) nativists.
B) empiricists.
C) naturalists.
D) primaligists.
Q2) There can be good reasons to warrant a doctor's recommendation for a patient to not breast-feed her child.
A)True
B)False
Q3) An infant's sleep/wake cycle lasts approximately A) 2 hours.
B) 8 hours.
C) 4 to 6 hours.
D) 30 to 45 minutes.
Q4) In the experiment called the "visual cliff" children crawled up to the edge of a cliff while being held back safely by a harness.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Q1) According to Piaget's substages of sensorimotor development, which of the following behaviours would most accurately reflect the ability of a child who is under the age of 1 month?
A) Marvin begins to suck his mother's breast when it is placed in his mouth.
B) When Mary, who has been breast-fed, receives a bottle, she is able to adjust her sucking to the rubber nipple.
C) Reem's toy rattle makes a sound when she hits it on her plate. Now she keeps hitting the plate to hear the sound again and again.
D) Hannah pushes the button on her musical nursery rhyme book, to hear "Mary Had a Little Lamb." She chooses this button over and over again, instead of choosing a different song.
Q2) The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence is one of the best known and most widely used tests of infant intelligence.
A)True
B)False
Q3) "Sst" is a word if a child consistently uses it to refer to her sister.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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Q1) Marko expresses discomfort when he meets his godmother for the first time, so he clings to his mother. This is an example of separation anxiety.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A disorganized/disoriented attachment is likely to occur when the child has been abused.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Your friend Saeed, age 25, says that he often felt like the parent in his family when he was a child. While he tries hard to please his family, he is very angry at his parents for failing to be the parents he needed. Using the terminology psychologists have developed to classify the security or insecurity of an adult's attachment to his parents, Saeed's attachment most likely would be classified as
A) ambivalent
B) dismissing/detached
C) disorganized
D) insecure/dependent and imbalanced
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8
Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) The correlation between children's test scores and their current or later grades in school is strong-about .50 to .60. This means
A) children with high test scores will be more likely to have low grades.
B) children with high test scores will be more likely to have high grades.
C) children with low test scores will be more likely to have high grades.
D) there is no relationship between test scores and grades in school.
Q2) In cases of child maltreatment, mothers are reported to be responsible for the abuse 61% of the time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the first sentences that usually occur when children are around two years of age?
A) They usually include nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
B) They usually include plurals and past tenses.
C) They are usually two to three words.
D) They are created according to rules.
Q4) Food aversions often develop during the preschool years.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behaviour in childhood?
A) Little girls who are tomboys will become adults who have masculinized personalities.
B) Adults may disapprove of boys' cross-gender behaviour because they fear it will lead to homosexuality.
C) Both girls and boys are encouraged to engage in cross-gender behaviour so they will develop well-rounded patterns of gender behaviour.
D) Cross-gender behaviour by girls typically elicits disapproval from adults and peers.
Q2) Prosocial attributions such as "You're such a helpful boy!" help to create an internalized pattern of prosocial behaviour that will persist throughout the individual's lifespan.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The parenting style that is most likely to use inductive discipline is the authoritarian type.
A)True
B)False
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Inductive logic is
A) the ability to use experience to create a general principle.
B) the ability to understand another person's perspective.
C) the understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality of the object.
D) the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome.
Q2) The information-processing view of children's cognitive development in middle childhood includes all of the following components EXCEPT
A) acquisition of automaticity.
B) accommodation of new schemes.
C) increased processing efficiency.
D) expanded expertise.
Q3) During middle childhood, girls have better fine motor coordination than boys because girls' wrists mature more rapidly than boys' wrists.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT something parents can do to help their 6- to 12-year-old move toward more mature levels?
A) say please and thank you
B) play age appropriate games
C) Give meaningful chores
D) punish him or her for being bad
Q2) Any statement that involves an aspect of some internal personality characteristic or trait is called a
A) trait dimension.
B) psychological construct.
C) behavioural comparator.
D) personality type.
Q3) An elementary-school counsellor administers a self-esteem assessment inventory to a group of third graders. She finds that one child has very low self-esteem. This child is at risk for
A) school failure.
B) child abuse.
C) being the victim of aggression.
D) depression.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) If Marta wants to be the best clarinet player in the band, she is motivated by a(n) ________ goal.
A) inductive
B) ability
C) task
D) deductive
Q2) Studies suggest that working more than ________ in paid employment has a negative effect on students' grades and their decisions about risky behaviour.
A) 15-20 hours per week
B) 18-20 hours per week
C) 10-15 hours per week
D) 5-8 hours per week
Q3) The drop in the average age at which girls show secondary sex characteristics such as breast buds and pubic hair can be attributed to
A) increases in protein intake.
