Issuu

Volume 41 September 2020

Not For Sale

Petroleum Today 5G Technology Is Shaping The Energy Industry

Egypt Signs East Mediterranean Gas Forum Charter Zohr Offshore Pipeline Buckle Arrestor SSC Testing & Mitigation

Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry

Scan me

www.advansys.me

Advansys Projects as an EPC contractor provide the following services in Egypt and North Africa: Ó Offshore platform rehabilitation Ó Plant construction Ó Pipelines Ó Storage tanks Ó Process equipments Ó Infrastructure Ó Buildings Ó Solar Energy

MYDESIGN

An EPC Contractor for oil & gas, Infrastructure and industrial sectors both onshore and offshore multidisciplinary projects. Projects arm of Intro group that is operational since 1980 in different fields related to the Oil & Gas sector.

195 A, 267 St., New Maadi, Cairo, Egypt +202 2520 2928 +202 2754 9280

ADMASCO OIL FIELD SERVICES CO. Established in Egypt in 1982 as a free zone company under the investment law number 8 / 1997 Admasco committed to facilitate its esteemed customers with professional services, quality products, timely deliveries and excellent pre and post-sales supports through highly qualified Admasco team and pioneered principals. CAMTECH Manufacturing FZCO API 6D, API 6A, API QI Valves Manufacture of Ball, Gate, Globe, Butterfly, Check and Pigable Valves NOV Process & Flow Technologies US, Inc. Choke Valves NOV-MD Totco Rig Instrumentation, Gauges, Recorders & Mud Monitoring Systems Hoffer Flow Controls, Inc. Turbine Flow Meter for Fluid, Gas, Water and Steam TRANSNEFT Diascan JSC-Russia Smart pigs in-inspection tools with diameters from 6»-48» USK Series(WM)-MSK Series(MFL)-(MFL+TFI)-(MFL+WM+CD)-MSK Series(TFI)

CHELPIPE GROUP SAWL Pipes & Accessories from 20 in. up to 56 in.

Rustavi Metallurgical Plant Carbon Steel Seamless pipe up to 16» JVS Flow Control Chock Manifold- Chokes & Gate Valves Drilling equepment repair and recirtification.

Maitech International, Inc. - USA Line Pipes, Casing Pipes & Pipe Fittings – Stockiest

Admasco Work Shop ISO / IEC 17025 & 4126 - 1 Accreditation for Pressure Gauges, Transducer, Safety Relief Valves and Hydrostatic Test for Hoses, Pipes, Valves, BOPs & Vessels according to ASME B31.3 - ISO 1402 - API 570 - API 598 - API 7K & 16C – API RP 53 and API 510

www.admasco.com.eg

Main Office: 28 Rd. 270, 4th Sector, New Maadi, Cairo, Egypt Tel.: +202 27025224 Fax: +202 27023290 E-mail: admasco@admasco.com.eg Free Zone Warehouse: Free Zone Amerya - Alex. Work Shop Yard: Plot 17S, Industrial Zone, Investment Land, Qattamia, Cairo, Egypt

MYDESIGN

TripleFast Middle East Ltd. Manufacturer of a Bolting Gaskets, Seals and Machined Components

MYDESIGN

TAM OILFIELD SERVICES

(+2) 02 - 2736 - 4529 (+2) 02 -2736 - 0659 info@tamoilfield.com

Petroleum Today

http:// www.facebook.com/PetroleumTodayMagazine

9 10 18 28 30 34 35 44 52 58 65

Contents Egypt Set A Stable Strategic Ties News Talent & Technology Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry Artificial Intelligence overcomes the Costs of The Petroleum Industry and Reduces Risks Egypt Signs East Mediterranean Gas Forum Charter Zohr Offshore Pipeline Buckle Arrestor SSC Testing & Mitigation Monitoring & Surveillance Improve ESP Operation and Reduce Workover Frequency Rethinking Exploration Developing an Offshore Greenfield by Exploration and Development Integration-A Case Study of LD Oilfield Industry At A Glance

5G Technology Is Shaping The Energy Industry

‫الرئـيس السيسى يفتتح مصفاة المصرية للتكرير‬ ‫فوز مرشـــح قطاع البترول بمنحة دراسة الدكتوراة من‬ ‫هيئة التعاون الدولى اليابانية‬ ‫واشنطن وأثينا تتفقان على مشاريع مشتركة للطاقة‬ ‫والغاز في المتوسط‬ ‫شـــل تطلق برنامجا لخفض التكاليف استعدادا للتحول‬ ‫صوب الطاقة المتجددة‬

2 3 4 5

Since 2003, flow measurement Systems Company has been established according to the investment authority laws and executive regulations to serve the oil &gas sectors as well as industrial & commercial sector in Egypt & the region to provide hydro test and calibration services. We are accredited by the ILAC, based on the international mutual recognition arrangements (MRA), under the guidelines of ISO/IEC 17025 for general requirements for competence of calibration and testing laboratories. We are certified ISO 9001, OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001. The ILAC is the peak international authority on laboratory accreditation. Laboratory accreditation provides our clients with formal recognition of the competence of our laboratory. We are re-evaluated regularly by the accreditation body to ensure our continued compliance with requirements. Thus, being accredited is highly regarded both nationally and internationally as reliable indication of our technical competence. Accordingly our data is readily accepted overseas.

PRESSURE TEST (Hydrostatic & Pneumatic) Ó Fully computerized and plc controlled test unit, capable of building pressure up to 30,000 psi by using two air-driven pumps, one for quickfilling and the other to build up pressure to the test value. Ó The pressure test Monitored digitally on system wide screen and recorded on paper charts to issue full test report. Ó Camera system is installed for monitoring the test and observing any leakage. Ó The test unit operated with remote control systems in a safe Test Area.

PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE CALIBRATION AND TESTING We undertakes Inspection, Overhaul, Calibration and Certification of all types of Pressure Relief Valves AS (A SAFETY RELIEF VALVES , PRESSURE SWITCH And PILOT VALVES ) with high accuracy equipments( Ventill test unit , Haskel gas boosters , pressure sensors ) FMS carries out these jobs according to procedures developed ‘In House’ conforming to the requirements of BS EN ISO4126 : 2013, API-527, API-598 and API 576 standards.

CALIBRATION SERVICES Ó Calibration for pressure gauges up to 30 KPSI (Analog & Digital). Ó Calibration for pressure recorder (Renting and repair). Ó Calibration for tong torque and tong line pull systems. Ó Calibration for silo tanks weight indicator systems. Ó Length measurement tools (verniercalliper- micrometers) Ó Calibration for with different kind and ranges of torque wrenches. Ó Calibration For All Kind Of Pressure and Temperature Transmitters and transducers.

AIR BLOWING Objective : Air blowing services as an efficient way to remove construction debris, loose rust, liquids, and other contaminants from process piping. Application processes : Ó Air Flushing for piping diameters less than 6”. Ó Air Blowing (Buffing) for piping diameters bigger than 6”.

FMS INTEGRATED CONTROL

MYDESIGN

Everything you need for your Automation and Control Systems Ó Control Panel Design & Fabrication. Ó Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC). Ó OIT‘s (Operator Interface Panels) or HMI’s (Human Machine Interface). Ó Pondhop automation and control systems. Ó Process Plant Troubleshooting & Engineering Problem Solving.

Q2-0101

FLOW MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS (FMS) 177 Fifth & Sixth District, Industrial Zone, Zahraa Al Maadi Cairo Egypt

Calibration of Pressure Working Devices; Inspection of Safety-Relieving Devices; Provision of Liquid and Gas Pressure Test Services

No Exclusions Identified as Applicable

Effective Date: Expiration Date: Registered Since:

MAY 31, 2016 MAY 31, 2019 MAY 31, 2016

PIPELINE SERVICES Equally applicable to new build modules as well as existing plant , good flange management can provide a single point source of all information relating to the history, make up or any other relevant details relating to all flanges within a system. Applications: Ó Used during engineering construction, commissioning and shutdowns Ó Flange break register during shutdown and maintenance

Contact Persons: Khaled abdeltawab General Manager 012 2364 0198 K.tawab@fms.com.eg admin@fmseg.com

Mahmoud Rashwan Technical Manager 01211122491 qhse@fmseg.com

Mahmoud Hamed lab & workshop specialist 01211122495 ls@fmseg.com

Sayed Ahmed Financial Accountant 01211122494 f1@fmseg.com fm@fmseg.com

Anwar Ashraf Business & Development 01273773385 bd@fmseg.com

Karim Ibrahim Business & Development 01018125644 op@fmseg.com

Petroleum Today

EGYPT SET A STABLE STRATEGIC TIES

Chairman

Mohamed Bendary Vice-Chairman

Ali Ibrahim

Executive Editor-in-Chief

Magdy Bendary

Scientific Secretary

Ali Afifi

Marketing

gypt takes a major step towards its regional energy hub ambitions with the formalization of the EastMed Gas Forum: The Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum is now officially an established organization headquartered in Cairo after six of the seven founding states signed its charte, marking another key step in Egypt’s path to becoming the region’s premier energy hub. The organization will serve as a market platform for natgas producers, consumers, and transit countries in the region to develop existing resources and develop the infrastructure for future exploitation, in addition to regulating natgas policies in the region that protect the rights of member states to preserve their resources. Through the forum, member states will exchange information and seismic data studies on potential gas wells and delineate new gas finds that straddle maritime borders, Member states could even get preferential rates on each other’s gas supplies, as well as preferential access to liquefaction facilities, he said. In addition to Egypt, the founding member states are Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. France had formally requested to join the forum as a member while the US asked to be a permanent observer. Private and public sector companies will also be included as members of an advisory committee. The door is not yet closed to others who want to join: Other countries can apply to join “as long as their goals match those of the forum,” Oil Minister Tarek El Molla said. The charter has been in the works since the forum’s first launch meeting last year, in which the founding members agreed to move ahead with creating a regional market to develop the eastern Mediterranean’s gas reserves.

