Adult Development and Aging
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course explores the psychological, social, and biological processes of adult development and aging across the lifespan. Students examine theories and research related to cognitive, emotional, and physical changes in adulthood, with an emphasis on individual differences and cultural influences. Key topics include identity and personality development, relationships, work and retirement, health and wellness, and end-of-life issues. The course also addresses successful aging strategies and the challenges associated with aging populations in contemporary society, preparing students for personal, professional, and societal engagement with adult and older adult populations.
Recommended Textbook
The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals 4th Edition by Patricia C. Broderick
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15 Chapters
532 Verified Questions
532 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Organizing Themes in Developme
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37 Verified Questions
37 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following helpers is most likely to have an implicit "incrementalist" belief about intelligence?
A)A counselor who recommends a strategy of academic skill building for a client who is experiencing academic problems.
B)A therapist who helps the client adjust to the limitations of his academic ability.
C)A school counselor who bases the decision about which career information to provide on the client's intelligence test results.
D)A counselor who develops a program to track elementary school-aged children in classes that reflect their academic achievement.
Answer: A
Q2) Stage theories of development typically describe ____________ changes in behavior,cognition,or social relationships.
A)quantitative
B)incremental
C)qualitative
D)cumulative
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Epigenesis and the Brain: the Fundamentals of Behavioral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In one study,young rats exposed to stress vocalized their anxiety.Their mothers,alerted to this distress,responded with diligent caregiving behavior that altered the development of the hippocampus.Which of the following processes or principles does this example demonstrate?
A)Dominant-recessive gene relationships.
B)Active gene effects.
C)The role of regulator genes in behavior genetics.
D)Epigenesis.
Answer: D
Q2) The available data indicate that chronic maternal stress during pregnancy has which of the following effects on the fetus?
A)No effects
B)Arouses the fetus's own stress response temporarily,but has no lasting effects
C)Is related to newborn hyperactivity and irritability
D)Causes long term psychopathology
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Cognitive Development in the Early
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a rule of thumb,when might an evaluation by a speech pathologist be advisable?
A)If by age 4 the child's language is not understandable to people outside the family.
B)If by age 2 the child is not speaking in complete sentences.
C)If by age 2 the child has a vocabulary of less than 100 words.
D)If by age 3 the child has difficulty articulating "ch" and "sh" sounds.
Answer: A
Q2) The ability to use language to communicate effectively by using well-organized narratives primarily depends upon the development of ____________ skill.
A)phonological
B)semantic
C)pragmatic
D)syntactic
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Emotional Development in the Early Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) The still-face paradigm has been used primarily to study A)emotion regulation in infants.
B)mother-infant attachment.
C)the effects of disciplinary style on self-control.
D)temperament.
Q2) Infants form multiple attachments,to both mother and father and perhaps to a sibling,grandparent,and so on.Which of the following statements is most consistent with available data on the impact of these attachments?
A)The primary attachment usually with the mother)is the only one that is predictive of later development.
B)The good effects of a secure attachment with one parent are canceled by the bad effects of an insecure attachment with the other parent.
C)More than one secure attachment adds value,serving as a further protective factor.
D)No data are available.
Q3) Discuss the possible role of maternal depression in the development of emotion regulation in infants.,
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Chapter 5: The Emerging Self and Socialization in the Early Years
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best represents Mead's contribution to our understanding of self-development?
A)Children use information about the ways others react to them to help construct their sense of self.
B)Children internalize the orientations and values of their families and cultural groups in constructing their sense of self.
C)Children view themselves as good or bad depending upon their parents' aspirations and pretentions.
D)Children develop an agentic self when parents are responsive to their needs.
Q2) Discuss the pros and cons of corporal punishment as a disciplinary method.Why might its effectiveness differ for different cultural groups? What questions remain to be answered about the relationship between culture and disciplinary style? ,
Q3) At what age would a young child typically show self-recognition,the ability to recognize themselves in a mirror?
A)By 10 months.
B)By 13 months.
C)By 18 months.
D)By 3 years.
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Chapter 6: Realms of Cognition in Middle Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following aspects of friendship development does Selman believe is not influenced and informed by a child's perspective taking skills?
A)Friendship understanding.
B)Friendship skills.
C)Friendship valuing.
D)The need for autonomy.
