Numéro :0413/ARE/2017
Date :12/06/2017
Product:EXCAVATOR
Model:345BLEXCAVATOR4SS
Configuration:345Band345BLExcavators4SS00001-UP(MACHINE)
OperationandMaintenanceManual
CaterpillarMachineFluidsRecommendations
MediaNumber-SEBU6250-26PublicationDate-01/02/2018DateUpdated-05/10/2017
Foreword
SMCS-1054;108K;1261;1263;1308;5068;7342
Fluids/FiltersRecommendation
LiteratureInformation
Thismanualshouldbestoredintheliteratureholderorintheliteraturestorageareaonthemachine. Immediatelyreplacethismanualiflost,damaged,orunreadable.
Theinformationcontainedinthisdocumentisthemostcurrentinformationavailableforfluid maintenanceandserviceproducts.Specialmaintenanceandserviceproductsmayberequiredfor somemachinecompartments.RefertotheOperationandMaintenanceManualforyourmachinefor themaintenanceandservicerequirements.Read,study,andkeepthismanualwiththeproduct.This manualshouldbereadcarefullybeforeusingthisproductforthefirsttimeandbeforeperforming maintenance.
Wheneveraquestionarisesregardingyourproduct,orthispublication,consultyourdealerforthe latestavailableinformation.
Safety
RefertotheOperationandMaintenanceManualforyourmachineforallsafetyinformation.Read andunderstandthebasicsafetyprecautionslistedintheSafetySection.Inadditiontosafety precautions,thissectionidentifiesthetextandlocationsofwarningsignsusedonthemachine.
ReadandunderstandtheapplicableprecautionslistedintheMaintenanceandOperationSections beforeoperatingorperforminglubrication,maintenance,andrepaironthismachine.
Maintenance
RefertotheOperationandMaintenanceManualforyourmachinetodetermineallmaintenance requirements.
Propermaintenanceandrepairareessentialtokeeptheequipmentandsystemsoperatingcorrectly. Astheowner,youareresponsiblefortheperformanceoftherequiredmaintenancelistedinthe OwnerManual,OperationandMaintenanceManual,andServiceManual.
MaintenanceIntervalSchedule
UsetheMaintenanceIntervalScheduleintheOperationandMaintenanceManualforyourmachine todetermineservicingintervals.Usetheservicehourmetertodetermineservicingintervals.Calendar intervalsshown(daily,weekly,monthly,etc.)canbeusedinsteadofservicehourmeterintervalsif calendarintervalsprovidemoreconvenientservicingschedulesandapproximatetheindicatedservice hourmeterreading.Recommendedserviceshouldalwaysbeperformedattheintervalthatoccurs first.
Underextremelysevere,dusty,orwetoperatingconditions,morefrequentlubricationand/orfilter changesthanisspecifiedinthemaintenanceintervalschartmightbenecessary.
Followingtherecommendedmaintenanceintervalsreducestheriskofexcessivewearandpotential failuresofcomponents.
AftermarketProductsandWarranty
NOTICE
Whenauxiliarydevices,accessoriesorconsumables(filters,oil, additives,catalysts,fuel,etc.)madebyothermanufacturersareused onCatproducts,theCaterpillarwarrantyisnotaffectedsimply becauseofsuchuse.Failuresthatresultfromtheinstallationorusage ofothermanufacturersauxiliarydevices,accessoriesorconsumables, however,arenotCaterpillarfactorydefectsandthereforeareNOT coveredbyCaterpillar'swarranty.
Caterpillarisnotinapositiontoevaluatethemanyauxiliarydevices, accessoriesorconsumablespromotedbyothermanufacturersand theireffectonCatproducts.Installationoruseofsuchitemsisatthe discretionofthecustomerwhoassumesALLrisksfortheeffectsthat resultfromthisusage.
Furthermore,Caterpillardoesnotauthorizetheuseofitstradename, trademark,orlogoinamannerwhichimpliesourendorsementof theseaftermarketproducts.
Copyright1993-2021CaterpillarInc. AllRightsReserved.
ThuSep1612:12:05UTC+05302021
Product:EXCAVATOR
Model:345BLEXCAVATOR4SS
Configuration:345Band345BLExcavators4SS00001-UP(MACHINE)
OperationandMaintenanceManual
CaterpillarMachineFluidsRecommendations
MediaNumber-SEBU6250-26PublicationDate-01/02/2018DateUpdated-05/10/2017
AftermarketOilAdditives
SMCS-1300;1348;7581
Caterpillardoesnotrecommendtheuseofaftermarketadditivesinoil.Itisnotnecessarytouse aftermarketadditivesinordertoachievethemachine'smaximumservicelifeorratedperformance. Fullyformulated,finishedoilsconsistofbaseoilsandofcommercialadditivepackages.These additivepackagesareblendedintothebaseoilsatprecisepercentagesinordertohelpprovide finishedoilswithperformancecharacteristicsthatmeetindustrystandards.
Therearenoindustrystandardteststhatevaluatetheperformanceorthecompatibilityofaftermarket additivesinfinishedoil.Aftermarketadditivesmaynotbecompatiblewiththefinishedoil'sadditive package,whichcouldlowertheperformanceofthefinishedoil.Theaftermarketadditivecouldfailto mixwiththefinishedoil.Thiscouldproducesludge.Caterpillardiscouragestheuseofaftermarket additivesinfinishedoils.
ToachievethebestperformancefromCaterpillarmachines,conformtothefollowingguidelines:
•SelecttheproperCaterpillaroilorselectcommercialoilthatmeetsthespecifications designatedbyCaterpillarforthecompartment.
•Seetheappropriate“LubricantViscositiesforAmbientTemperatures”tableinthispublication inordertofindthecorrectoilviscositygradeforthemachinecompartment.
•Atthespecifiedinterval,servicetheengineorservicetheothermachinecompartments.Use appropriatenewoilandinstallanappropriatenewoilfilter.
•PerformmaintenanceattheintervalsthatarespecifiedintheOperationandMaintenance Manual,"MaintenanceIntervalSchedule".
Copyright1993-2021CaterpillarInc. AllRightsReserved. PrivateNetworkForSISLicensees.
ThuSep1612:15:08UTC+05302021
Product:EXCAVATOR
Model:345BLEXCAVATOR4SS
Configuration:345Band345BLExcavators4SS00001-UP(MACHINE)
OperationandMaintenanceManual
CaterpillarMachineFluidsRecommendations
MediaNumber-SEBU6250-26PublicationDate-01/02/2018DateUpdated-05/10/2017
i07189982 Biodiesel SMCS-1280
NOTICE
Theserecommendationsaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice.Consult yourlocalCatdealerforthemostuptodaterecommendations.
