Abnormal Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Abnormal Psychology explores the nature, causes, and treatment of psychological disorders. The course examines patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that deviate from societal norms, discussing their diagnosis, classification, and prevalence. Students analyze various approaches to understanding abnormality, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural perspectives. Major psychological disorders such as anxiety, mood, psychotic, and personality disorders are studied in detail, along with therapeutic interventions and ethical considerations. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and the application of research findings to real-world cases.
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Personality 8th Edition by Jerry M. Burger
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Chapter 1: What Is Personality?
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Q1) Behavioral psychologists try to apply personality research to practical concerns by
A)controlling the way people process information.
B)identifying characteristics of individuals in the workplace.
C)designing environments to increase the frequency of desired behavior.
D)facilitating people in the development of their self-concept.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the four components necessary for the study of personality is characterized by inventories,direct observations,and tests?
A)Research
B)Theory
C)Assessment
D)Application
Answer: C
Q3) Of the following approaches,which ignores inherited influences the most?
A)Cognitive
B)Biological
C)Trait
D)Psychoanalytic
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Personality Research Methods
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Q1) A researcher finds that males make fewer errors than females when working in a competitive situation.However,women make fewer errors than men when working in a cooperative situation.This is an example of A)a confound.
B)two manipulated independent variables.
C)an interaction.
D)a failure to replicate.
Answer: C
Q2) A test is said to have high internal consistency when it yields similar scores each time it is administered to the same people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A formal prediction about the relationship between two or more variables is more commonly called a correlation.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Freudian Theory, Application,
and Assessment
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Q1) The use of ___________ requires an individual to respond to ambiguous stimuli.
A)free association
B)dream analysis
C)projective tests
D)hypnosis
Answer: C
Q2) The case of Anna O.helped Freud develop an early appreciation for
A)dream interpretation.
B)unconscious determinants of behavior.
C)Freudian slips.
D)free association.
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is true about reflexive action?
A)It is used by the ego when the desired object is not available.
B)It disappears when we become adults.
C)It is used by the id and the ego, but not the superego.
D)It is used by the id to satisfy the pleasure principle.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Freudian Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Based on the results of research on humor,under which condition would you expect people to laugh the loudest at a joke?
A)When at an otherwise boring party
B)After finishing a five-mile race
C)After watching an anxiety-provoking film
D)When relaxing
Q2) When Tony was three years old,he experienced a great deal of stress at home. As an adult,his defensive style is likely to rely on
A)mature defense mechanisms.
B)strong defense mechanisms.
C)denial.
D)conscious rather than unconscious strategies.
Q3) One function of dreams that Freud maintained was they provide a safe and healthy outlet for expressing aggressive desires.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and describe the techniques used to increase hypnotic responsiveness. Explain why it can be said that hypnosis is largely a participant variable.
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Chapter 5: The Psychoanalytic Approach: Neo-Freudian
Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Jung identified all but one of the following as a place in which the primordial images in our collective unconscious can surface.Which one?
A)Choice of occupation
B)Psychotic hallucinations
C)Cultural symbols
D)Our dreams
Q2) Which of the following theoretical concepts has been given general support from research using personal narratives?
A)Horney's womb envy
B)Adler's strivings for superiority
C)Fromm's authoritarian religions
D)Erikson's generativity versus stagnation stage
Q3) "God is but an unconscious father figure generated to provide us with feelings of security." Which theorist is most likely to have made this statement?
A)Freud
B)Jung
C)Fromm
D)Adler
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Chapter 6: Neo-Freudian Theories: Relevant Research
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Q1) Sam is facing a difficult midterm exam and is feeling stressed out about it. As the exam date approaches and his anxiety increases,Sam starts thinking about ways to study more effectively. He schedules a large portion of time for active study of the material on the test so that he is prepared. In terms of coping,which of the following is Sam's strategy?
A)Avoidance strategy
B)Emotion-focused strategy
C)Problem-focused strategy
D)Repression strategy
Q2) In one longitudinal study spanning over 20 years,12 month-old infants with a secure attachment style
A)were no more secure in adult romantic relationships than avoidant infants.
B)had fewer close friends and many acquaintances.
C)were more socially competent in elementary school.
D)experienced one deep romance after another.
Q3) Karen Horney agreed with Freud that unconscious conflicts often trigger anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: The Trait Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement,"I am confident in my abilities." Later on the same test she agrees with the statement,"I have doubts about my abilities." This woman's responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem?
A)Faking good
B)Faking bad
C)Social desirability
D)Acquiescence response
Q2) A psychologist collects data from a large number of people.She places each person on a continuum ranging from high to low conscientiousness and makes predictions about how people in the high range will act compared to those in the low range.This psychologist is using which approach to understanding personality?
A)Type approach
B)Nomothetic approach
C)Idiographic approach
D)Common trait approach
Q3) What is meant by using the score on a measure of social desirability to test discriminant validity? List the problems associated with self-report inventories and the logic behind assessment of social desirability.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: The Trait Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Researchers find each of the following statements is true about defensive pessimists except one. Which one?
A)They set low expectations for themselves.
B)They want to fail.
C)They are motivated by the fear of failure.
D)They do better when allowed to worry about an upcoming performance.
Q2) According to some researchers,the reason studies don't always find a relationship between Type A behavior and health problems may be that A)only some of the behaviors within the Type A pattern are related to health problems.
B)researchers are doing a better job of measuring Type A today.
C)people have become aware of the causes of heart attacks in recent years and have taken actions to prevent them.
D)people today are working to reduce stress in their lives.
Q3) What are the differences between introversion and shyness? List all of the characteristics you have learned about social anxiety and discuss the relationship of each one to Freud's original conception of anxiety. From the research presented in the text,contrast between evaluation apprehension as a cause of social anxiety and other possible causes.
