Bossert and Jongman-Sereno | Misinformation, Intellectual Humility, and Vaccination 49 (25.3%) had received three shots. 18 (9.3%) par ticipants had not received any doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. Of these participants one (5.6%) said they had a plan to get vaccinated against COVID-19, and 17 (94.4%) said they did not have a plan to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Correlations among indices of misinformation susceptibility, IH, vaccine attitudes, and vaccine status are shown in Table 2. Vaccination Attitudes, Misinformation Susceptibility, and Vaccine Status Antivaccination attitudes were positively related to alternative health beliefs, r(183) = .29, p < .001, pseudo scientific beliefs, r(119) = .55, p < .001, generic conspiracy beliefs, r(182) = .73, p < .001, and vaccine conspiracy beliefs, r(180) = .88, p < .001. Antivaccination attitudes were not significantly related to IH, r(191) = .13, p = .07. To examine whether misinformation suscep tibility and vaccination attitudes predicted vaccine status, a standard binary logistic regression analysis was conducted. The predictor variables in this analysis were alternative health beliefs, belief in pseudoscience, generic conspiracy beliefs, vaccine conspiracy beliefs, IH, and antivaccination attitudes. Race and political ideology were entered as control variables, as both are strongly related to vaccination attitudes, and we wanted to examine the relationship between misinformation beliefs and vaccination attitude independently of race and political beliefs (e.g., Baumgaertner et al., 2018; Fisher et al., 2020) which could potentially be confound ing variables. Based on a classification threshold that predicted probability of vaccination as .5, results of the logistic analysis indicated that the model provided a statistically significant prediction of vaccination status, X2(11, N = 107) = 43.78, p < .001. The Nagelkerke R2 indicated that the model accounted for approximately 73% of the total variance. Classification accuracy for the cases based on a classification cutoff of .500 for predicted vaccination status in the successful group was moderately high, with an overall correct prediction rate of 92.5% and correct prediction rates of 20% for unvac cinated participants and 100% for those vaccinated. The Wald tests indicated that both pseudoscientific beliefs and vaccination attitudes were statistically significant predictors of success. Surprisingly, endorsing pseudo scientific beliefs was related to an increased likelihood of being vaccinated, exp(B) = 1.30, 95% CI [1.05, 1.61]. As expected, endorsing antivaccination attitudes was related to a decreased likelihood of being vaccinated, exp(B) = 0.72, 95% CI [0.53, 0.99]. Misinformation Beliefs and Intellectual Humility IH was positively correlated with endorsing generic conspiracy beliefs, r(184) = .23, p < .001, and vac cine conspiracy beliefs, r(182) = .19, p = .01, but was not significantly related to pseudoscientific beliefs, r(122) = .12, p = .18, or alternative health beliefs, r(187) = .09, p = .24. To better understand the rela tionships among IH and misinformation susceptibility, individual items on the GIH Scale were correlated with measures of misinformation susceptibility (see Table 3). Two items were significantly related: “I question my own opinions, positions, and viewpoints because they could be wrong” was significantly positively correlated with generic conspiracy beliefs, r(187) = .25, p < .001), vaccine conspiracy beliefs, r(185) = .22, p = .002, and antivaccination attitudes, r(187) = .19, p = .008. The item was not significantly related to pseudoscientific beliefs, r(124) = .18, p = .052, or alternative health beliefs, r(190) = .01, p = .864. The item “I like finding out new infor mation that differs from what I already think is true” was significantly positively correlated with alternative TABLE 3 Correlations Among Intellectual Humility, Misinformation Susceptibility, Vaccine Attitudes, and Vaccine Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. Intellectual humility - - - - - - 2. Alternative health beliefs .09 - - - - - 3. Pseudoscience beliefs .12 .63 - - - - 4. Generic conspiracy beliefs .23** .41*** .73*** - - - 5. Vaccine conspiracy beliefs .19 .69 .81 - - 6. Antivaccination attitudes .13 .88*** - ** .33 *** *** .29*** *** *** .55*** .73*** Note. p < .05. p < .01. p ≤ .001. * ** *** TABLE 4 Correlations Between General Intellectual Humility Scale Items and Misinformation Beliefs AHB PB GCB VCB AVA I question my own opinions, positions, and viewpoints because they could be wrong. .01 .18 .25** .22** .19** I reconsider my opinions when presented with new evidence. −.01 −.20 .09 .07 .01 I recognize the value in opinions that are different from my own. .14 .01 .01 .02 .00 I accept that my beliefs and attitudes may be wrong .03 .06 .08 .03 .01 In the face of conflicting evidence, I am open to changing my opinions. .00 −.04 .09 .04 .01 I like finding out new information that differs from what I already think is true. .15* .19** .24** .20** .19* Note. AHA = Alternative health beliefs; PB = Pseudoscience beliefs; GCB = Generic conspiracy beliefs; VCB = Vaccine conspiracy beliefs; AVA = Antivaccination attitudes. * p < .05. **p < .01. ***p ≤ .001. 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