Mahmoud Mabrouk Medhat Negm Magdy Ahmed Athar Yousry Senior Editor

Ahmed Bedier Mahmoud Morsy Editing Staff

Mohamed Ahmed Magdy Rashid Financial Management

Wael Khalid Art Director

Walid Fathy Office Manager

Marwa Negm Photography

Mohamed Fathy Secretary

Kholoud Hussain Scientific Staff Dr. Attia M. Attia Dr. Adel Salem Dr. Ahmed Z. Nouh Dr. Ismail Aiad Dr. Gamal Gouda Eng. Mahmoud A. Gobran Eng. Mohamed nada Eng. Taher Abd El Rahim Eng. Mohamed Bydoun Eng.Samir Abady Dr. Lubna Abbas Saleh Special thanks to all the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Mr. Hany Hafez All opinions expressed through the magazine is , pertaining to their authors & don t express the magazine,s point of view Publisher & Distribution The Egyptian Company For Marketing 41 El Israa St. - 26th of July Tower Lebaonon Sq., Mohandeseen Giza - Egypt Tel. : +202 33023221 Mob.: 01006596350 Mob.: 01000533201 E-mail: petroleum.mag@gmail.com E-mail: mohamed@ petroleum-today.com www.petroleum-today.com Copyright Reserved Design and Print by:

Petroleum Today

MYDESIGN

mydesign100100@gmail.com www.mydesign.com.eg +20 100 790 4247

egypt news El-Sisi inaugurates $4.3bn Mostorod petroleum refining complex

he Egyptian President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi has inaugurated the Egyptian Refinery Company’s (ERC) project in Mostorod with investments of $4.3 billion (EGP 70 billion), as it is one of the most important petroleum refineries in Egypt and Africa, producing 4.7 million tons of petroleum products per year. This giant project comes in the framework of the ministry’s plan to increase production and reach self-sufficiency of petroleum products through establishing more updated refineries. The Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Tarek El Molla, presented the strategy for infrastructure development in Egypt’s refineries, confirming the importance of the president’s support. According to El Molla, the ministry is updating the infrastructure for transporting, storing and shipping petroleum products at a cost of $3 billion (EGP 48 billion).

Eni, new gas discovery in the “Great Nooros Area”, Mediterranean Sea

ni (as the Operator of the Block) and bp (as contractor member) announce a new gas discovery in the so-called «Great Nooros Area», located in the Abu Madi West Development Lease, in the conventional waters of the Nile Delta, offshore Egypt. This new discovery, achieved through the Nidoco NW-1 exploratory well, is located in 16 meters of water depth, 5 km from the coast and 4 km north from the Nooros field, discovered in July 2015. The Nidoco NW-1 exploratory well discovered gas-bearing sands for a total thickness of 100 meters, of which 50 meters within the Pliocene sands of the Kafr-El-Sheik formations and 50 meters within the Messinian age sandstone of the Abu Madi formations, both levels with good petrophysical properties. The preliminary evaluation of the well results, considering the extension of the reservoir towards north and the dynamic behavior of the field, together with the recent discoveries performed in the area, indicates that the Great Nooros Area gas in place can be estimated in excess of 4 Tcf.

12 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Misr Petroleum to Provide E-Payment Solutions for Fuel Supply

isr Petroleum Company signed an agreement with E-Finance company to activate the fuel management and operation system to provide e-payment solutions for the company’s clients, General Trade Union for Petroleum Workers (GTUPW) reported. Besides providing e-payments, the agreement includes developing and managing an electronic system for e-cards instead of coupons, which puts the company on the right track to digitize its services. Hussein Fathy, Head of Misr Petroleum, said in statement that this step comes in line with the digitization initiatives adopted by the state to control and monitor fuel’s distribution. He added that this contract ensures timely and accurate fuel delivery by e-payments. He elaborated that this system will facilitate allocating and distributing petroleum products as well as redistributing fuels for cars directly through the system. Fathy explained that it will also provide big data for fuel supply through reports entailing the amount of used fuel per vehicle as well as the places and time of supply. In addition, this system will detect any manipulation that may occur by monitoring the actual consumption of cars and defining any possible fraud.

The Egypt Petroleum Show (EGYPS) to Take Place in May 2021

he High Executive Committee of the Egypt Petroleum Show (EGYPS 2021) has announced that its fifth edition will be held in the period from May 31 to June 2 of 2021 under the theme of “North Africa and the Mediterranean: Delivering Energy Today”. The committee, headed by the Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, Tarek El Molla, elaborated that this date has been chosen after discussing and assessing the situation of the coronavirus outbreak, seeing that the time will be safer for partners and investors to travel. About 35,000 participants from 80 countries are expected to attend EGYPS 2021. The event is also expected to witness the participation of 500 exhibitors, 27 international and national oil companies, 2,000 delegates, and 300 speakers.

Egypt brings online new crude pipeline at al-Hamra Port

gypt has brought online a new crude oil pipeline at the al-Hamra petroleum port on the Mediterranean Sea and set out other planned improvements to the port as part of the country’s efforts to become a regional energy hub. The 8-kilometre Hamra-Shamandoura loading pipeline, which links the port with an additional offshore tanker loading facility, will increase the port’s shipping capacity to 1 million barrels of crude per day and will be a key part of the port’s capabilities, the cabinet said in a statement on Wednesday. Petroleum Minister Tarek El Molla also said crude storage at al-Hamra had increased, boosting capacity by 250,000 barrels to a total of 1.5 million barrels, to “securely receive quantities of crude oil ... from companies operating fields in [Egypt’s] Western Desert,” the statement said. Two more storage tanks will be built at the port to increase its capacity to 2.8 million barrels, El Molla said. The Hamra petroleum port lies around 120 kilometers west of Alexandria, Egypt’s second-largest city, and is run by the Western Desert Operating Petroleum Co (WEPCO).

Egypt drafts plan to deliver natural gas to New Valley governorate for the firsttime

gypt has drafted a plan to deliver natural gas for the first time to the New Valley governorate in the Western Desert, Petroleum Minister Tarek ElMolla said on Monday. The announcement came following the signing of a cooperation protocol between New Valley’s Governor Mohamed El-Zamaloot and the heads of Egypt›s Natural Gas Holding Company (EGAS) and TAQA Arabia to deliver compressed natural gas (CNG) to the Governorate. The gas deliveries will gradually replace gas cylinders, El-Molla said, adding that CNG is an optimal solution to supply natural gas to the governorate, which is the country’s biggest in terms of land mass and the smallest in terms of population. The project will be implemented using CNG feeding technology where terminals will deliver gas to 14,000 homes in the governorate’s Al-Kharga city during the first phase, with other areas to follow later.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 13

Arab & International News Libya’s Oil Crescent Gets Back to Work as Sarir Field Opens

ibya’s oil industry continued to revive this week following a truce between the main factions in the OPEC member’s devastating civil war. The Sarir field opened on Tuesday, according to its operator, Arabian Gulf Oil Co. Production is just 30,000 barrels a day for now. But with a capacity of about 200,000, it’s the biggest deposit in the country to restart since an almost-total shutdown of Libyan energy facilities in January. Much of the country’s “oil crescent” -- a cluster of ports and fields in the east -- is back onstream, though not yet at full capacity. Libya’s western fields, including Sharara, the biggest in the North African nation, are still closed. The state-run National Oil Corp. has said foreign mercenaries and other fighters must leave facilities before than can reopen. Overall oil output has reached about 300,000 barrels a day, up from 80,000 at the start of September.

Saudis Defend Oil Recovery With Warning for Shorts, OPEC+ Cheats

audi Arabia showed its determination to protect the oil recovery, warning short sellers not to challenge its resolve and delivering a rare public rebuke to a close ally that had been over-producing. After a meeting with fellow OPEC+ ministers on Thursday, Saudi Energy Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Salman dropped clear hints that there could be a change of direction in production policy before the group’s next ministerial meeting in December. As the rebound in oil prices falters, the prince invoked his hero, former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan, with an attempt to bend global markets to his will. Prince Abdulaziz confronted the challenge of a weakening oil market with a bluntness rarely seen inside the coalition of 23 producers.

Kuwait Aims to Finish Mideast’s Biggest LNG Terminal by March

uwait aims to open what will be the Middle East’s largest import terminal for liquefied natural gas in March. The Al-Zour plant will allow Kuwait to receive 22 million tons of LNG (about 31 billion cubic meters) a year, almost doubling the region’s capacity. The LNG market is expected to grow quickly in the next few decades as countries shift from oil and coal to cleaner energy. The global trade in LNG will probably increase to more than 1,000 bcm annually by 2035 from roughly 425 bcm today, according to BP Plc. Kuwait is one of the world’s biggest oil exporters, shipping almost 2 million barrels a day, but pumps relatively little gas. The OPEC member produced 18.4 bcm of gas in 2019 and consumed 23.5 bcm, BP said in a report. It was the Middle East’s biggest importer last year and the 14th globally.

14 Petroleum Today - September 2020

China Plans Strategic Boost to Vast State Commodity Reserves

hina’s next five-year plan beginning in 2021 will call for increases to its mammoth state reserves of crude, strategic metals and farm goods, said officials familiar with the discussion. Beijing is keen to heed the lessons of the coronavirus crisis and deteriorating relations with the U.S. and its allies. That means ensuring the nation’s secretive stockpiles, almost certainly among the world’s largest, are plentiful enough to withstand supply disruptions that could cripple its economy, the officials said, asking not to be identified because the matter is sensitive. China’s top leadership will next month lay out its strategy for 2021 - 2025 that will include ramping up domestic consumption and making more critical technology at home, in a bid to insulate the world’s second-biggest economy from worsening geopolitical tensions and fraying supply chains.

Securing food supplies, fuel and materials is a precondition of greater self-reliance for the world’s biggest importer of commodities.

Vietnam Approves Exxon’s $5-Billion LNG-To-Power Project

he port city of Hai Phong in Vietnam has approved a liquefied natural gas (LNG) project for power generation, expected to be developed by U.S. supermajor ExxonMobil and to cost US$5.09 billion. The people’s committee of the city of Hai Phong approved the project which is expected start electricity generation in 2026 or 2027.