Biodieselisarenewablefuelthatcanbemadefromvegetableoils,animalfat,andwastecookingoil. Soybeanoilandrapeseedoilaretypicallytheprimaryvegetableoilsources.Therawoilsoranimal fatsarechemicallyprocessed(esterified)toformafattyacidmethylester(referredtoasFAME).The esterifiedproduct(FAME)isbiodieselfuelthatcanbeusedincompressionignitionengines.Without thechemicalprocessingreferredtoasesterification,theoi,sorfatsarenotsuitableforuseasfuelin compressionignitionengines.Theoilorfatmustbeesterifiedandthewaterandcontaminants removed.
Fuelmadeof100percentFAMEisreferredtoasB100biodieselorneatbiodiesel.
Biodieselcanbeblendedwithdistillatedieselfuel.Theblendscanbeusedasfuel.Themost commonlyavailablebiodieselblendsareB5,whichis5percentbiodieseland95percentdistillate dieselfuel,andB20,whichis20percentbiodieseland80percentdistillatedieselfuel.The percentagesarevolume-based.
U.S.distillatedieselfuelspecification"ASTMD975"includesuptoB5(5percent)biodiesel.Any dieselfuelintheU.S.maycontainuptoB5biodieselfuelwithoutlabelingthatindicatesbiodiesel content.
Europeandistillatedieselfuelspecification"EN590"includesuptoB5(5percent)biodieselandin someregionsuptoB7(7percent)biodiesel.AnydieselfuelinEuropemaycontainuptoB5orin someregionsuptoB7biodieselfuelwithoutlabelingthatindicatesbiodieselcontent.
BiodieselfuelthatisperCaterpillarandIndustryrecommendedspecifications(RefertoTable2in thisChapter)offersthefollowingadvantages:
•Renewablefuel,nontoxic,andbiodegradable
•Reducestailpipeparticulatematter(PM),hydrocarbon(HC),andcarbonmonoxide(CO) emissionsfrommostmoderndieselengines
•Highlubricity,hencereducesfriction
•Highcetanenumber
BiodieselatB5blendlevelhasthesameattributesasdieselfuel.AtblendlevelsoverB5,biodiesel hasthefollowingattributesthatrequiremanagement:
•Energydensity.AtB100,biodieselhasabout8%lowerenergydensitythandieselfuel.AtB20 orlowerblendlevels,theenergydensitydifferencefromdieselfuelisnotsignificant.
•Oxidationstability,storagestability,coldtemperatureproperties,andmaterialscompatibility. Someoftheseattributesarecontrolledbythespecifications.
•Tendencytodissolveandabsorbwater,whichishigherthanthatofdieselfuel.
•Metalcontent.Biodieselcancontaincertainmaterialsnaturallyorduetoprocessing (phosphorus,sodium,calcium,potassium,andmagnesium).Themaximumlevelsofthese materialsarecontrolledbytheappropriatespecifications.
•Contaminantscontentduetoincompleteesterificationorpurifyingprocess.Thesecontaminants mayincludeglycerides,monoanddiesters,sterolglucosides,andothers.
MeetingspecificationsasdetailedinthisChapterisparamountforbiodieselfuelusedinengines,to avoidperformanceissuesandenginedowntime.
RefertoguidelinesgiveninthisChapterandtoTables2and4forthebiodieselfuelrequirementsand specifications.
Note:Theuseroftheenginehastheresponsibilityofusingthecorrectfuelthatisrecommendedby themanufacturer.ThefuelmustbeallowedbytheU.S.EPAandotherappropriateregulatory agencies.
NOTICE
InNorthAmerica,theuseofbiodieselfrom"BQ-9000"accredited producersand"BQ-9000"certifiedmarketersisrequired.Refertothe “Recommendations”sectionfordetails.
FailuresthatresultfromtheuseofanyfuelarenotCaterpillarfactory defects.Therefore,thecostofrepairwouldNOTbecoveredbythe Caterpillarwarrantyformaterialsand/orthewarrantyfor workmanship.
RecommendationsfortheUseofBiodieselinCaterpillar NonroadEngines
Tobeacceptableforblending,thebiodieselconstituentmustmeettherequirementsthatarelistedin Table4,“CaterpillarSpecificationforBiodieselFuel”,thelatesteditionof"ASTMD6751",and/or thelatesteditionof"EN14214".
BiodieselblendsofuptoB5mustmeettherequirementsforthedistillatedieselfuelthatarelistedin Table51,“CaterpillarSpecificationforDistillateDieselFuelforNonroadDieselEngines”,thelatest editionof"ASTMD975",and/orthelatesteditionof"EN590".
Note:CaterpillarrecommendationsformostengineshavebeenchangedtoB20fromhistorically higherblendlevel.Thischangewasduetothedevelopmentof"ASTMD7467"or"EN16709" specificationforB6-B20,whichdefinesqualityrequirementsforB6-B20blendsofbiodiesel.This specificationhelpscustomerstodefinethefuelquality.Refertothedetailedrequirementsgivenin thisSection.
BiodieselblendsofB6toB20mustmeettherequirementslistedinthelatesteditionof"ASTM D7467""EN16709"(B6toB20)andmustbeofanAPIgravityof30-45.
Thedistillatedieselfuelacceptableforblendingwithbiodieselshouldbethe“Caterpillar SpecificationforDistillateDieselFuelforNonroadDieselEngines”tableinthe"DistillateDiesel Fuel"sectionofthisSpecialPublication,thelatesteditionof"ASTMD975",and/orthelatestedition of"EN590".No.1-DandNo.2-Dareexamplesoffuelsthatareacceptableforcreatingbiodiesel fuel.Referto“FuelSpecifications”ChapterinthisSpecialPublicationfordetails.
ForTier4applicationsintheU.S.,thedieselfuelportionofthefinalblendmustmeetthe requirementsofS15fuels(15ppmsulfur)designationsinthelatesteditionof"ASTMD975" specification.ForStageIIIBandlaterapplicationsinEU,thedieselfuelportionofthefinalblend mustmeettherequirementsforsulfurfree(10ppmsulfur)designationinthelatesteditionof"EN 590".Thefinalblendmusthavemaximumof15ppmsulfur.