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Chapter 9: The Biological Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text,how many general temperaments are there?
A)Three
B)Four
C)Eight
D)Sixteen
Q2) The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people,settings,or challenges is called A)moral anxiety.
B)castration anxiety.
C)anxiety to novelty.
D)neurotic phobia.
Q3) According to evolutionary personality theory,psychological mechanisms
A)evolved because they were needed for survival.
B)helped the species survive and reproduce.
C)are identical in all people.
D)were once useful, but no longer are.
Q4) List and discuss three arguments made by Eysenck for the biological basis of personality. Do they each have merit? State why or why not.
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Chapter 10: The Biological Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following kinds of data provides the weakest scientific evidence for a genetic influence on personality?
A)Twin-study data
B)Similarity between personalities of parents and children raised by their parents
C)Adoption studies data
D)Comparing personalities of twins separated at birth
Q2) According to the parental investment model,women prefer men who are
A)the same age they are.
B)capable of achieving financial security.
C)physically attractive.
D)gentle and sensitive to their needs.
Q3) Researchers use the twin-study method to
A)separate environmental from genetic influences.
B)determine how much of our personality is inherited from our parents.
C)determine how much of our personality is the result of experience.
D)all of these
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Chapter 11: The Humanistic Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) For Abraham Maslow,the turning point in his thinking about human personality came while he was
A)watching a World War II parade.
B)listening to a lecture on psychoanalysis.
C)wondering about the best techniques for therapy.
D)playing in a football game in college.
Q2) Each of the following is an element of humanistic psychology except one. Which one?
A)Personal responsibility
B)Fully functioning persons
C)Personal growth
D)Identity crisis
Q3) All of the following are among the eight components of the optimal experience except one. Which one?
A)One can concentrate only on the task at hand.
B)Satisfaction is received from a task.
C)The activity has clear goals.
D)Attention is absorbed by the activity.
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Chapter 12: The Humanistic Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Which of the following is a contingency of self-worth for some college students?
A)Family support
B)Approval from others
C)Competencies
D)All of these
Q2) Research has shown that men and women are more likely to be accepted when they disclose according to appropriate gender roles in society. For men,this means
A)withholding information for the most part.
B)disclosing information that is misleading or simply false.
C)never revealing anything about one's self.
D)none of these
Q3) Maslow found that self-actualized people tend to
A)enjoy time by themselves.
B)have little interest in other people.
C)spend almost all of their time alone.
D)dislike time alone.
Q4) Distinguish between self-esteem and self-concept. Discuss the specific research findings on self-esteem and reaction to failure. Explain differences in reactions to failures and how this can influence one's feelings of self-worth.
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Chapter 13: The Behavioral/Social Learning Approach:
Theory,Application,and Assessment
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Q1) When the consequence of a behavior increases the behavior's frequency,the consequence is referred to as a response.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Marlene's desk becomes so messy that on occasion she cannot find an important paper she is looking for. After several incidents in which she suffered the consequences of not finding a paper she needed (such as a homework assignment),she learned to organize and straighten her desk.Marlene learned this new behavior through which operant conditioning procedure?
A)Positive reinforcement
B)Negative reinforcement
C)Punishment
D)Extinction
Q3) Explain from where our expectations come for behaviors we have never performed before,according to Bandura. Define self-efficacy and efficacy expectations and give your own examples of mastery experiences and vicarious experiences.
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Chapter 14: The Behavioral Social Learning Approach:
Relevant Research
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Q1) According to the original learned helplessness model,depression begins when people
A)fail at some important task.
B)experience an inability to control important events in their lives.
C)have a series of aversive experiences.
D)lose their motivation to work.
Q2) Male and female participants in one study were left alone to engage in a short conversation.The researchers found the least active and least enjoyable conversations took place when the couple consisted of
A)a masculine male and a feminine female.
B)two feminine people.
C)two masculine people.
D)two androgynous people.
Q3) Describe the circumstances under which people are more likely to imitate aggressive acts. Can it be said with some certainty that viewing aggression increases the likelihood of acting aggressively? For each research finding in support of this assertion state one alternative explanation for the evidence.
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Chapter 15: The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following would most likely be of interest to a theorist from the cognitive approach?
A)The impact of delaying reinforcement on responding
B)The number of words recalled from memory
C)The effect of self-concept on daily mood
D)The best techniques for uncovering unconscious thoughts
Q2) Albert Ellis describes an A-B-C reasoning process that creates unnecessary emotional problems.Which step in this reasoning process does he draw to the client's attention during rational emotive therapy?
A)The activating experience, such as failing a test.
B)The unstated belief, such as "I should be good at everything I do."
C)The emotional consequence, such as depression.
D)The childhood experiences that made the person vulnerable to emotional problems.
Q3) Albert Ellis's goal in rational emotive therapy is to
A)help clients repress negative emotion.
B)teach clients more effective social skills.
C)help clients get in touch with their true emotions.
D)replace clients' irrational beliefs with rational ones.
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Chapter 16: The Cognitive Approach: Relevant Research
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Q1) Depressed and nondepressed participants in one study were given a list of words to recall.The researchers found
A)the nondepressed participants recalled more words.
B)the depressed participants recalled more words.
C)the depressed participants recalled more depression-related words, but the nondepressed participants recalled more of the other words.
D)differences between the two groups of participants only when the depressed participants knew what the researchers were looking for.
Q2) Which of the following have researchers found about negative cognitive style?
A)It is related to depression.
B)Processing filters out positive information.
C)It tends to identify one's problems with specific events.
D)It is a form of negative reinforcement.
Q3) People processing information through a depressive schema have greater access to depressing memories.
A)True
B)False
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