Venezuela Has Hard Time Emptying Tanker at Risk of Sinking

enezuela is finding it difficult to secure a vessel on which to empty an oil tanker at risk of sinking off its coast because of U.S. sanctions. The sanctions are scaring off foreign tankers from potentially taking the 1.1 million barrels of crude out of the Venezuela-flagged Nabarima floating storage unit. Previous plans to unload the vessel over the past year have also been met with resistance from local workers because of the risks posed by the clashing currents of the Orinoco river and the Atlantic. The vessel’s conditions is “stable” and recent “water leaks” were addressed, Eni said in a statement sent to Bloomberg. Eni is collaborating with Petrosucre to “define and implement a program for unloading the oil cargo from Nabarima,” which requires the use of a “dynamic positioning tanker” that must be given a green light under U.S. sanctions, the company said.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 15

Corporate News Saudi Aramco and Sumitomo Chemical to lend Petro Rabigh $2 billion

apan’s Sumitomo Chemical and Saudi Aramco will lend $2 billion to their refinery and petrochemicals joint venture as it faces a shortfall of capital due to the COVID-19 pandemic and periodic maintenance, Sumitomo said on Thursday. Sumitomo Chemical plans to provide $750 million, or 37.5 percent of the loan, to Rabigh Refining and Petrochemical Company (Petro Rabigh) while Saudi Aramco will lend the rest, a spokesman at the Japanese chemical company said. Sumitomo Chemical will use funds it raised by issuing hybrid bonds last year for its share and the loan will be provided soon, the spokesman said. The Japanese company also said the financial completion guarantees it and Saudi Aramco provided for financing the Rabigh Phase 2 refinery and petrochemicals complex project had been terminated as of Sept. 30. In 2015, Petro Rabigh signed project financing agreements with a syndicate of banks to receive an aggregate loan of $5.2 billion to cover 60 percent of the cost of the project in Saudi Arabia. The parent companies each offered financial completion guarantees

for 50 percent of the loan at the time, but they have been lifted as they have fulfilled the requirements for continuous performance and debt-repayment ability, Sumitomo said. Petro Rabigh started the scheduled repayment of the debt in June 2019 and will continue to repay the balance of the loan out of cash flow generated from its operations, Sumitomo said in a statement.

Shell to cut up to 9,000 jobs as virus accelerates overhaul

oyal Dutch Shell plans to lay off as many as 9,000 workers as the coronavirus pandemic continues to depress crude demand and as the oil major pivots its business to more sustainable energy sources. The Netherlands-based oil and gas company on Wednesday said it will cut between 7,000 and 9,000 jobs by the end of 2022, which represents about 10 percent of its workforce of 87,000, and include 1,500 voluntary departures. Shell did not disclose how many layoffs are planned in Houston. The company employs about 8,000 people locally, according to Chronicle research. «This is an extremely tough process,» Shell CEO Ben van Beurden said in a statement. «We have to be a simpler, more streamlined, more competitive organization that is more nimble and able to respond to customers.»

Chevron to sack 25% of its workforce in Nigeria

hevron Nigeria Limited has announced that it will be reducing its workforce by 25% as it is reviewing its manpower requirements in light of the changing business environment. The disclosure was made by Chevron

16 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Nigeria Limited on Friday, October 2, 2020, in a statement titled ‘Chevron Nigeria Limited reviews workforce in accordance with business exigencies’. The American oil major said it would continue to evaluate opportunities to improve capital efficiency and reduce operating costs. The General Manager Policy, Government and Public Affairs of Chevron Nigeria Limited, Esimaje Brikinn, said, “The aim is to have a business that is competitive and have an appropriately sized organisation with improved processes. This will increase efficiency and effectiveness, retain value, reduce cost, and generate more revenue for the Federal Government of Nigeria.” According to him, the new organizational structure will, unfortunately, require approximately 25 per cent reduction in the workforce across the various levels of the organisation.

Total sees oil demand peaking around 2030 as world goes green

otal SE joined the ranks of oil companies anticipating a peak for the industry in the coming decade, saying demand growth will end around 2030. While the French energy giant’s analysis is more conservative than that of BP Plc, which earlier this month said the era of oilmarket growth was already over, it adds to the chorus of executives and investors predicting rapid change for the industry. Energy demand increased in all the scenarios considered in Total’s Energy Outlook report published on Tuesday, but most of the gains were seen being satisfied by low-carbon power. Electricity will comprise 30 percent to 40 percent of final energy demand in 2050, up from 20 per cent today, it said. The outlook was better for the company’s other main product, natural gas, which is expected to play a key role in energy markets for decades to come as a less carbon-intensive bridge fuel. Total and its European peers are channeling investment into clean energy such as solar

and wind, battery technology and car-charging networks. While investors in BP and Royal Dutch Shell Plc appear skeptical of the transition, particularly after suffering big dividend cuts earlier this year, Total has so far avoided any big stumbles.

Exxon lines up bidders for aging U.K. oil, gas fields

xxon Mobil Corp.’s U.K. North Sea assets have attracted suitors from state-owned companies to private equity-backed firms as the U.S. oil giant seeks to exit the aging region altogether, according to people with knowledge of the matter. China Petroleum & Chemical Corp., Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Co. and the U.K.’s EnQuest Plc are among bidders, the people said, asking not to be identified as the process isn’t public. Exxon started the sale in July following delays caused by the spread of the coronavirus and slumping oil

prices. Tailwind Energy, whose equity partner is commodity trader Mercuria Energy Group, also submitted a bid, as did NEO Energy and Siccar Point Energy Ltd., according to the people. Newcomer Viaro Energy, which recently acquired North Sea company Rockrose Energy Plc, is involved in the process as well, two people said. Exxon is offering its stake in 15 fields, which are expected to produce 37,000 barrels of oil equivalent a day net to the company this year, according to marketing documents seen by Bloomberg. Stakes in pipeline infrastructure as well as two exploration areas are also up for grabs. The sale builds on Exxon’s retreat from Europe as part of a multibillion-dollar global divestment plan and a renewed focus on U.S. operations. The company exited Norway last year, selling its assets to Var Energi AS for $4.5 billion. Exxon previously said it’s “exploring market interest for a number of assets worldwide, including its interest in non-operated assets in the U.K. central and northern North Sea.” It had no further comment to add for this story. Sinopec and EnQuest declined to comment, as did NEO Energy and Viaro. Kufpec didn’t immediately respond to requests for comment. Tailwind Energy and Siccar Point also didn’t respond. Binding bids are due in October, and the deal is expected to close in the first quarter of 2021, the people said.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 17

Talent & Technology

Casing Flotation Device Adds Recoverable Gas Value in Appalachian Basin Well

Fig (1) Nine’s BreakThru™ Casing Flotation Device

ine’s BreakThru™ Casing Flotation Device allows operators to reach TD by eliminating components added to the casing string commonly used with conventional techniques. The highly engineered plug in the BreakThru Device uses an engineered material barrier, integral in a mechanism to shatter at a precise differential pressure. At the activation pressure, the barrier disintegrates into sand-like particles, easily circulated out, leaving a full bore casing string. This eliminates the need for a debris trap and significantly shortens the shoe track. When run in combination with the Nine Energy approved float shoe, the BreakThru device significantly reduces the weight of

20 Petroleum Today - September 2020

the casing in the increasingly longer horizontal sections, reducing the risk of not getting the string to TD. Prejob modeling software determines the position of the BreakThru device in the casing string and pressure activation values. In wells where the tool has been run, there has been 99.9% success in casing reaching TD. The device is manufactured to perform. It is made from high-quality, ultradurable engineered material, which can withstand extreme downhole temperatures and loads. Once the string is landed, pressure up to the activation pressure and the plug disintegrates, leaving the bore ready for cementing.

High Active AqueousBased Pour Point Depressants and Wax Inhibitors

araffins present in crude oil can gel or precipitate, which can cause pipeline and production system blockages. These flow assurance challenges can result in production and process downtime and increased frequency and costs of workover operations. The oil and gas industry have relied on conventional wax inhibitor chemistries, which have limited solubility in organic solvents—leading to extremely low active concentrations and requiring high dosage rates in treatment formulation; this could result in higher Opex direct and indirect costs. Dow’s ACCENT wax inhibitors are high-active, aqueousbased chemistry, that efficiently control paraffin deposition in pipelines, with up to three times the active ethylene vinyl acetate component, resulting in lower dosage treat rates. Fig (2) Dow’s ACCENT Inhibitors

Novel Stimulation Additive Assists in Hydrocarbon Recovery

Fig (3) BYK-GO 8730 Stimulation Additive

s global demand for hydrocarbons continues to grow, the need for efficient and improved recovery of oil and gas is crucial. The use of additives plays a critical role in the hydrocarbon supply chain from drilling to refining. In recent times, many stimulation applications in oil production have been moving towards «particle-free» systems in order to prevent a reduction in permeability or the blocking of pores in the formation. In addition, there are many polymers in oil dispersions such as CMC, dry friction reducers or guar slurries that require anti-settling properties to ensure safe storage, transport and use. With BYK-GO 8730, BYK is launching an innovative liquid rheology additive into the oil and gas market, which gives antisettling properties to a broad particle spectrum in oil system. In addition, the processing time is reduced considerably which significantly simplifies the preparation time for the user. Furthermore, it is liquid and pourable over a very wide temperature range and ensures low shear viscosity in oilbased systems.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 21

Four Areas Flow Assurance Can Help Reduce Cost and Increase Revenue

low assurance provides value throughout the entire oil and gas production value chain. Ensuring an uninterrupted flow of hydrocarbon fluids from the reservoir to delivery is key for your operation and profitability. Flow assurance issues—from hydrates and wax, to low temperatures and

corrosion—can result in production and process downtime, safety incidents and loss of revenue. If flow assurance risks are understood and addressed early in the project life, significant OPEX can be avoided. We’ve put four key ways of how to manage and improve flow assurance under the spotlight in this white paper,

to help you maintain hydrocarbon flow. Key areas for applying flow assurance techniques • Area 1 Engineering Design • Area 2 Infrastructure/ Integrity Management • Area 3 Life of Field • Area 4 Operations Support

Halliburton releases drill bit sensor

alliburton has introduced Cerebro Force™ in-bit sensors, a first-of-its-kind technology that captures weight, torque and bending measurements directly from the bit to improve understanding of downhome environments, optimize bit design and increase drilling efficiency. Built on Halliburton’s successful in-bit vibration sensing platform, Cerebro Force utilizesdownhome data to reduce or eliminate surface measurement uncertainty and inefficiencies caused by bit design, bottomhole assembly and drilling parameter selection. Through the Design at the Customer Interface (DatCI) process, Halliburton’s local network of drill bit experts, collaborate with operators to customise bits for

22 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Fig (4) Halliburton Cerebro Force™ in-bit sensors

basin-specific applications, and will use data from Cerebro Force to inform new designs and optimise parameters for efficient and precise drilling. The technology is available on fixed cutter drill bits and is compatible with conventional motor and rotary steerable drive systems. An operator in West Texas recently deployed Cerebro Force to improve directional control while drilling the curve portion of its wells. Cerebro Force data identified several issues that limited performance, and Halliburton developed a mitigation plan that optimised drilling practices and BHA design. This reduced the time to drill the curve section by 38%.