InNorthAmerica,obtainbiodieselfromBQ-9000accreditedproducersandBQ-9000certified marketers.LookfortheBQ-9000biodieselqualityaccreditationprogramcertificationlogothatis availabletodistributorsthatmeettherequirementsofBQ-9000.Inotherareasoftheworld,theuseof biodieselthatisBQ-9000accreditedandcertified,orthatisaccreditedandcertifiedbyacomparable
biodieselqualitybodytomeetsimilarbiodieselqualitycontrolstandards,isrequired.Formore informationontheBQ-9000program,goto:
http://www.BQ-9000.org
Table1
RecommendationsforBiodieselFuelApplicationinCaterpillarNonroadEngines(1)
Production year/Tier/Stage
Tier2/StageIIorearlier EmissionsRegulations, Engineswithout aftertreatmentdevices
Engineswithaftertreatment devices
Enginemodel
3003-3034,3044,3046,3054,3056,3064, and3066,3054C(mechanical),3054E (electronic)and3056E(electronic). C0.5,C0.7,C1.1,C1.5,C1.6,C2.2,C3.4, CertainC4.4(S/N44400001-04303), CertainC6.6(S/NCE600001-14623 (Machines),andS/N66600001-09015 (Industrial))
C2.4,C3.3BC3.8,
Biodieselacceptable blendlevels
UptoB5(2)
Engineswithout aftertreatmentdevicesC1.3,C1.7,C1.8,C2.4,C2.6,C3.3B,C3.4UptoB20
Engineswithaftertreatment devices ACERTengines:C3.4B,C4.4,C6.6,C7.1, C9.3,C13,C15,C18,C27,andC32
C0.5throughC2.2(1)
Allyears,exceptforthe enginemodelslistedabove
Allyears
CertainC4.4ACERT(S/NC4E05524-Up (Machines)and44404304-Up(Industrial)), C4.4(Mechanical),C6.4,andcertainC6.6 ACERT(S/NCE614624-Up(Machines) and66609016-Up(Industrial))
3114,3116,3126,3176,3196,3208,3306 3406,3408,3412,3456,3406E,3408E, 3412E,3500Series,and3600Series
C-9,C10,C-12,C-15,C-16,C-18,C280 Series,CM20,CM25,andCM32 ACERTengines(1) C7,C9,C9.3,C11,C13,C15,C18,C27, C32,andC175
UptoB20
UptoB20(Foruseof higherblendlevelsup toB100,consultyour Catdealer)
UptoB20(Foruseof higherblendlevelsup toB100,consultyour Catdealer)
(1)EURegulationsrequirethebiodieselblendsusedinStageVenginesoperatedwithintheEuropeanUnion(EU)to containnomorethan7%v/vFAMEunlessspecifiedotherwiseintheengine-specificOperationandMaintenance Manual.
(2)UptoB7canbeusedintheseengines.B7hastobepertherecommendationsgiveninthisBiodieselFuelChapter.
UptoB5(2)
This is the sample of the manual Click on the download link for complete Manual
BiodieselBlendStock FinalBlend
Catbiodieselspecification, (1)"ASTMD6751"or "EN14214"
B5andB7;Catdistillatediesel fuelspecification,(2)"ASTM D975"or"EN590"
B20:"ASTMD7467"or"EN 16709"and"API"gravity30-45
DistillateDieselFuelusedfor blending
Catdistillatedieselfuel specification,"ASTMD975" or"EN590"
(1)RefertoTable+=‾‾‾˘intheBiodieselsectionofthisSpecialPublication.
(2)Referto“CatSpecificationforDistillateDieselFuelforOn-HighwayEngines”intheFuelsectionofthisSpecial Publication.
Note:Donotchangeanyenginesettingswhenusingbiodieselfuel.Whentheuseofbiodieselfuelis planned,simplyconverttothisfuel.Followtheguidelines,recommendations,andquality specificationsgiveninthisChaptertoavoidanyperformanceissuesordowntime.
Twomethodscanbeusedfordeterminingthevolumepercentbiodieselinabiodieselblend:
•"ASTMD7371"-"TestMethodforDeterminationofBiodiesel(FattyAcidMethylEsters) ContentinDieselFuelOilUsingMidInfraredSpectroscopy(FTIR-ATR-PLSMethod)"
•"EN14078"-"LiquidPetroleumProducts-Determinationoffattyacidmethylesters(FAME) inmiddledistillates-Infraredspectroscopymethod"
Forapplicationsrunningbiodieselorbiodieselblends,iffueltreatmentsareneeded,consultwithyour fuelsupplierorwithareputableprovider.:
ImpactofBiodieselonEngineOil
Biodieselfuelhashigherdensityandlowervolatilitythandieselfuels.Asaresult,duringengine operation,biodieselfuelthatdilutesthecrankcaseoilmaynotevaporateaseffectivelyasdieselfuels. Forthisreason,fueldilutionofcrankcaseoilsmaybehigherwhenbiodiesel,inparticularwhen higherblendsofbiodieselareused.
Also,biodieselcontainsoxygenmolecules.Theseoxygenmoleculescannotbedifferentiatedfromoil oxidationwhenusingcurrentoilanalysistechniques.Asaresult,biodieselfueldilutionofthe crankcaseoilcanappeartobehigheroxidationoftheoil.
Whenusingbiodieselfuelandhigherfueldilutionand/orapparentoiloxidationaredetectedinthe crankcaseengineoil,consideralltheothercharacteristicsoftheusedoilIfthesecharacteristics,such aswearmetals,soot,viscosityorothers,areperCaterpillarguidelinesandhavenotreached condemnationlimits,thentheoildrainintervalsshouldnotbeimpacted.
Toreduceanypotentialimpactofbiodieselfueldilutiononcrankcaseoil,theuseofCatS·O·S ServicesoilanalysisisstronglyrecommendedwhenuptoB20(20percent)andlowerbiodiesel
blendsareused,andrequiredwhenusingbiodiesel/biodieselblendsthatareB20orabove. Whenrequestingoilanalysis,besuretonotethelevelofbiodieselbeingused(B5,B20,andsoon).
UseofBiodieselfuelinEngineswithAftertreatmentEmissions ControlSystems
BiodieselfuelsasdefinedinthecurrentASTMspecifications,maycontainphosphorous,alkaliand alkalinemetals(sodium,potassium,calcium,andmagnesium)duetoprocessingtechniquesordueto thenaturalcontentsofthebiodieselfeedstock.Whenpresentinbiodiesel,thesemetalsformashupon combustionintheengi.e.TheashaccumulatesintheaftertreatmentsystemssuchasDiesel ParticulateFilters(DPF),DOCorothersystems.Theashcanaffectthelifeandperformanceof aftertreatmentemissionscontroldevicesandmaycausetheneedformorefrequentashservice intervals.Forthesereasons,biodieselfuelsthatcontainashformingmetals,evenattheconcentration levelsdefinedinthecurrentspecifications,arelimitedtoB20blendlevelsintheengineswith aftertreatmentdevices.
Localandregionalregulationsmayalsorestricttheblendlevelsallowedinenginesofcertain emissionslevels.EUStageVregulationsREQUIREthebiodieselblendsusedinenginesoperated specificOperationandMaintenanceManual.
BiodieselFuelStability
Biodieselfuelskeydifferencefromdieselfuelistheesterchemicalgroup(containstwooxygen atoms)ineverybiodieselmolecule.Biodieselmayalsohavedoublebonds(unsaturation)inthe carbonchainthatcanvarybasedonthefeedstock.Duetotheesterchemicalgroupandthe unsaturation,theoxidationstabilityofbiodieselfuelsistypicallylowerthanthatofdieselfuel.The oxidationstabilityofbiodieselandbiodieselblendsiscontrolledinASTMspecifications,"D6751" forB100and"D5467"forB20.Biodieselfuelsthatdonotconformtothesespecificationscanoxidize quicklyduringuseduetothehightemperatureandpressureconditionsintheengineorduringstorage andhandlingpractices.Oxidizedbiodieselformsacids,gums,highviscosityanddeposits,whichcan plugfilters,formdeposits,particularlyinthefuelinjector,andreducetheperformanceoffuel systems.Biodieselfuelsmeetingorexceedingtheoxidationstabilitylimitsiscriticaltoavoidpoor performanceanddowntimeofengines.