Q2) Wayne is taking a digit span test.When he hears this series of digits,3 9 4 2 6 1 2,he realizes the digits match the ages of people in his family; his mother is 39,his father is 42,his little sister is 6,and he is 12.He decides to remember the series of four ages rather than try to recall each digit separately.Wayne is using a strategy called A)elaboration.
B)chunking.
C)decalage.
D)other-transforming.
Q3) Kuhn 2000)wrote that "to study memories is to study much of cognition and cognitive development." Explain this statement,using examples of the factors which contribute to memory improvement with age to illustrate your points.,
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Chapter 7: Self and Moral Development: Middle Childhood
Through Early Adolescence
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peter,who is an aggressive 11-year-old,is referred to the counselor because of a recent episode of fighting on the bus.When asked to explain what happened,Peter said that he had to sit next to a girl who was laughing with her friend across the aisle about the "stupid kids in school." Enraged by this,Peter pushed her head into the window.Where is the error in Peter's social information processing about this situation?
A)Peter interprets cues incorrectly,and assumes the girls' comments are referring to him.
B)Peter did not clarify his goals in the situation,and assumed the girls' comments are referring to him.
C)Peter did not encode the social information into long-term memory.
D)Peter did not evaluate the girls' comments against what he knows about his behavior.
Q2) The ability to restrain or redirect a strong impulse in order to perform a less-preferred response is called
A)emotional reactivity.
B)positive regulation.
C)conscience-oriented behavior.
D)effortful control
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Gender and Peer Relationships: Middle
Childhood Through Early Adolescence
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37 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Counselors need to recognize that girls' antisocial behavior in late childhood
A)is likely to include non-confrontational relational aggressive behaviors.
B)has not been linked to later anxiety and depression.
C)is unlikely to have long-term negative consequences.
D)are a result of particular challenges faced by girls.
Q2) Suzanna is considered weird by her third grade classmates.She seems to have few social skills.On a sociometric analysis,Suzanna received no positive nominations from her classmates,and a large number of negative nominations.Explain what this sociometric assessment is and what it means.Outline what might be an effective therapeutic approach to Suzanna's difficulties.,
Q3) A child's social preference score is based on ____________,and their social impact scores are based on ____________.
A)positive nominations / positive plus negative nominations
B)positive nominations / negative nominations
C)neutral nominations / positive nominations
D)peer evaluations / teacher evaluations
Q4) Children tend to segregate into single gender play and friendship groups.Explain how such sex segregation might influence the development of sex differences during childhood.Provide clear examples of how this might work.,
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Physical,cognitive,and Identity Developments in Adolescence
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34 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Currently available evidence is strongest for _________ influences on the development of gender identity,and there is no reliable evidence for _________ causes after birth.
A)environmental / genetic
B)psychological / environmental
C)prenatal / environmental
D)peer / parenting
Q2) Pubertal processes begin when certain changes occur in the endocrine system.Which of the following explains the beginning of this process?
A)Sexual development comes under the control of the thyroid.
B)The pituitary begins to stimulate other glands to release hormones into the bloodstream.
C)The adrenal gland influences the growth of secondary sex characteristics.
D)The hypothalamus controls the development of secondary sex characteristics.
Q3) Give three examples of adolescent egocentrism that might be apparent in a counseling situation with an adolescent.,
Q4) What are the characteristics of formal operations and how does this kind of thinking differ from concrete operational thinking? ,
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Social World of Adolescence
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35 Verified Questions
35 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Marla,age 14,decides that she is a good writer because she gets better grades than her friend Jenna on stories she writes for English,she is demonstrating the use of ____________ as part of identity formation.
A)attribute substitution with peers
B)normative crisis management with peers
C)emotional autonomy from peers
D)social comparison with peers
Q2) Mr.and Mrs.Brown have consulted you about their 13-year-old daughter,Joanne.She is not doing as well academically as she always did in elementary school.She seems to be involved with a popular crowd that is quickly moving into sexual experimentation and drug use.Describe the options that Mr.and Mrs.Brown have for helping their daughter navigate her early adolescence,based on available research.,
Q3) Studies of American schools indicate that as children move out of elementary school into middle and junior high schools,instructional practices are characterized more by
A)emphasis on discipline and teacher control
B)emphasis on cooperative learning rather than competition
C)a greater sense of community and caring
D)closer contact with teachers and other staff
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Developments in Young Adults
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36 Verified Questions
36 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Globalization has begun to affect the young adult period in developing nations by
A)increasing the length of time individuals spend in self-exploration before taking on adult responsibilities.