Seeing Inside Wells DarkVision has developed the world’s most advanced downhole imaging solution that effectively gives oil and gas operators the ability to see inside their wells. The system uses a variety of proprietary ultrasound technologies the company has developed and packaged into its first downhole tool. The company has spent years developing a new ultrasound-based imaging technology that can image an entire multi-kilometer long well at a sub-millimetric level. The tool can be deployed by either wireline, e-coil or tractor and performs a 360 degree scan of the well and its components. The company’s first tool is capable of

Fig (5) DARKVISION Downhole Imaging Tool

detecting and identifying a wide variety of downhole problems across a number of applications including: • Production Tubing Defects • Casing Corrosion/Erosion

• • • • •

Sand Screen Damage & Plugging Perforations & Sliding Sleeves Connection Cracks and Failures Sand & Scale Obstructions & Fishing

T.D. Williamson introduces latest isolation innovation T.D. Williamson (TDW) introduced its latest isolation innovation for the gas distribution market, the Polystopp Quick Connect system. Lightweight and easy to use, it allows operators to isolate a polyethylene (PE) line twice as fast as other methods while preventing the damage associated with squeezing. According to HT&P senior product manager Ryan Ragsdale, it takes less than 10 minutes to tap and isolate a pipeline with the Polystopp Quick Connect system. The technician can install the tapping, plugging and completion machines onto the valve in about 20 seconds each, and removal is just as fast. “Faster isolation dramatically decreases job time and increases efficiency while preserving pipeline integrity, which maximizes value to the operator,” Ragsdale said. The Polystopp Quick Connect system is extremely lightweight compared to previous solutions. All components are made of aluminum, including the valve and tapping, plugging and completion machines. That makes it light enough for a one-person lift operation. Polystopp Quick Connect technology allows TDW to meet the needs of the PE market with something the industry has never seen before. “Because we understand that the gas distribution industry is truly a lifeline for everyday citizens, TDW is constantly looking to develop technology that will enable operators to enhance pipeline integrity and do it faster, easier and more safely,” Ragsdale said. The Polystopp Quick Connect system is available worldwide for 4-inch through 8-inch pipelines up to 10 bar (150 psi). Technology for 12-inch pipelines will be available in the near future.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 23

5G 5GTechnology TechnologyIsIsShaping Shaping The TheEnergy EnergyIndustry Industry

24 Petroleum Today - September 2020

igitalization is reshaping the landscape in the energy sector. The need for higher energy efficiency, enhanced process control, and a better user experience is driving adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, which in turn require advanced networking technologies to ensure a seamless exchange of data.

For 5G and IoT use cases at the industrial scale, there are strict infrastructure requirements regarding connectivity and data transmission. Apart from the issue of how to increase bandwidth with 5G, early adopters are focusing on the following requirements for this new networking technology:

Utility-related communications are among the most demandingof IoT applications, with millions of devices needing to be wirelessly connected with an extreme degree of security and reliability. The fifth generation of cellular technologies (5G) seems to be shaping the future of the energy sector. Let’s find out how 5G differs from previous generations of mobile networks, what benefits it brings, and how to implement it for real-life use cases in the energy and utility sectors.

What is 5G?

The fifth generation of mobile networking technology, 5G works on the same principles as 4G. However, the new 5G NR (New Radio) air interface will have wider functionality than just mobile internet, providing a higher level of scalability and flexibility. Broadly speaking, 5G can be defined in two ways. The first and more obvious is that 5G is the next generation of cellular technology following after 4G, with improved speed, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices at once. The second definition describes 5G as a new kind of service that combines the basics of GSM, 4G, Wi-Fi, and other innovative networking technologies to provide always-on coverage the likes of which have never been seen. From this point of view, 5G is not a simple cellular technology; it’s a whole new vision created specifically to implement various IoT use cases and drive us closer to the smart city concept — not only to let you watch your favorite Netflix series much faster while on the bus.

5G and IoT use cases with deep mobile network deployment

Source: Gemalto – Introducing 5G networks – Characteristics and use cases

Despite some differences in definitions, industry leaders agree that 5G will turn around the perception of mobile networks. For starters, 5G energy efficiency will cut costs, improve decision-making with data insights, and provide the ability to connect almost every device across vast distances, offering control over hard-to-reach facilities to prevent lifethreatening events.

Industries that win the most from 5G

Source: Ericsson Report – The 5G Business Potential: Second Edition

New services that 5G will bring to various industries

Source: >Ericsson Mobility Report June 2019

5G will bring three new types of connected services, as defined by the SMARTER (New Services and Markets Technology Enablers) project by Yi-Hsueh Tsai of the Institute for Information Industry. The goal of SMARTER was to develop real-life use cases for 5G functionality and specify requirements for these new networks. The project identified 70 use cases grouped into five categories, which were later narrowed to three.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 25

Ó Enhanced mobile broadband – 5G will provide faster data rates up to multiple gigabits per second. This will improve the user experience with faster downloads and allow for 360-degree video streaming, enable VR/AR applications, and address critical issues related to smart meter security. With 5G, broadband access will be available in highly populated areas both indoors and outdoors, city centers, office buildings, stadiums, and conference halls, as well as in moving objects like cars, buses, trains, and planes. A recent survey by Statista shows that 48% of respondents believe they will never again log on to public Wi-Fi when 5G services are available. Ó Mission-critical control – 5G will enable new services which require extreme reliability and low latency, such as remote control of critical infrastructure, uninterrupted data exchange between autonomous vehicles, and real-time availability of robotics systems. For example, operators will be able to sendcommands to faraway devices or utility meters to change their configurations or control their performance with end-to-end latency down to a millisecond. Ó Massive Internet of Things networks – 5G is expected to interconnect a massive number of embedded sensors — up to 50,000 per carrier — thanks to the ability to scale down data rates and transmit data much faster through new protocols with lower power consumption. This will allow users to control, support, and monitor equipment with a high density of units in urban areas and remote locations.

Categorization of 5G use cases

will be transitioned from the world of computers to the world of smart connected devices, opening new technological opportunities. A report from PSB Research states that 91% of respondents expect 5G to usher in new products and services never before seen.

Key 5G features and benefits

Source: NetworkWorld – 5G: A deep dive into fast, new wireless

Top 5G energy use cases you should keep an eye on

From the perspective of power supply, 5G will help distribute energy faster and more efficiently. Energy management companies will be able to collect data at up to 20 gigabits per second with latency rates near 1 millisecond. Coupled with advanced storage technology, this will allow energy suppliers to feed huge databases from smart sensors and know exactly when to distribute or redistribute power and in what exact amount, leading to a secure and stable power supply. From the other end, 5G networks will need energy themselves, and other mission-critical systems will require their constant operation. This opens new cash flows for the energy sector as well. 5G and energy digitalization will generate new use cases within the energy industry, basically overlapping with IoT technology. Let’s give smart cities a chance. Here are some use cases of 5G in the energy and utilities sectors that show how 5G will lead to fierce competition between the main industry players.

Source: Qualcomm – Making 5G NR a reality

Benefits of 5G technology you should use for your next solution With the ongoing digitalization of services, 5G networks will lead the way to new business opportunities and meet evolving customer needs. New use cases will arrive faster than ever. As network speeds increase, more and more tasks

26 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Smart grid technology

Fifth-generation wireless technology will pave the way for new features and more efficient smart grids. New 5G mobile networks will help integrate previously unconnected devices to new smart grids for accurate monitoring and precise forecasting of their energy needs. Managing energy demand will be much easier and more efficient, requiring fewer investments, as the smart grid will balance the energy load, reduce electricity peaks, and ultimately cut

energy costs. Large cities will be able to plan their energy infrastructure based on collected data, spending less and reducing downtime.

Smart energy grid framework

Remote equipment monitoring

Like connected smart utility meters, energy monitoring is nothing new. Still, with the introduction of 5G technology, energy suppliers will get more detailed data faster, with lower latency, and over farther distances. Letâ€™s take a wind farm as an example.

Source: Smart Grid â€“ A demanding use case for 5G technologies

At the lowest layer, we see energy supplying infrastructure. The next layer includes the telecommunications network with mini-cells and a satellite network. The upper layer is a 5G architecture that consists of VNFs (Virtual Network Functions), existing IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), smart energy VNFs, monitoring units, and a new applications layer with predictive maintenance and dispatchable demand response services. All layers are connected via open APIs, and this framework could be customized to the particular needs of an energy supplier.

Smart meters for private properties Apart from industrial utilities, smart meters will enter our homes. This will allow private users to better understand which devices consume more energy and appropriately plan budgets. Smart meters are already in use in smart homes, and with 5G they will become widespread, while all measurements will be more accurate thanks to permanent and real-time data collection.

Digital data management

5G mobile networks will increase the demand for comprehensive data management strategies and the reliability of corporate systems. Organizations will need not only to maintain databases with large volumes of data but to be capable of receiving and working with data at higher speeds with zero risk of downtime. As a result, 5G will push businesses to eliminate their legacy data asset management systems and move to hybrid cloud applications applying microservice architectures for flexible and continuous application delivery.