Toavoidtheissuesassociatedwithoxidizedbiodieselfuel,alwayspurchasefuelsthatconformtoor exceedthespecifications(refertoTables54and56inthisChapter).Also,followalltheguidelines forappropriatestorageandhandlingofthisfuelsuchasavoidingexcessiveheatandsunlightduring storage,exposuretooxygen(air),contactwithmetalssuchascopper,lead,tin,zinc,andothers.The useofantioxidantscanimprovetheoxidationstabilityofbiodieselfuel.Theantioxidantsaremost effectivewhenaddedtonewfuels.Consultwithyourfuelsuppliertoensurethequalityofthefuel andrefertothedetailsgiveninthischapterforguidance.
CatDieselFuelSystemCleaner(Partnumber343-6210).Cat,usedasneededoronanon-going basis,ismosteffectiveatcleaningandpreventingtheformationoffuel-relateddeposits.
Refertothe“DieselFuelConditioner”and“CatDieselFuelSystemCleaner”topicsinthe“Distillate DieselFuel”sectioninthisSpecialPublicationforadditionalinformation.ConsultyourCaterpillar
dealerforavailabilityofCatDieselFuelSystemCleaner.Incaseafuelconditionerisneededto improvecertainfuelproperties,consultwithyourfuelsupplierorwithareputableprovider.
BiodieselFuelStorage
Storagetanksusedforstoringdieselfuelareappropriateforstoringbiodieselfuels.Fuelstoragetanks needtobecleanedthoroughlybeforeconvertingtobiodiesel/biodieselblends.Conversionto biodiesel/biodieselblendscanloosenfuelsystemandfuelstoragetankdeposits.Looseneddeposits resultinfilterpluggingwiththelooseneddeposits.Forthisreason,thechangeintervalsofbulktank continuousfiltrationunit,dispensingpointfilters,andonboardenginefiltersshouldbeshortenedfor anextendedperiodtoallowforthiscleaningeffect.Oncethesystemsarecleaned,thetypicalfilter serviceintervalscanberesumed.
Biodieselfuelishygroscopic,whichimpliesthatbiodieseltendstoabsorbanddissolvewaterata higherconcentrationthandiesel.Allprecautionsandmeasuresmustbetakentoensurethatstorage tanksareprotectedfromwateringress.Followallthecontaminationcontrolmeasuresprovidedinthe "ContaminationControl"sectionofthisSpecialPublication.
Guidelines
Informationprovidedinthistablereferstobiodieselandbiodieselblendsthatfullycomplywiththe appropriatespecificationsasdescribedinthe“Biodiesel”sectionofthisSpecialPublicationandto handlingandmaintenanceproceduresthatfollowrecommendedguidelines.
Table3
(1)InformationprovidedinthisTablereferstobiodieselandbiodieselblendsthatfullycomplywiththeappropriate specificationsasdescribedinthe"Biodieselsection"ofthisSpecialPublicationandtohandlingandmaintenance proceduresthatfollowrecommendedguidelines.
(2)Testingofbiodieselorbiodieselblendduringstorageisstronglyrecommended.Testsshouldincludeoxidation,acid number,viscosityandsediments.Testsshouldbeconductedperiodicallytoensurebiodieselisperspecification. Antioxidantsarerecommendedtoimprovestabilityofbiodiesel.Consultwithyourfuelsupplierformoreinformation.
(3)TestingofB20blendsisrecommendedat4monthsofstorageandonamonthlybasisthereafter.Testsshouldinclude oxidation,acidnumber,viscosity,andsediments.
(4)B100storedforover2monthsshouldbetestedevery2weekstoensurethatthefuelisnotdegraded.Testsshould includeoxidation,acidnumber,viscosity,andsediments.TheuseofappropriateadditivesisrequiredifB100isstored morethan4months.Consultyourfuelsupplierformoreinformation.B100shouldbestoredattemperaturesof3 degreesCto6degreesC(5degreesFto10degreesF)abovethecloudpoint.
(5)IfB20isusedinenginesoflimitedoperationaltime,itisrecommendedthatastabilizeradditiveisaddedatthe beginningofthestorageperiod.Testingisrecommendedperiodicallytoensurethefuelhasnotoxidized.
ThefollowingaredetailsoftheRisksandGuidelineslistedinTable3.Refertotheparagraph referencenumbers:
1.Whenusingbiodieselfuel,dilutionofoilbythefuelmayincrease.UseS·O·SServicesoil analysistomonitortheconditionoftheengineoil.S·O·SServicesoilanalysiswillalsohelp determinetheoilchangeintervalthatisoptimum.DetailsaregivenearlierinthisChapter.
2.Confirmwiththefiltermanufacturerthatthefuelfilter/filterstobeusedarecompatiblewith biodiesel.Fuelwaterseparatorsarepreferredwhenbiodieselisused.
Note:CatfuelfiltersandCatfuelwaterseparatorsarecompatiblewithbiodieselfuel.
3.Conversiontobiodieselcanloosenfueltanksandfuelsystemdeposits.Duringtheconversion periodfuelfilterchangeintervalsshouldbeshortenedtoallowforthiscleaningeffect.Oncethe depositsareremoved,convertbacktotheregularfilterserviceintervals.Filterchangeinterval of50hoursorlessmaybeexpectedduringinitialconversiontoB20biodieselblend.
4.Filterbiodieselandbiodieselblendsthroughafuelfilterwitharatingof4microns(c)absolute orless.Filtersshouldbeonthedevicethatdispensesthefuelfromthebulkstoragetanktothe fueltankfortheengine.Bulkfiltrationwithfuelwaterseparatorsarerecommended.Series filtrationisrecommended.
5.Neatbiodiesel(B100)typicallyprovideslessenergypergalloncomparedtodieselfuels.The energycontentofB100is5percentto8percentlowerthanNo.2dieselfuel.Theenergy contentofB20is1percentto2percentlowerthanNo.2dieselfuel,whichisnotsignificant. DoNOTattempttochangetheengineratingtocompensateforthepowerloss.Any adjustmentstotheengineinservicemayresultinviolationofemissionsregulationssuchasthe U.S.EPAanti-tamperingprovisions.Also,ifanytemperingwiththeengineratingsoccurs, problemsmayoccurwhentheengineisconvertedbackto100percentdistillatedieselfuel.
6.Compatibilityoftheelastomerswithbiodieselisbeingmonitored.Prolongedexposureof certainelastomers,hoses,seals,andgasketstoB100maycausesomedegradationandsoftening ofthesematerials.Theconditionofgaskets,seals,andhosesshouldbemonitoredregularly. Theriskofdegradationincreaseswiththeincreaseofbiodieselblendlevel.
a.Ingeneral,Catenginesbuiltearlytomid-90suseVitonsealsandVitonO-ringsinthe fuelsystem.Vitoniscompatiblewithbiodieselanddegradationuponexposuretothis fuelisnotexpected.
b.Nitrilehosestypicallyusedinsomefueltransferlinesarenotcompatiblewithbiodiesel. Monitortheconditionofthehosesandconfirmwiththehosemanufacturerthatthehoses arecompatiblewiththebiodieselblendused.Ifnecessary,replacewithhosesof compatiblematerials.