B)decreasing the number of families who can education their children.
C)limiting the occupational and lifestyle options available.
D)decreasing young adults' exposure to a diversity of beliefs and values.
Q2) Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that adulthood is primarily defined
A)by the timing of achievements,such as marriage and parenthood.
B)on the basis of reaching a certain age.
C)on the basis of achieving certain roles,such as marriage and parenthood.
D)on the basis of more subjective judgments of psychological independence.
Q3) Which of the following individuals would most likely be in the reorganizational stage according to Schaie's view of adult adjustment?
A)A 20-year-old carpenter's apprentice.
B)A 25-year-old single mother.
C)A 45-year-old businessman.
D)A 62-year-old truck driver.
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional and Vocational Developments in Young Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the life goals of college and noncollege young adults are compared,which of the following is true?
A)Noncollege youth tend to rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work to be lower priorities than college youth.
B)Noncollege youth tend to rank "making a meaningful contribution" in their work to be a lower priority than college youth.
C)Noncollege and college youth both rank good pay and opportunities for advancement in their work as important goals.
D)Noncollege youth focus much more on family concerns whereas college youth focus much more on work concerns.
Q2) Attachment theory,originally formulated to explain infant-caregiver relationships,has been applied to understanding adult-adult relationships.Outline three ways in which this application can be useful to helping professionals.,
Q3) Explain Erikson's concept of generativity.Which aspects of generativity seem to emerge in early adulthood and which aspects emerge in middle adulthood? What evidence is there for this developmental change? Page 438)
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Middle Adulthood: Cognitive, personality, and Social Development
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36 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In his approach to couples therapy,Gottman encourages couples to recognize relationship problems that are the result of differences in temperament and attitudes
A)growth
B)maintenance or resilience
C)regulation of loss
D)the steady-state model
E)g.,different approaches to money)as chronic and inevitable,much like chronic physical ailments that come on as we get older.This approach is similar to ____________,one of the adaptive mechanisms described by life span developmental theorists.
Q2) In Gottman's 1999)research,which of the following "four horsemen of the apocalypse" behaviors is most predictive of relationship failure?
A)Criticism.
B)Defensiveness.
C)Contempt.
D)Stonewalling.
Q3) Describe the factors that promote stability in adult life and those that promote change.,
Q4) Compare and contrast Erikson's view of midlife with that of Vaillant.,
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Living Well: Stress, coping, and Life Satisfaction in Adulthood
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35 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kindling-behavioral sensitization describes
A)a process of shaping behavior to desired outcomes.
B)a process of increasing sensitivity to stressful triggers.
C)a process that explains how neurobiological factors interact with chemicals in the brain.
D)the measure of total life stresses.
Q2) One thing that both Eastern and Western religions share is that they promote
A)a belief in reincarnation.
B)the regulation of negative or destructive emotions.
C)the cultivation of strong positive emotions.
D)the practice of elaborate public rituals.
Q3) Evan is 52 years old.Recently,he has been reflecting on the unfathomable complexity of ultimate truth and appreciating that even if we have faith in such a truth,it is unknowable.These reflections suggest that Evan has reached which of Fowler's stages of faith development?
A)Stage 3: Synthetic-conventional.
B)Stage 4: Individuative-reflective.
C)Stage 5: Conjunctive.
D)Stage 6: Universalizing.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Gains and Losses in Late Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the process of dealing with loss referred to as "selective optimization with compensation." Provide a clear example of this process at work and specify which aspects of your example illustrate selection,optimization,and compensation.Give examples of questionnaire items that have been used to assess these processes.Page 570)
Q2) When Francesca,age 62,discovered that her retirement plan had suffered losses in the stock market,she realized that she would not be able to retired within the next year as she had expected to do.Francesca began to spend a great deal of time ruminating about her situation,especially about how sad she was that this problem had arisen after she had worked so hard all of her life.Which of the following is an accurate description of Francesca's coping at this point?
A)She is using a problem-focused mechanism.
B)She is using an emotion-focused mechanism.
C)She is using a primary control strategy.
D)She is using no coping strategy.
Q3) What is a dual-process model of the grief process? Explain why the available research indicates that a complex model of this sort is needed.Page 588)
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Page 17