In-house deployment of smart meters

Source: ResearchGate â€“ M2M Technology for 5G-Grade Home Automation

Petroleum Today - September 2020 27

MIDCO MIDCO has has a a highly experienced experienced MIDCO has a highly highly experienced professionals specialized in upstream professionals specialized in upstream professionals specialized in upstream & & downstream downstream Oil Oil & & Gas Gas related related & downstream Oil & Gas related facilities facilities services services provides provides a a full full facilities services provides a full range of Services & supplying range of Services & supplying range of Services & supplying equipment equipment these these includes includes & & & equipment these includes not limited to: not limited to: not limited to:

• Wellhead maintenance. • Wellhead maintenance. • CST Wellhead Agency. • CST Wellhead Agency. • Load test for elevators & • Load test for elevators & handling tools. handling tools. • Manpower Supply . • Manpower Supply . • Cold Casing Cutter Services. • Cold Casing Cutter Services. • Pre-heating & Welding services. • Pre-heating & Welding services. • Pressure Test Services • Pressure Test Services • Supplying Blohm & Voss • Supplying Blohm & Voss Handling Tools. Handling Tools. • Manufacturing Offshore • Manufacturing Offshore Transportation Baskets. Transportation Baskets. • Brine filtration services (POD • Brine filtration services (POD type). type). • Fabrication of Flanges & Risers. • Fabrication of Flanges & Risers.

Zahraa Zahraa El-Maadi El-Maadi Base: Base: Zahraa El-Maadi, Industrial,Cairo - Egypt Zahraa El-Maadi, Industrial,Cairo - Egypt Tel.: +202 25218060 / 25218058 Tel.: +202 25218060 / 25218058 Alexandria: Alexandria: Free Zone – Al Ameryia Free Zone – Al Ameryia

www.midcowww.midcoeg.com eg.com info@midcoinfo@midcoeg.com eg.com

MYDESIGN

+202 33 05 08 84

MYDESIGN

• Sandblasting and Painting. • Sandblasting and Painting.

CST CST Well Well Head Head Agency Agency

Load Load test test The API specification 8C determines The API specification 8C determines the the importance importance of of performing performing a a proof proof load load test test for for handling handling tools tools equipment equipment in in the the same same manner manner as as in in actual actual service service and and with with the the same area of the contact I the load same area of the contact I the load bearing surfaces bearing surfaces performing such load test is avoiding performing such load test is avoiding any any suddenly suddenly cracks cracks might might happen happen while while using using handling handling tools tools with with full full capacity at rigs site, as the mentioned capacity at rigs site, as the mentioned test is done at a workshop. test is done at a workshop. Testing Testing elevators elevators & handling & handling tools tools loading capabilities up to 750 tons – loading capabilities up to 750 tons – Certifying Certifying the the accepted accepted tools- tools- load load test test equipment equipment has has been been adapted adapted to test different types of devices as to test different types of devices as slings slings and and shackles shackles with with different different types and sizes. types and sizes.

MIDCO is an agent for CST Well MIDCO is an agent for CST Well head head manufacture manufacture in in Egypt- Egypt- Hungarian Hungarian company company founded founded in in 1991- 1991- Close Close to to 50 50 years years of of experience experience in in manufacturing manufacturing assemblies assemblies for for the the oil oil & & gas gas industry, industry, Manufacturer Manufacturer of of highhighquality Wellhead and X-mas tree quality Wellhead and X-mas tree assemblies assemblies to to fulfill fulfill individual individual customer customer needs needs worldwide- worldwide- Assemblies Assemblies described described under under API 6A and API 16A API 6A and API 16A

Main Main Office: Office: Villa No. 10, 309 St., New Maadi, Cairo - Villa No. 10, 309 St., New Maadi, Cairo - Egypt. Egypt. Tel.: +202 27041628 / 27058727 /10 / 03 Tel.: +202 27041628 / 27058727 /10 / 03 Alexandria: Alexandria: Fax:+202 27041624 Fax:+202 27041624 Free Zone – Al Ameryia Free Zone – Al Ameryia Zahraa Zahraa El-Maadi El-Maadi Base: Base: Zahraa El-Maadi, Industrial,Cairo - Egypt Zahraa El-Maadi, Industrial,Cairo - Egypt www.midcowww.midcoeg.com eg.com Tel.: +202 25218060 / 25218058 Tel.: +202 25218060 / 25218058 info@midcoinfo@midcoeg.com eg.com

Maintenance Maintenance and and Refurbishment Refurbishment of of Well Well Head Head Based Based on on API API Standards- Standards- Setting Setting up up Well Well Head- Head- Conducting Conducting on-site on-site &long-term well head maintenance- &long-term well head maintenance- Service benefits are far greater than Service benefits are far greater than purely- providing integrity assurance purely- providing integrity assurance for for an an Operator’s Operator’s assets.- assets.- Strict Strict guidelines guidelines are are imposed imposed on on every every activity activity undertaken undertaken to to assess assess risk risk and and eliminate eliminate it-MIDCO it-MIDCO Wellhead Wellhead Maintenance is very powerful in risk Maintenance is very powerful in risk elimination elimination and and meeting meeting customer customer needs. needs.

Blockchain Technology in the Oil and Gas Industry APPLICATION STATUS

In the past two years, blockchain technology has begunto emerge in the oil and gas industry. Many energygiants have begun to invest in the development of thistechnology. Among them, BP and Shell are pioneersin blockchain application technology in the oil and gasindustry.At the end of 2017, Sinochem Group successfully completedChina›s first blockchain crude oil import trading pilotproject from the Middle East to China. There are twomajor applications in the project - digital bill of ladingand smart contracts, which can significantly improve the efficiency of crude oil trading execution and optimize thetransaction financing cost by 20% to 30%. In addition,the blockchain platform jointly developed by Abu DhabiNational Oil Company (ADNOC) and IBM will be the firstapplication of blockchain technology in global oil and gasproduction accounting. Unlike other projects, it willapply to the entire oil and gas life cycle, not just a criticalpart of the commodity supply chain. ADNOC expects toautomate the transaction process through the platform, andby deploying advanced technology resources, it will reduceits drilling time by 30% in 2019 and achieve savings ofup to $1 billion.The Table lists 12 major oil and gas industry blockchainprojects worldwide, and the Fig. summarizes the statusof these projects from the region and status. It can be seenthat as of mid-2018, most of the blockchain projects in theoil and gas industry are in operation and commissioning, andsome are in the testing stage. Europe has the largest number ofprojects, and Asia and Europe have the fastest developmentin the application of blockchain in the oil and gas industry.But overall, there are few blockchain projects in the oil andgas industry relative to other industries.

30 Petroleum Today - September 2020

UNDERSTANDING LEVEL

From the perspective of understanding blockchain in theoil and gas industry, this report summarizes the followinginformation from the statistical records of 1053 respondentsin ‹›Deloitte›s 2018 global blockchain survey››: (1) 72% of respondents in the oil and gas industry believethat blockchain technology will have a big impact on theindustry; (2) 61% of respondents in the oil and gas industry believethat the blockchain is only a currency database and can onlybe used in the financial services sector; (3) Regarding the level of understanding, 87% of respondentsin the oil and gas industry believe that their understandingof the blockchain is ‹›Excellent›› rather than ‹›Expert››(only two levels in this survey); (4) In terms of investment in blockchain technology, 72%of respondents in the oil and gas industry invested between$1 million and $10 million, while only 9% invested morethan $10 million. In contrast, 38% of respondents in theautomation field invested more than $10 million in theirorganization; (5) Only 15% of the organizations in the oil and gas industryhave applied the blockchain to production, while 84% areonly in the consciousness or experimental phase. For another report, the World Energy Council interviewed39 people in the energy field in 2018 and releaseda report called ‹›Is blockchain in energy driving an evolutionor a revolution?››. They have a maturity modelbased on the interviewees› responses. It can be concludedfrom the two survey reports that the understanding of theblockchain by the oil and gas industry is not comprehensive enough, and the application of the blockchain isstill in the experimental stage. In addition, the oil and gasindustry›s investment in the blockchain is not strong enough.

OPPORTUNITY OPPORTUNITY AND AND CHALLENGE CHALLENGE

Due Dueto tothethedecentralization decentralizationandandtransparency transparencyof of theblockchain, theblockchain, it can it can bring bring many many opportunities opportunities to to thethe oil oil andand gasgas industry. industry. However, However, a new a new technology technology willwill inevitably inevitably encounter encounter many many challenges challenges when when it isitfirst is first applied, applied, as shown as shown in Table. in Table.

RISK RISK

management. management. Ó Initial Ó Initial applications applications may may have have technical technical problems. problems. Ó Lack Ó Lack of of a standardized a standardized mode mode of of operation, operation, function function andand security security deficiencies. deficiencies. Cyber Cyber riskrisk refers refers to to badbad behavior behavior such such as as fraud fraud duedue to to insufficient insufficient security security or design or design flaws, flaws, it isit reflected is reflected in: in:

Ó There Ó There may may be be fraud fraud in the in the interface interface between between thethe realreal world world Although Although thethe blockchaintechnology blockchaintechnology hashas many many advantages, advantages, thethe andand thethe blockchain blockchain world. world. current current operating operating system system is still is still notnot perfect, perfect, andand there there areare many many Ó The Ó The exchange exchange may may be be attacked attacked by by hackers, hackers, andand thethe user›s user›s risks. risks. Risks Risks cancan be be divided divided intointo operational operational risks, risks, cyber cyber risks, risks, password password may may be be hacked hacked andand funds funds transferred. transferred. andand legal legal risks. risks. Operational Operational riskrisk means means thatthat if the if the blockchain blockchain is is Ó The Ó The hard hard fork fork of the of the block block willwill cause cause thethe trust trust of the of the entire entire applied applied to the to the oil oil andand gasgas industry, industry, technical technical or social or social problems problems network network system system to be to be questioned. questioned. may may produce produce badbad results. results. It may It may be be reflected reflected in: in: Legal Legal riskrisk refers refers to to some some illegal illegal actsacts thatthat may may occurinthe occurinthe Ó Loss Ó Loss of data of data andand identity. identity. operation operation of block of block chains, chains, it isit re_ected is re_ected in: in: Ó The Ó The transaction transaction costs costs of the of the public public blockchain blockchain areare high. high. Ó Tax Ó Tax evasion evasion may may be be triggered. triggered. Ó Lack Ó Lack of recipients of recipients andand users. users.