7.Biodieselfuelsmaygelorfreezeatlowtemperaturesduetothenatureofthisfuel.Ensurethat thebiodieselpourpointisappropriatefortheclimateoftheapplication.Ingeneraltheriskof lowtemperaturegellingofbiodieselincreaseswiththeincreaseofblendlevelsandmaydepend onthebiodieselfeedstock(soy,usedcookingoil,animalfats,andothers).Ifthepourpointof thebiodieselisnotappropriatefortheclimateoftheapplication,thefuelcangelandplug filters,hosesandtransferlines.Atlowambienttemperatures,biodieselfuelmayneedtobe storedinaheatedbuildingoraheatedstoragetank.Consultyourbiodieselsupplierfor assistanceintheblendingandattainingofthepropercloudpointforthefuel.Referto "ModifyingtheCloudPoint"inthe"DieselFuel"SectionofthisSpecialPublication.
Note:Theperformanceofcoldflowimproversmaybelesseffectiveinbiodieselfuelcompared todieselfuel.Consultthefuelsupplierforappropriatecoldflowimproversifneeded.
8.Biodieseloxidationstabilityisingenerallowerthanthatofdieselfuel,asdetailedearlierinthis Chapter.Theuseofbiodieselfuelsthatarenotperspecificationscanacceleratefueloxidation inthefuelsystem.Also,engineswithanelectronicfuelsystemoperateathighertemperatures andpressurescanalsoacceleratefueloxidation.Oxidizedfuelcanformdepositsinfuel injectionsystemsandinfuelsystemsingeneral.Alwaysusebiodieselfuelthatmeetsor exceedsthestabilitylimitsdefinedinbiodieselspecificationsasgiveninthisChaptertoavoid fueloxidationanddegradation.Theuseofappropriateantioxidantscanenhanceoxidation stabilityofbiodiesel.Referto“BiodieselFuelStability”sectionofthischapterfordetailsand guidelines.
9.Duetothechemicalnatureofbiodieselfuel,biodieselcanageanddegradeduringlong-term storage.Fuelagingandfueloxidationuponlong-termstoragemaycausetheformationofgels, acidsand/ordeposits.Forthesereasons,biodieselshouldbeusedwithinalimitedtimefrom production.Toensureappropriatestorageduration,testingofthestoredbiodieselis recommended.Testsshouldincludeoxidation,acidnumber,viscosity,andsediments.Tests
shouldbeconductedperiodicallytoensurethatbiodieselisperspecification.Antioxidantsare recommendedtoimprovestabilityofbiodieselandincreasethestoragetimelimits.Incasea fuelconditionerisneededtoimprovecertainfuelproperties,consultwithyourfuelsupplieror withareputableprovider.
a.B20biodieselblendcangenerallybestoredupto8months.TestingofB20blendsis recommendedat4monthsofstorageandonamonthlybasisthereaftertoensurethatthe fuelhasnotdegraded.
b.B100biodieselcangenerallybestoredupto4months.TestingofB100isrecommended at2monthsofstorageandeverytwoweeksthereaftertoensurethatthefuelhasnot degraded.TheuseofappropriateadditivesisrequiredifB100isstoredformorethan4 months.Consultyourfuelsupplierformoreinformation.
c.B100shouldbestoredattemperaturesof3°Cto6°C(5°Fto10°F)abovethecloud point.Otherstorageconditionssuchasavoidingdirectsunlightorheatshouldbe followed.
10.Duetolimitedoxidationstabilityandotherpotentialissues,engineswithlimitedoperational time(suchasseasonaluseincludingschoolbuses,farmmachinery,orstandbypower generation)shouldeithernotusebiodiesel/biodieselblendsor,whileacceptingsomerisk,limit biodieseltoamaximumofB5.Examplesofapplicationsthatshouldlimittheuseofbiodiesel arethefollowing:StandbyGeneratorsetsandcertainemergencyvehicles.Formore information,refertothe“SeasonalOperation”section.
a.Ahighperformancefuelconditionerisrecommendedforstandbygeneratorsetsand emergencyvehiclesusingbiodiesel/biodieselblends.Theconditionershouldbeadded whentheengineisfueledorasearlyaspossiblewhenthefuelisdeliveredandstored. Preferably,theconditioneroradditiveshouldbeaddedassoonaspossibleafterthefuel isproduced.
b.Forstandbygeneratorsetsandemergencyvehiclesthatusebiodiesel,samplethefuelin theenginetankmonthly.Testthefuelforacidnumberandoxidationstability.Ifthetest resultsshowthatthefuelisdegradedandnotinspecification(providedinTable4inthis “Biodiesel”section),drainthetank,andflushtheenginebyrunningwithhigh-quality fuel.
Repeattheprocessuntilthesystemisclean.Refillwithhigh-qualityfuelfollowingthe recommendationsprovidedinthis“Fuel”section.Forstandbygeneratorsetsand emergencyvehiclesthatusebiodiesel,usefuelwithoxidationstability10hoursormore per"EN14112"testmethod.
11.Biodieselispronetomicrobialcontaminationandgrowthduetothechemicalnature.Microbial contaminationandgrowthcancausecorrosioninthefuelsystemandprematurepluggingofthe fuelfilter.Consultyoursupplieroffuelandadditiveforassistanceinselectingappropriateantimicrobialadditives.
12.Biodieselcanabsorbanddissolvemorewaterthandieselduetothechemicalnature.Caremust betakentopreventwaterfromcontaminatingthefuelandtoremovewaterfromfueltanks. Wateracceleratesmicrobialcontaminationandgrowth.
13.Biodieselisnotcompatiblewithsomemetals.Biodiesel,inparticularatblendshigherthan B20,willoxidizeandformsedimentsuponlong-termcontactwithlead,zinc,tin,copper,and copperalloyssuchasbrassandbronze.Thesematerialsaretypicallynotusedinthefuels systems.Consultyourdealerformoreinformation.
Note:TheuseofbiodieselataB2levelimprovesthelubricityofthefinalblendbyanestimated66 percent.IncreasingtheblendlevelhigherthanB2doesnotimprovethelubricityanyfurther.
Note:Useofbiodieselthatisperorpreferablyexceedsthespecificationscanavoidtheissueslisted aboveandreducetheriskslistedabove.
SeasonalOperation
Seasonallyoperatedenginesshouldhavethefuelsystems,includingfueltanks,flushedwith conventionaldieselfuelbeforeprolongedshutdownperiods.Applicationsthatshouldseasonallyflush thefuelsystemincludeschoolbuses(U.S.)andfarmmachinery.