B) increased exercise.
C) increased rates of obesity.
D) improved nutrition.
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Q1) One's level of moral reasoning is strongly predictive of moral behaviours or actions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cross-cultural research indicates that Kohlberg's stage sequence is not universal in all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which item is out of place in this list?
A) clique
B) crowd
C) reputation-based group
D) identity prototype
Q4) Ling is planning to go to journalism school because her parents own the local newspaper. She has never considered other options. Ling is at the ________ stage of identity development, according to James Marcia.
A) foreclosure
B) achievement
C) moratorium
D) diffusion
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) The expression to "bite your tongue" in order to keep from putting your "foot in your mouth" is characterized by a cognitive skill that emerges in early adulthood known as response inhibition.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections?
A) multiple sex partners
B) frequent use of drugs or alcohol
C) lack of discussion about sexually transmitted infections
D) decrease in VO<sub>2</sub> max
Q3) Which of the following would you utilize as you quickly and accurately work a cross-word puzzle?
A) encoding skills
B) crystallized intelligence
C) dialectical thought
D) fluid intelligence
Q4) IQ scores typically fluctuate a great deal across the years of adulthood.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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Q1) Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett suggests that the educational, social, and economic demands that modern cultures make on individuals age 17 to 22 has given rise to the need to create a new developmental period he calls
A) transitional adulthood.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) prolonged adolescence.
D) extended adolescence.
Q2) Couple who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by simply avoiding each other are called volatile couples.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Super's exploratory stage of career development, at age 15 to 24, the young person searches to find a fit between their interests, their personality, and the range of available jobs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Divorced or recently separated adults are more likely to become depressed. A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alexander, age 55, believes there is something wrong with the telephone because he is experiencing difficulty hearing his 3-year-old granddaughter's voice when she calls. Alexander should be examined for
A) neuropathy
B) auricularis
C) presbycusis
D) presbyopia
Q2) The recollection of personal events uses semantic memory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Among healthy middle-aged men, performance anxiety is a frequent cause of erectile dysfunction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?
A) high-calcium diet
B) obesity
C) late onset of menopause
D) sedentary lifestyle
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best summarizes the conclusions of research that has attempted to confirm the existence of a mid-life crisis?
A) Serious psychological problems are experienced by most individuals at mid-life.
B) There is little evidence that the stresses and tasks of mid-life are more overwhelming than those of any other age.
C) At mid-life most men experience high levels of inner turmoil, marital or job dissatisfaction, or sense of failure.
D) Most women experience some form of major depression in their 30s or 40s.
Q2) What is the age of peak labour force participation in Canada?
A) 25 to 45
B) 18 to 25
C) 25 to 54
D) 45 to 60
Q3) Men tend to feel depressed when the nest is empty, especially if they feel they are losing their central role as a father.
A)True
B)False
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The health habit that is most important predictor of longevity and health in late adulthood is physical exercise.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Researchers have established that elderly adults generally outperform young and middle-aged adults on tests of prospective memory (tasks that require an individual to remember an event into the future, such as remembering a doctor's appointment).
A)True
B)False
Q3) Older women tend to attempt suicide more often than older men, and they tend to complete the act more often because they choose more violent methods.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ability to taste the four basic flavours (salty, bitter, sweet, and sour) does not appear to decline throughout the lifespan.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the current average age of retirement in Canada?
A) 65
B) 55
C) 58
D) 62
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of ego integrity, as described by Erikson?
A) Mrs. Chiu tells her family that she will die at peace with the world because she has lived a good life and has few regrets.
B) Mrs. Valentino and Mr. Antonczyk had both been widowed for many years and were eager for the love and companionship they could offer each other in their last years.
C) When Mr. Benoit offers advice to his family, he often says, "Don't make the same mistakes I did. I wish I could live my life over."
D) Mr. and Mrs. Li are the unofficial grandparents of many children in their neighbourhood, and their home is always open to any child who needs a hot meal or a caring word.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Death, Dying, and Bereavement
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Q1) Which form of death has occurred in circumstances where rescue is still possible even though there is no evidence of brain function, the heart has stopped, and breathing has stopped?
A) brain death
B) clinical death
C) social death
D) cardiovascular death
Q2) Which of the following is not a typical setting where hospice care may be given?
A) a community drop-in, urgent treatment clinic
B) a hospital
C) a homelike hospice centre
D) a home
Q3) Caring for someone with dementia is physically demanding, but there are no known psychological burdens proven in research.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A person is legally dead if they are clinically dead.
A)True
B)False
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