Ó Illegal Ó Illegal useuse of information. of information.

Ó Lack Ó Lackof oflong-term long-termexperience experienceleads leadsto toimperfect imperfect Ó Blockchains Ó Blockchains areare used used forfor illegal illegal transactions. transactions.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 31

Cooperation between Petroleumand Technology balances production and confronts ÂŤCoronaÂť

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OVERCOMES THE COSTS OF THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY AND REDUCES RISKS On the twentieth of April 2020,Prices of US Petroleum contracts fell to their lowest level in history,exceeding zero, in parallel to the decrease in available storage space in the world,this is because of the abundant supply of Petroleum that global economies no longer need; As a result of the almost complete closure of many airports, ports, factories and companies,this is due to the Corona pandemic that hit the world, which led to a drop in global Petroleum demand to about a third. However, the collapse of the world Petroleum prices due to the Corona pandemic and the enormous losses it caused in the Petroleum field portends the need to work on managing the current economic crisis,although the global Petroleum market has experienced many shocks over the years, the effects of any of them have not reached the core of the industry with that force witnessed by the Petroleum market, the economic impact of the virus on the Petroleum industry has spread through successive stages,this is due to the decrease in demand for oil, as factories closed and transportation was disrupted, and stores began to accumulate, as well as traders resorting to ocean tanker tankers to store crude Petroleum in the hope of improving prices in the future.

How How technology technology supports supports thethe Petroleum Petroleum sector sector before before and and after after thethe crisis? crisis? TheThe Egyptian Egyptian petroleum petroleum sector sector testifies testifies thatthat it worked it worked on on thethe development development of of thethe petroleum petroleum sector sector system system before before thethe crisis crisis of «Covid of «Covid 19», 19», in line in line with with Egypt›s Egypt›s 2030 2030 strategy strategy forfor sustainable sustainable development. development. TheThe Egyptian Egyptian petroleum petroleum sector sector hashas consistently consistently achieved achieved thethe highest highest optimal optimal economic economic benefit benefit rates rates from from natural natural resources, resources, to contribute to contribute to the to the sustainable sustainable development development of of Egypt Egypt 2030, 2030, Turning Turning Egypt Egypt intointo a regional a regional center center forfor Petroleum Petroleum andand gasgas trade trade andand circulation, circulation, in light in light of of keeping keeping pace pace with with progressTechnology progressTechnology andand support support forfor digital digital transformation, transformation, andand useuse of of thethe Enterprise Enterprise Resource Resource (ERP) (ERP) planning planning system;It system;It is is an an information information system system thatthat allows allowsplanningManaging planningManagingcompanies companiesandandlinking linkingthem them together; together; This This is toisspeed to speed information information exchange exchange andand facilitate facilitate decision-making, decision-making,in inaddition additionto toimplementing implementingresource resource planning planning programs programs viavia SAP SAP (System (System Application Application & Products & Products Data Data Processing). Processing). Which Which works works on on resource resource planning planning andand enterprise enterprise activities activities which which waswas developed developed by by thethe German German company company (sap (sap SE)SE) in in 2006, 2006, Which Which thethe company company cancan manage manage its its financial financial activities, activities, manage manage human human resources, resources, andand limit limit thethe useuse of of paper paper transactions,the transactions,the availability availability of of a single a single source source of of information, information, which which increases increases thethe accuracy accuracy of of reports reports andand

AliAli Fergany Fergany Preparation Preparation & Development & Development Dept. Dept. Head Head Researcher Researcher & lecturer & lecturer in media in media andand communication communication sciences sciences Trainer Trainer Media Media Coach Coach & Sciences & Sciences & communication & communication ForFor OGS OGS Co.Co. Certified Certified Trainer Trainer At Ain At Ain Shams Shams University University

speedy speedy completion completion of transactions. of transactions. Technology Technology developments developments have have enabled enabled thethe energy energy sector sector to to its itsplan planto tomaximize maximizethethebenefit benefitfrom fromtechnologythe technologythe reachnew reachnew sources sources of natural of natural gasgas andand oil;oil; To To meet meet worldwide worldwide digital digitaltransformation, transformation,development developmentandandmodernization modernization demand,innovation demand,innovation alsoalso helped helped mitigate mitigate thethe environmental environmental of of thethe petroleum petroleum sector, sector, which which spares spares no no effort effort to to keep keep impact impact of of energy energy production production by by allowing allowing more more gasgas andand paceConsecutive paceConsecutive technology technology developments; developments; And And work work to to Petroleum Petroleum to be to be produced produced using using fewer fewer wells. wells. employ employ them them to to move move forward forward towards towards paymentEgypt paymentEgypt to to AsAs companies companies work work to to revolutionize revolutionize thethe business business through through become become a regional a regional energy energy center, center, andand thethe speedy speedy start start of of their their range range of digital of digital projects projects thatthat include include gasgas andand Petroleum Petroleum implementing implementing programs programs forfor qualifying qualifying human human cadres, cadres, andand exploration exploration sites, sites, which which helps helps them them determine determine thethe sites sites using using software software to to useuse in in various various activities activities of of thethe sector, sector, where where they they willwill sellsell thethe products. products.

andand raising raising thethe efficiency efficiency ofrefineries ofrefineries andand immediate immediate data data

analysis, which which enhances enhances thethe issuance issuance of accurate of accurate reportsto reportsto Although Although thethe energy energy sector sector waswas thethe area area thatthat witnessed witnessed analysis, digitization digitization at at a slow a slow pacerelatively pacerelatively speaking, speaking, however, however, support support decision decision makers, makers, andand to promote to promote occupational occupational health health digital digital transformation transformation andand radical radical change change areare now now at at thethe andand safety, safety, as well as well as developing as developing databases databases of workers of workers in the in the forefrontall forefrontall thethe exhibitions, exhibitions, conferences conferences andand symposia symposia thatthat sector, sector, training training programs, programs, andand financial financial databases, databases, through through areare held held in the in the Petroleum Petroleum andand gasgas industryanywhere industryanywhere in the in the improving improving citizen citizen services services andand working working to provide to provide thethe bestbest world. world.

solutions solutions to problems, to problems, andand to maximizetake to maximizetake advantage advantage of the of the

databases of investors of investors andand suppliers suppliers to facilitate to facilitate procedures. procedures. Since SincethetheEgyptian EgyptianMinistry Ministryof ofPetroleum Petroleumannounced announced databases

Petroleum Today - September 2020 33

software in its various activities to obtain information from the sensors capable of tracking refineries. It is worth noting that the company «Total» cooperates with «Google» to interpret geological dataseismic activities, and the energy company plans to increase its investment in artificial intelligenceto produce more hydrocarbons. Royal Dutch was not in isolation from current developments, as it tested artificial intelligenceto monitor its operations at the largest Rotterdam refinery in Europe to improve maintenance operations and reduce costs, as well as contribute to reducing the cost of charging electric cars inCalifornia. Giant information management caused by machine communication: One of the capabilities that the Internet of Things distinguishes is the ability of machines to communicate with each otherMachine To Machine Communication, challenge showsIn this field, if the volume of data and information

Artificial intelligence reduces the costs of the Petroleum industry

increases, as a result of the expected increase inthe volume of

International companies considered artificial intelligence

go towards inevitably dealing with this problem by collecting

a solution to the huge cost problemthat could hinder the

data in small distributed centers so that information can be

growth of its hydrocarbon extraction activities, and among

processed.

Internet of Things users, which organizations are expected to

those problems for example, is a pump malfunction in a drilling rig in the North Sea, which BP was exposed to at the time, the company soon managed tosolve the pump problem by installing an artificial intelligence software that monitors

How big data contributes to the Petroleum industry. Machine learning technologies have evolved and the cost

data fromsensors connected to it to predict any malfunction

of storing data has decreased, prompting energy companies

or malfunction before it causes the drilling operations to

to take advantage of artificial intelligence capabilities, and

stop, which means that engineers and technicians intervene

since 2017, Petroleum and gas production companies have

quickly to tackle the problem from its roots before the crisis

tended to take advantage of superior technology software.

occurs.

Petroleum and gas companies are targeting massive data

Hence the deepening cooperation between the energy

from intelligence sensorsartificial analysis of its activities

and technology sectors, as BP used the spark cognition of

and the prediction of malfunctions and problems, and work

artificial intelligence software to solve the pump problem,

to solve themmapping of maintenance and exploration and

and data in the Petroleum and gas industry such as Exxon

more efficient and less expensive databases.

Mobil revealed a partnership with Microsoft to use artificial

ExxonMobil said it has a database of five trillion points

intelligence software in Operations in the Permian Basin

providing it with data at refineries and chemical processing

in Texas, and ExxonMobil also used artificial intelligence

plants around the world, and it has information on the

34 Petroleum Today - September 2020

volume of crude flow and how to maximize the quality of

exploration and drilling, field development and production

its products.

from refining to the distribution of petroleum products for final use.

What does artificial intelligence represent for the Petroleum and gas industry?