Performthefollowingprocessbeforeshuttingdowntheengineforprolongedperiods:
1.Operatetheengineuntilthefuellevelinthetankislow.
2.Refillthefueltankwithhigh-qualityconventionaldistillatedieselfuel.
3.Repeatsteps1and2aminimumoftwotimesbeforetheengineisshutdownforprolonged periods.
Ifdistillatefuelisnotavailabletooperatetheengineasdescribedabove,whileacceptingsomerisk, limitbiodieseltoamaximumofB5.Theuseofbiodieselfuelofhighoxidationstabilitycanreduce therisksassociatedwithprolongedstorage.Followtherecommendationsprovidedinthissectionand theguidelinesgivenbelowtoreducetherisk:
•Additionofahighperformancedieselfuelconditionerisrecommendedpriortoengine shutdownforprolongedperiods.Theconditionershouldbeaddedwhentheengineisfueled. Preferably,theconditionerisaddedtothefuelassoonaspossibleafterthefuelproduction.
•AdditionofCaterpillarDieselFuelSystemCleaner,partnumber343-6210,isrecommended whentheengineisfirstoperatedaftertheprolongedshutdownperiodandpreferablyforatotal oftwotanksoffuel.FollowtherecommendationsprovidedintheCaterpillarDieselFuel SystemCleanersectioninthe“Fuel”articleinthisSpecialPublication.
ConsultyourCaterpillardealerfortheavailabilityofCaterpillarDieselFuelSystemCleaner.Incase afuelconditionerisneededtoimprovecertainfuelproperties,consultwithyourfuelsupplierorwith areputableprovider
BiodieselSpecification
Biodieselfuelusedthatisusedforblendingmustmeettherequirementsinthefollowingtable,the requirementsofASTM"D5761"and/or"EN14214".
Thefinalblendofbiodieselasusedintheenginemustmeettherequirementsthatarestatedintable4 this“Biodiesel”article.
B100intendedforblendingintodieselfuelthatisexpectedtogivesatisfactoryvehicleperformanceat secondsmaximum.Passing"ASTMD6751"200secondsColdSoakFilterabilitytestlimitdoesnot guaranteecoldperformanceforallbiodieselblendsatallpossiblefueltemperatures,butbiodieselthat failsthisColdSoakFilterabilitytestrequirementwillproducebiodieselblendsthatwilllikelyplug
FlashPoint"ASTMD93""ISO3679"
PourPoint -Summer -Winter "ASTMD97""ISO3016"
6°C(10°F)minimum belowambient temperature
CloudPoint"ASTM D2500" °C Report
SulfurContent"ASTM D5453" "ISO20846" "ISO20884"percentweight0.0015maximum
Distillation 10percent Evaporation "ASTMD86""ISO3405"°C ToBeDetermined
Distillation 90percent Evaporation "ASTMD86""ISO3924"
CarbonResidue, Conradson(CCR) "ASTM D4530""ISO10370"percentweight0.05maximum
CetaneNumber"ASTMD613""ISO5165" 45minimum
SulfatedAsh"ASTM D874" "ISO3987"percentweight0.02maximum
Water/Sediment Content "ASTM D2709""ISO12937"percentvolume0.05maximum
CopperCorrosion"ASTMD130""ISO2160" No.1
OxidationStability"EN14112""EN14112"hours 3minimum
Esterification"EN 14103""EN14103"percentvolume97.5minimum
AcidValue"ASTM D664""EN14104"mgKOH/g0.5maximum
MethanolContent"EN14110""EN14110"percentweight0.2maximum
Monoglycerides"ASTMD6584""EN14105"percentweight0.8maximum
Diglycerides"ASTMD6584""EN14105"percentweight0.2maximum
Triglycerides"ASTMD6584""EN14105"percentweight0.2maximum
FreeGlycerin"ASTMD6584""EN14105"percentweight0.02maximum
TotalGlycerin"ASTMD6584""EN14105"percentweight0.240maximum
PhosphorusContent"ASTMD4951""EN14107"percentweight0.001
Calciumand Magnesiumcombined "EN 14538""EN14538"ppm 5maximum
SodiumandPotassium combined "EN 14538""EN14538"ppm 5maximum ColdSoak Filterability "ASTM D7501"--seconds360maximum Cleanliness"ASTM D7619""ISO4406"-- (1)
(1)Recommendedcleanlinesslevelforfuelasdispensedintomachineorenginefueltankis"ISO18/16/13"orcleaner per"ISO4406"or"ASTMD7619".Refertothe“ContaminationControl”sectioninthisSpecialPublication.
Note:Fuelsthatmeetthemostcurrentrevisionlevelof"ASTMD6751"or"EN14214"maybeused forblendingwithanacceptabledistillatefuel.Theconditions,recommendations,andlimitsthatare notedinthisBiodieselsectionapply.
ReferencedDocuments
Refertothe“ReferenceMaterial-Fuel”sectionofthisSpecialPublicationforthereferencematerial fortheinformationinthissection.
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OperationandMaintenanceManual
CaterpillarMachineFluidsRecommendations
MediaNumber-SEBU6250-26PublicationDate-01/02/2018DateUpdated-05/10/2017
CharacteristicsofDieselFuel
SMCS-1250;1280
Viscosity
i06747137
Theviscosityofthefuelissignificantbecausethefuelservesasalubricantforfuelsystem components.Fuelsneedtohavesufficientviscosity.Thefuelmustlubricatethefuelsysteminboth extremelycoldandinextremelyhottemperatures.
Fuelsofimproperviscosityresultinpooratomizationandspraypatternwheninjected,whichcause poorcombustionandlossofperformance.Ifthekinematicviscosityofthefuelislowerthan1.4cSt assuppliedtothefuelinjectionpumportotheunitinjectors,excessivescuffingandseizurecan occur.Ifthefuelviscosityistoohigh,thefuelmaycausehighfuelpumpresistance,negatively impacttheinjectorspraypattern,andmaycausefilterdamage.
Fordistillatefuelconfiguredengines,Caterpillarrecommendsafuelviscosityasdeliveredtorotary fuelinjectionpumpsofbetween1.4cStand4.5cSt,andbetween1.4cStand20cStforallotherfuel injectionpumps.
Ifafuelwithalowviscosityisused,coolingofthefuelmayberequiredtomaintain1.4cStorgreater viscosityatthefuelinjectionpump.Fuelswithahighviscositymightrequireheaterstolowerthe viscositytoeither4.5cStorlessforrotaryfuelinjectionpumpsor20cStorlessforallotherfuel injectionpumps.
CetaneNumber
Thecetanenumberofthefueleffectstheabilityoftheenginetostart.Also,thecetanenumbereffects theintervaloftimebeforetheenginerunssmoothly.Fuelsofhighcetaneratingareeasiertoignite. Thestartingtemperaturecanbeimprovedapproximately7to8°C(12to15°F)foreveryincreaseof teninthecetanenumber.Aftertheenginereachesthenormaloperatingtemperature,achangeinthe cetanefrom40to50willhaveaminimaleffectonengineperformance.
Mostfuelsthathaveacetanenumberabove40willpermitacceptableenginestartsinwarmeroutside temperatures.Theenginewillstartsatisfactorilywiththisfuelwhentheengineiskeptwarm.The enginecanbekeptwarmbyusingeitheraheatedenclosureoraproperlysizedcoolantheater.
Duringaveragestartingconditions,directinjectiondieselenginesrequireaminimumcetanenumber of40.Ahighercetanevaluemayberequiredforoperationinhighaltitudesorforcold-weather operation.Theminimumfuelcetanenumberthatisrequiredfortheprecombustionchamber(PC) dieselengineis35.
ModifyingtheCetaneNumber
Thecetanenumberofafuelcanbechangedifthefuelismixedwithafuelthathasadifferentcetane number.Generally,thecetanenumberofthemixturewillbeindirectrelationtotheratioofthefuels thatweremixed.Yourfuelsuppliercanprovidetheinformationaboutthecetanenumberofa particularfuel.
Additivescanalsobeusedtoimprovethecetanenumberofafuel.Additivesareevaluatedthrough testinginspecialtestengines.However,thecharacteristicsoffuelswithnaturalcetanenumbercanbe differentthanthosecharacteristicsofafueladdetizedtoreachthesamecetanenumber.Whileboth fuelsmayberatedashavingthesamecetanenumber,startingmaybedifferent.
CloudPoint
Thecloudpointofafuelisdifferentfromthepourpoint.Thecloudpointisthetemperaturethat allowssomeoftheheaviercomponentsinthewaxtosolidifyinthefuel.Thiswaxisnota contaminantinthefuel.ThewaxisanimportantelementofNo.2dieselfuel.Thewaxhasahighfuel energycontentandthewaxhasaveryhighcetanevalue.Removaloftheheavierwaxlowersthe cloudpointofthefuel.Removalofthewaxalsoincreasesthecostbecauselessfuelcanbemadefrom thesameamountofcrudeoil.Basically,aNo.1dieselfuelisformulatedbyremovingthewaxfroma No.2dieselfuel.
Thecloudpointofthefuelisimportantbecausethecloudpointcanlimittheperformanceofthefuel filter.Thewaxcanalterthefuelcharacteristicsincoldweather.Solidwaxcanfillthefuelfilters.The solidifiedwaxwillcausefilterplugging.Pluggedfilterscannotremovecontaminantsfromthefuel andhencecannotprotectthefuelinjectionsystems.Sincefuelmustflowthroughthefilters,installing afuelheateristhemostpracticalwaytopreventtheproblem.Afuelheaterwillkeepthefuelabove thecloudpointasthefuelflowsthroughthefuelsystem.Thefuelheaterwillpermitthewaxtoflow throughthefilterswiththefuel.
ModifyingtheCloudPoint
Youcanlowerthecloudpointofadieselfuelbymixingthedieselfuelwithadifferentfuelthathasa lowercloudpoint.No.1dieselfuelorkerosenemaybeusedtolowerthecloudpointofadieselfuel. Theefficiencyofthismethodisnotgood,becausetheratioofthemixturedoesnothaveadirect relationtotheimprovementincloudpoint.Theamountoffuelwithlowcloudpointthatisrequired makestheprocesslesspreferabletouse.
Thefuelsuppliermustbeconsultedtoprovidethepropermixoffuelsthatofferstheappropriate cloudpoint.
Anotherapproachtomodifythecloudpointistousecoldflowimprovementadditives.The manufacturerofthefuelcanaddcoldflowimproverstothefuel.Coldflowimproversmodifythe waxcrystalsinthefuels.Thecoldflowimproversdonotchangethecloudpointofthefuel.However, thecoldflowimproverskeepthewaxcrystalssmallenoughtopassthroughstandardfuelfilters.For mixingprecautions,seethesection"PourPoint".
Generally,themostpracticalmethodthatisusedtopreventproblemsthatarecausedbyfuelcloud pointatlowtemperaturesistheuseoffuelheaters.Inmostapplications,fuelheaterscanbeusedata lowercostthanfuelmixtures.
Thecommonstandardmethodsthatareusedtotestthecloudpointofdieselfuelsare:
•"ASTMD2500"TestMethodforCloudPointofPetroleumProducts
•"ASTMD5771"TestMethodforCloudPointofPetroleumProducts(OpticalDetection SteppedCoolingMethod)
•"ASTMD5772"TestMethodforCloudPointofPetroleumProducts(LinearCoolingRate Method)
•"ASTMD5773"TestMethodforCloudPointofPetroleumProducts(ConstantCoolingRate Method)
PourPoint
Thefuel'spourpointisatemperaturebelowthecloudpointofthefuel.Fuelstopsflowingbelowthe pourpoint.Thepourpointisthetemperaturewhichlimitsmovementofthefuelinsidethepumps.
Tomeasurethepourpoint,thefueltemperatureisloweredbelowthecloudpointinstepsof3°C(5°F) atatime.Thetemperatureislowereduntilthefueldoesnotflow.Thepourpointisthelast temperaturethatisshownbeforetheflowstops.Atthepourpoint,thewaxhassolidifiedoutofthe fuel.Thistemperaturemakesthefuelmoresolidthanliquid.Thepourpointofthefuelcanbe improved.Thisimprovementdoesnotrequiretheremovalofimportantelements.Thisprocessisthe sameprocessthatisusedtoimprovethecloudpointofafuel.
Afuel'spourpointshouldbeatleast6°C(10°F)belowthelowestambienttemperaturethatis requiredforenginestart-upandforengineoperation.Tooperatetheengineinextremelycold weather,No.1fuelorNo.1-Dfuelmaybenecessarybecauseofthesefuels'lowerpourpoints.
ModifyingthePourPoint
Youcanlowerthefuel'spourpointbyusingadditives.Youcanalsolowerthepourpointofadiesel fuelbymixingthedieselfuelwithadifferentfuelthathasalowerpourpoint.No.1dieselfuelor kerosenemaybeusedtolowerthepourpointofadieselfuel.Theamountoffuelwithlowpourpoint thatisrequiredmakestheprocesslesspreferabletouse.
Thefollowingillustrationcontainsatablethatcanbeusedtofindthenecessarymixturefortwofuels withdifferentpourpoints.Thistableistrueonlyifthefuelsdonothaveadditiveswhichchangethe pourpoint.ThistablemaynotapplytoUltraLowSulfurdieselfuelsandshouldbeusedonlyasa
generalguide.Tousethetable,youmustknowtheexactpourpointofeachfuel.Thisspecification canchangefromonepurchaseoffueltothenextpurchaseoffuel.Thisspecificationisnormally availablefrompersonnelatthesourceofthefuelsupply.Whenfuelsthathavealowerpourpointare notavailable,thismethodcannotbeused.
Illustration1g01180699
Pourpointoffuelmixtures
Tocalculatetheamountoflighterfuelthatisrequiredtobeblendedwiththeheavierfuel,performthe followingsteps:
1.Obtainthespecificationforthecloudpointorthepourpointofbothfuelsfromyourfuel supplier.