This will lead to a significant development of drilling and production operations; It will save the human effort and

Artificial intelligence is a rich and varied scientific field, but

risks to the drilling team, so everything can be monitored

in terms of itin the Petroleum and gas industry, we find two

immediately

main applications: (Automated education / data science)and

Anticipate problems before they arise and take an immediate

artificial intelligence has turned practically all problems in

reaction that depends on what is recorded of the data, which

the Petroleum and gas industry.

saves a lot of time to dig the well and thus greatly reduces

There is a huge amount of data in the Petroleum and gas

costs.

industry, and it has become difficult to deal with these large

The big data analysis technology has opened unimaginable

quantities, and extract the general information necessary

horizons, but what has happened so far has improved

from them to build

efficiency dramatically. For example, a data analysis

Future strategies, and here comes the role of machine

company, totally unrelated to oil, analyzes data for an entire

learning; All systems are allowedcomputing is learning how

region in which dozens of companies operate, and finds

to handle and interpret data in this industry withouthuman

that The productivity of wells in some areas was lower

intervention, machine learning also helps Petroleum and gas

than around them, which indicates that more of them can

institutions far from their centersthe main is to control issues,

be extracted, and an analysis of big data from technology

internal procedures, deal with them, and solve problemsthe

can infer a better and more appropriate conclusion by

large one that cannot be simplified by relying solely on

region, which is information that was not available before,

human assistance.

but for new areas, it can be used Advanced technology for

Machine learning is also an important application of artificial

photographing the underground and knowing where the

intelligence in the Petroleum industrygas, where simulation

reservoirs are, much more accurately than before, which

process procedures help, and predictive analysis operations

reduces costs significantly and increases the efficiency

ondata models and environmental risks measurement for

of capital and workers. This means that the Petroleum

new projects.

companies that adopt this technology will be able to bring

Artificial intelligence can be used in data science by

more Petroleum to the world, and reduce risks.

Petroleum and gas institutionsaway from its headquarters,

In the field of Petroleum trade, adopting the ÂŤblockÂť chain

to increase access to complex exploration informationabout

technology will solve many problems inthe petroleum

Petroleum and gas and get it.

industry, companies will be able to track their shipments

Dr. Said Kamel, professor of Petroleum and gas production

everywhere, they will organize the inventory better, the

and economics, said that the data revolutionand artificial intelligence has now become one of the most important

traditional contracts in the Petroleum market will end and they will be smart contracts that will adapt to changing

and independent production systems that are automated by

situations and conditions dependent on data analysis.

computers and robots that learn from what is happening,

In the field of human resources management in the petroleum

and reprogram themselves, especially in the Petroleum and

sector, the job of the data analyst and its programming will

natural gas industry, which helps the adoption of artificial

have a very important role, to keep pace with this development

intelligence technology to improve the efficiency of

in the field of big data and the methods of analyzing it, and

technical decisions, reduce costs and avoid errors resulting

to train engineers in the role of data analysis in cooperation

from Human intervention throughout the industry from

withInternational companies.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 35

Egypt Signs East Mediterranean Gas Forum Charter

gypt has signed the East Mediterranean Gas Forum’s (EMGF) charter, making it a formally established international organization that unites gas producers and importers. In a teleconference, Egypt hosted the signing ceremony of the EMGF, with the participation of seven ministers from different countries across the East Mediterranean region. Originally, the bloc was an informal forum of Egypt, Cyprus, Israel, and Greec. Major companies, such as Total, Eni, Novatek and Exxon, have singed exploration and production agreements. Representatives of Palestine and Jordan have attended the meetings of the EMGF. On 16thjan. 2020, the EMGF became an international body. Subsequently, France and the United States asked to join the forum, as a member and permanent observer respectively Egyptian Minister of Petroleum TarekAl-Molla praised the forum during the teleconference, calling it a major breakthrough that will help optimize member states’ oil and gas reserves while establishing solidified dialogue and cooperation between them. Al-Molla further praised the EMGF for finalizing the charter in a record 20 months

36 Petroleum Today - September 2020

despite global circumstances. In addition to France, who witnessed the signing of the charter, the EMGF is supported and recognized by the European Union, World Bank, and the United States. The forum, which excludes Turkey, said they are open for any membership submissions by any other state within the Eastern Mediterranean, with minister Al-Molla noting the organization’s willingness to welcome other countries given that they share the same goals and condemn any acts of violence. This comes right after Greece and Turkey’s conflict over energy claims in the Eastern Mediterranean, with Ankara announcing it would expand its search for gas resources near the disputed region. Tensions continued to escalate when Egypt signed a maritime demarcation deal with Greece which establishes an exclusive economic zone between the two countries. However, talks between Greece and Turkey over the disputed zones are expected to continue after Ankara pulled back an oil and gas exploration vessel near the shore of Crete.

Technology Applications

Zohr Offshore Pipeline Buckle Arrestor SSC Testing & Mitigation By: Hesham Hussein, Enppi; Hesham Elkhafif and Shady Badran, Petrobel

bstract

Zohr subsea production system (Accelerated Start Up Phase) is made by 6 wells connected via individualrigid production infield flowlines to two chained Main Subsea Structures. Gas is exported to onshore ElGamil plant through a piggable export sealine connected to the one of the two Main Subsea Structures. In total 218 km of pipes 30inch to Zohr onshore plant El Gamil pipeline. Pipeline material and dimensioncombination required for the Zohr project is unique in its kind and the combination of requirements has notbeen produced before, with demanding mechanical and corrosion tests and a new limit for pipeline exposedto sour service. A certain number of Buckle arrestors (107 pieces) have been used along pipeline installation. The BAAare around 12 m long and are integrated by three sections; The central sections of thickness (75.8, 66.0 and54.0mm) are seamless forged pieces produced with ASTM A707 Grade L5 Modified steel in quenched andtempered condition with mechanical properties equivalent to API 5L L415QS / L415QO material. The puppieces are API 5L LSAW pipes Grade L415MS / L415MO. During Manufacturing Process Qualification Testing (MPQT) Sulphide Stress Cracking Corrosion Test(SSC) have shown some cracks of test specimens. The specimen fails and SSC cracks were found in thepost test analysis, i.e., by sectioning and performing metallography at X100. These specimens were testedin NACE TM0177 type A solution with 5% NaCl and 0.5% acetic acid, saturated with 1 bar H2S at aninitial pH of 2.7. Exposure duration was 720 hours and the load to be applied was 90%. No indications ordefects were assessed by NDT magnetic particle inspections on all the tested specimens. Weld overlay of buckle arrestors assemblies (BAA) with alloy N06625 (nominal thickness 3 mm) coverthe full length

of the central section plus the circumferential welds (that are ground flush) and extending100 mm on each side of the girth welds into the pup pieces. It was a challenge to overcome these defect of these pipes considering the stringent requirements in theproject specifications and the tight project schedule to achieve the installation campaign without any delayon project schedule. The Optimized Ramp-Up phase envisages an extension of the Accelerated Start Up subsea system withfour (4) additional wells, a new Main Subsea Structure (MSS3), a new Subsea Distribution Unit (SDU) anda piggable export pipeline (30» OD), parallel to the 26» Accelerated Start Up Phase (ASU) export line. Keywords: Corrosion testing, Pitting, Crack, SSC, Weld overlay, Coating, Installation

Introduction

The Shorouk Offshore Block is located in the East Nile Delta offshore and belongs to the East MediterraneanBasin. The selected development concept is based on subsea production systems, one control platform andan onshore treatment plant. Two production clusters connected via crossing manifold with the gas exportlines to shore. Export line is 30inch along with 218 km of pipes 30inch to Zohr onshore plant El Gamilpipeline. For the development of the Zohr field, the following principles, approaches and philosophies shall beconsidered during the design: Ó high integrity approach shall be considered for the subsea production system for 25 years design life; Ó the design shall be intended to minimize any maintenance, inspection and repair activities, inparticular for the subsea items and structures; Ó sufficient flexibility and robustness shall be included in the design to possibly manage some, limitevariations with

Petroleum Today - September 2020 37

respect to the field data or future field development.

water depth along the pipelines sections.

The calculations carried out with corrosion models allow the use of carbon steel material provided that6mm corrosion allowance is adopted and the fluid aggressiveness is mitigated by continuous corrosioninhibition injection. Such selection is also supported by having most water condensation along the flowlinesand the limited quantity of formation water expected (calculations are based on full wet conditions), whichfurther reduce the wall thinning risk.

Buckle arrestors are basically cylindrical rings with larger thickness than the linepipe. Thick Wall PipeJoint arrestors are a special pipe sections that is designed to prevent collapse propagation. It is welded into a pipeline at defined intervals. A Thick Wall Pipe Joint is essentially a long integral ring arrestor, with moreamount of steel is required. This type of buckle arrestor is fabricated with a taper length at both ends toreduce the stress concentration factor.

Corrosion testing is used daily to simulate or screen materials for their intended application environmentover extensive periods of time. When testing Buckle Arrestor forged piece in standard laboratory testenvironments for susceptibility to corrosion in its intended application.

The spacing between BA for Long Pipelines is taken as one catenary of minimum water depth along thesections pipeline route; to minimize the length of pipeline to recover in accidental event of buckle.

This paper covers the laboratory testing and forensic analysis of testing used extensively in the oil andgas industry to evaluate resistance of metals to sulfide stress cracking (SSC). The surface of the specimen to be exposed to the environment in service is stressed in tension and theother surface in compression. The test is carried out for a specified exposure period with the specimen heldunder constant displacement using compact loading jigs. Despite the apparent simplicity of the test thereare many factors that can influence the test results. Buckle arrestor is mandatory for offshore installation Deepwater to avoid buckling of pipeline duringinstallation phase. It was challenging to overcome the consequence of SSC test results and to avoid anydelay for project offshore installation campaign and production.