2.Locatethecloudpointorthepourpointoftheheavierfuelontheleftsideofthetable.Mark thepointonthetable.
3.Locatethecloudpointorthepourpointofthelighterfuelontherightsideofthetable.Mark thepointonthetable.
4.Drawalinebetweenthetwopointsthatwereestablished.Labelthisline"A".
5.Determinethelowestoutsidetemperatureformachineoperation.Findthispointontheleftside ofthetable.Markthispoint.Drawahorizontallinefromthispoint.Stopthelineatthe intersectionofline"A".Labelthisnewline"C".
6.Line"C"andline"A"intersect.Markthispoint.Drawaverticallinefromthispoint.Stopthe lineatthebottomofthetable.Labelthisline"B".Thepointatthebottomofline"B"reveals thepercentageoflighterfuelthatisrequiredtomodifythecloudpointorthepourpoint.
Theaboveexampleshowsthattheblendingwillrequirea30percentmixtureoflighterfuel.
Additivesareagoodmethodtousetolowerthepourpointofafuel.Theseadditivesareknownby thefollowingnames:pourpointdepressants,coldflowimprovers,andwaxmodifiers.Whenthe additivesareusedintheproperconcentration,thefuelwillflowthroughpumps,lines,andhoses.
Note:Theseadditivesmustbethoroughlymixedintothefuelattemperaturesthatareabovethecloud point.Thefuelsuppliershouldbecontactedtoblendthefuelwiththeadditives.Theblendedfuelcan bedeliveredtoyourfueltanks.
Thestandardmethodstomeasurethepourpointofthefuelsare:
•"ASTMD4539"TestMethodforFilterabilityofDieselFuelsbyLow-TemperatureFlowTest (LTFT)
•"ASTMD6371"TestMethodforColdFilterPluggingPointofDieselandHeatingFuels
LubricityandLowSulfurDiesel(LSD)andUltraLowSulfur Diesel(ULSD)Fuel
Thelubricityofthefluiddescribestheabilityofthefluidtoreducethefrictionbetweensurfacesthat areunderload.Thisabilityreducesthedamagethatiscausedbyfriction.Fuelinjectionsystemsrely onthelubricatingpropertiesofthefuel.
Note:Thefuellubricityisimportant.Thelubricityofthefuelshouldbeconsideredwheneveryou operatetheequipmentintemperatureextremes,whetherextremelyhotorextremelycold.Also,you shouldconsiderthefuellubricitywheneveryouusefuelsthatarelowerinviscosityorthathavebeen hydro-treated.Therearemanyaftermarketadditivesthatareavailabletotreatfuel.Ifthelubricityof thefuelisanissue,consultyourfuelsupplierforproperrecommendationsregardingfueladditives. Also,refertothisSpecialPublication,"DistillateDieselFuel"article,“AftermarketFuelAdditives” and“CatDieselFuelConditioner”topics.
ThefinishedfuelsasdescribedbyCaterpillarDieselFuelSpecification,"ASTMD975"or"EN690" areattherecommendedlubricitylevels.Todeterminethelubricityofthefuel,usethe"ASTMD6079 HighFrequencyReciprocatingRig(HFRR)"test.Themaximumallowablewearscaris0.52mm (0.0205inch)at60°C(140°F).Ifthelubricityofafueldoesnotmeettheminimumrequirements, consultyourfuelsupplier.Donottreatthefuelwithoutconsultingthefuelsupplier.Someadditives arenotcompatible.Theseadditivescancauseproblemsinthefuelsystem.
Theprocessthatismostcommonlyusedtoremovesulfurfromfueliscalledhydro-treatment.This processisalsothemosteconomicalprocess.Eachsourceofcrudeoilcontainsdifferentamountsof sulfur.Crudeoilstypicallyrequirehydro-treatmenttoobtainthe0.0015percentmaximumsulfur limit.Crudeoilswithhighsulfurrequireamoreseveretreatment.
Thehydro-treatmentremovesthesulfurandothercomponentsfromthefuel.Thetreatmentremoves nitrogencompounds,polarmaterials,bicyclicaromatics,polycyclicaromatics,andoxygen compounds.Whiletheremovalofsulfurhasshownnodetrimentaleffectstotheengine,theremoval ofothercompoundshaveloweredthelubricityofthefuel.Asaresultoftheloweredlubricity,the fuelislesstolerantofcontaminationbywateranddirt.Thelowerfuellubricitycanbeseenas abrasivewearoffuelsystemcomponents.Fuelsthathavealowlubricitymaynotprovideadequate lubricationtoplungers,tobarrels,andtoinjectors.Thisproblemmaybecompoundedinareasthat requirewinterblendsoffuel.Thelighterwinterfuelblendhasthefollowingcharacteristics:lower viscosity,lowercloudpointandlowerpourpoint.
Thefinishedfuelsthatarepertherecommendedspecificationsshouldhavethecorrectlubricity. However,ifrequired,thelubricityofthefuelmaybeenhancedwithadditives.Manyfuelsuppliers treatthefuelwiththeseadditives.Donotuseafuellubricityadditivebeforeyouconsultthefuel supplier.Someaftermarketadditivesmaynotbecompatiblewiththeadditivesthatarealreadyinthe fuel,andsomemaydamageemissioncontrolsystems.Someadditivepackagesthataresuppliedby theaftermarketmanufacturermaynotbecompatiblewiththesealsthatareusedinfuelsystemsof somedieselengines.Otheradditivepackagesthataresuppliedbyaftermarketmanufacturerscannot provideproperperformanceinhightemperatureconditions.Theseadditivesmayleavedeposits becauseofthehightemperaturesthatexistinthefuelsystemsofdieselengines.
Maximumlifeofthefuelsystemcanbeachievedbyperformingthefollowingtasks:usingapreferred distillatedieselfuel(refertothe“FuelRecommendations”articleinthisSpecialPublication),usinga reliablefuelsupplierandperformingpropermaintenanceofthefuelsystem.CaterpillarAdvanced Efficiencyfuelfiltersarerequiredfordieselenginesthatrunondieselfueltoprovidemaximumlife tothefuelsystem.
Note:Lighterfuelsarefrequentlyusedinarctictemperatures.Lighterfuelsmayincludethefollowing fuels:JetA,JetA-1,JP-8,JP-5,andkerosene.Thespecificationsthatapplytothesefuelsdonot includeaminimumlubricityrequirement.DonotassumethatafuelmeetstheminimumCaterpillar specification.Contactthefuelsupplierforproperrecommendationsonfuellubricityadditives.
Note:ThesulfurlevelsforJetA,JetA-1,JP-8,JP-5,andkerosenefuelstypicallyfarexceed15ppm, theU.S.ULSDfuel,andthesulfurlevelsforthesefuelstypicallyfarexceed50ppm,theEUlow sulfurfuel.
Note:Forbestresults,yourfuelsuppliershouldtreatthefuelwhenadditivesarerequired.
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