Buckle Arrestors - Installation Vessel

For deep water large diameter pipelines, it is not practical to design the pipelines with sufficient wallthickness to prevent propagating collapse failure. Instead, a series of buckle arrestors should be installed atintervals along the pipelines, each sufficiently robust to stop propagation buckling, which limits the extentof the damaged pipeline under such circumstances. It should be noted that buckle arrestors do not preventbuckle initiation, but limit the distance to which a buckle may propagate. It shall be noted that all pipeline wall thicknesses are selected to prevent depressurized system collapsein accordance with DNV OS-F101. Thus, the buckle propagation during depressurization could possiblybe initiated by other external loadings during an unexpected event (e.g. drop object or over bending duringinstallation). Therefore, the buckle arrestors are designed to prevent propagation buckling during suchincident. For the 30» Export Pipelines the BA thickness was optimized along the routes and it was calculated basedon maximum

38 Petroleum Today - September 2020

The design of the vessel is based on the requirements of laying pipelines with high productivity,preferably trunk lines of large diameter, at both shallow and deep water, together with fully dynamicpositioning capability and with large pipe storage capacity coupled with on board prefabricating facilities.The CastorOne was used for Installation of the deep section of the 30inch gas export pipeline Main features of the vessel are listed here below: Ó Capability of fabrication on board 3x12m TJ and 2x12m DJ (adjustable for 2x18m DJ fabricationfor special cases). Ó Laying 3LPE/concrete coated pipes. Ó Laying bulky items in S-lay (before and after tensioners). Mobilization and booking for the installation vessesl have been agreed which includes a high cost fordaily rate have been planned with all suppling services vessels to be sure installation campaign is going asschedualed based on deleviry plan for the pipeline and buckle arrestor fully coated.

The Buckle Arrestor

The Buckle arrestor required for the Zohr project is unique in its kind. The combination of requirements hasnot been produced before. The BAAs are around 12 m long and are integrated by three sections: a centralsection of thickness (75.8, 66.0 and 54.0mm) and in the sketch and two end sections (pup pieces). The endsections are circumferentially welded to the central section. The central sections are seamless forged piecesproduced with ASTM A707 Grade L5 Modified steel in quenched and tempered condition with mechanicalproperties equivalent to API 5L L415QS / L415QO material. The pup pieces are API 5L LSAW pipes GradeL415MS / L415MO.

Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Testing (MPQT) The production is qualified by an extensive Manufacturing

Procedure Qualification Test (MPQT). It hasto be performed on two heats for each wall thickness and/or welding procedure (WPS) individually. EachMPQT comprises more than 60 mechanical and corrosion tests in unaged and – to simulate the coatingprocess – aged condition. The tests with the longest duration are the corrosion tests for SSC (1 month =720 h). SSC testing is done according to NACE TM0177 type A solution with 5% NaCl and 0.5% acetic acid,saturated with 1 bar H2S at an initial pH of 2.7. Exposure duration was 720 hours and the load to be appliedwas 90%. No indications or defects were assessed by NDT magnetic particle inspections on all the testedspecimens. During the qualification process, SSC testing Specimen examination is carried out by metallographicsections of the FPBT, metallographic analyses shall be performed on polished sections up to X100magnification to characterize/ check possible cracks presence. The specimen fails SSC cracks were foundin the post test analysis, i.e., by sectioning and performing metallography at X100, while visual and stereomicroscopy observations before sectioning are used as a reference for possible defect positioning for in depthanalyses at X100 in those locations. This occurred just two (2) months before installation campaign startwhere booking of vessels and planning for startup have been agreed. Any delay on installation campaignwould affect the whole project and it was challenging to achive the target without affecting the integrityand the production.

Material & Test Preparation

Three FPB specimens (115 x 15 x 5 mm) were machined from the forged Buckle Arrestor (BA forging)side of the girth weld connecting on one side the LSAW pipe and, on the other side, the forged bucklearrestor (heat 170862). These specimens were taken longitudinally from Inner Diameter (ID) with respectto the pipe axis. Test specimens were marked using a vibratory stencil on each end with the following identificationnumber ID-BA5; ID-BA6; ID-BA7. One spare specimen (ID-BA8) was machined and used for thecalibration procedure in order to evaluate the displacement to apply the fixed level of stress. Surface roughness, evaluated in three positions over the entire length is reported in Table 1. Specimens were free from defects, as shown by magnetic particles inspections, performed beforeexposing the specimens in the environment.

Post Test Analysis & Evaluation of Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC)

In the present section, the summary of the finding from

observations are reported, as well as details fromthe most relevant or representative cases useful to indicate the general outcomes of the testing. Ó Magnetic particles inspection Specimens were free from defects or any indications, as shown by magnetic particles inspectionsperformed by the end of test exposure, after performing surface cleaning according to ASTM G1. Ó Stereo- Microscope inspection (10X) Corrosion deposits were visible by SM inspection on specimen surfaces. As shown in figure 6elephant skin corrosion was detected on all specimens. Ó Optical Microscope inspection (100X) Sections at ½ and at ¼ width were prepared and observed by optical microscope. Surface defectswere assessed and their depth was measured. The defects with the highest depth were recorded.The depth was measured at a proper optical microscope magnification. Micrographs relevant torepresentative field and worst field (containing measured defects) at 100X magnification wereachieved.

Technical Evaluation

There is no formal guidance in standards for the differentiation between sharp pits and cracks. This is thesubject of ongoing debate in the national and international Oil & Gas Community. The only reference basedon EFC16 International Standard and based on measurement (i.e. not on SSC indications’ interpretation)with a limit of 0.1 mm = 100 μm: A crack has a sharp tip, has parallel sides and is greater than 100 micronsin the through thickness direction. This depth is measured from the surface for a surface crack and measuredfrom the base of a pit for a pit-induced crack. Even, if taking into consideration the acceptance criteria of EFC 16; a technical debate to evaluate themeasuring of each pit or crack and to be sure it will not exceed 100 μm. Different opinions of the pointof start to measure each pit

Technical Solution and Way Forward

In order to complete the installation campaign and starting production from Zohr project, using bucklearrestors for installation of pipeline was mandatory and shall be used. There was less than two (2) monthsto start of vessels & fleets mobilization for pre-production testing. After reviewing all the possible scenarios, two different conceptual alternatives were shortlisted: a.Start again with a new material b.Additional weld overlay operation to be applied for exsiting material

Petroleum Today - September 2020 39

Alternative (a) appeared to be considerably longer and with uncertain results, as challenges of newadditional processes, new suppliers qualification, demanding logistic, and compression of the timing.

by elephant skin corrosion. In some cases, atthe bottom of the pits, associated to the elephant skin, cracks were present;

Fast track recovery plan was estabilished in order to keep up with the project and offshore installationschedual. Alternativly plan (a) would have been exposed to more delay and cost to installation vessel stand-by.

Ó Few cracks starting from the surface were detected. The maximum depth (69,69 μm) was found onID-BA6 at ¼ width

Weld overlay using Inconel material Alloy N06625 have been proposed as a solution and way forwardwhich will have a cost impact and time schedule for overlay welding qualification and production. N06625 (nominal thickness 3 mm) cover the full length of the central section plus the circumferential welds (thatare ground flush) and extending 100 mm on each side of the girth welds into the pup pieces shown on figure9. The clad layer thickness shall be 3mm min. deposited with a minimum of two weld runs. Qualification of Main Welding Procedure and Welding Repair Procedure done on one Buckle ArrestorAssembly with 66 mm wall thickness The beginning and end of the weld overlay layer shall be ground with a taper in order to have a smoothtransition between the UNS N06625 layer and the C-steel pup-piece as per figure 10. Internal coating layer have been applied also as an extra protection of one coat of a two component glassflake vinyl ester acrylic co-polymer coating all over the BA until carbon steel pup piece reported in figure 11. A lot of precautions have been taken to avoid any delay for Buckle Arrestor delivery to installationvessel. Buckle Arrestors have been dispatched Airfreight instead of maritime transports for weld overlayand delivered to installation contractor vessels using speed boats. This decision allowed to reduce the totallead time by approcimately 11 weeks, contributing to the successful execution of the laying campaign. All the above actions were timley implemented and resulted in a deleviry of BAAs in line with the needsof the installation campaign. This allowed to complete the first 30inch pipeline and to start the relevantoperation, reaching production level of 2,700 MMSCFD. The paper reviews the interpretation to identify crack measurement and differentiation between cracksand pits. As per SSC testing results, it is our intention to illustrate the consequences and the solution providedusing weld overlay of Alloy N06625 and internal coating.

Conclusion

All the samples machined from the BA forging were affected

40 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Ó The maximum crack depth (83,17 μm) was found on IDBA6 at ¼ width;

Ó There is no formal guidance in standards for the differentiation between sharp pits and cracks. Thisis the subject of ongoing debate in the national and international Oil & Gas Community. Ó Weld overlay using Inconel material Alloy N06625 with thickness of 3mm cover the full length ofthe central section plus the circumferential welds (that are ground flush) and extending 100 mm oneach side of the girth welds into the pup pieces. Ó Internal coating applied all over the buckle arrestor up to 1000 mm from pup piece. Ó Choosing of weldoverlay was the best solution to avoid any delay for installation campaign. It waschallenging to achieve this target passing through all qualifications and fabrication methods. Ó Analyze most of alternative solutions and taking this decision was benefcial in terms of cost andinstallation time. Abbreviations BA Buckle Arrestor CRA Corrosion Resistant Alloy DJ Double Joint FPB Four-Point Bend ID Inner Diameter LSAW Longitudinally Submerged Arc Welded MW Mid wall OD Outer Diameter WM Weld Metal MPQT Manufacturing Procedure Qualification Test MMSCFD Million Standard Cubic Feet Per Day NDT Non-Destructive Testing OM Optical Microscope SM Stereo- Microscope inspection SSC Sulfide Stress Cracking TJ Triple Joint WPS Welding Procedure Specification

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Crack wise 5.0 R29795 released by TWI (UK) implementing the calculation route of BS7910:2013. BS7910:2013, “Guide to methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in metallic structures”,The British Standard Institution. DNV-OS-F101:2013, Submarine Pipeline Systems, October 2013. NACE Standard TM0177-2016 – Item No. 21212. Standard Test Method – Laboratory Testingof Metals for Resistance to Sulfide Stress Cracking and Stress Corrosion Cracking in H2SEnvironments. 5. European Federation of Corrosion Publications - Number 16 Third Edition EFC 16 – Guidelineson Materials Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel for H2S Containing Environments inOil and Gas Production

Figure 1—CastorOne Vessel

Specimens were free from defects, as shown by magnetic particles inspections, performed beforeexposing the specimens in the environment. The load to be applied was 90% Rp was evaluated by means of tensile tests on BA forging.

Figure 3—ID-BA5; ID-BA6; ID-BA7

Figure 4—Instrumented Sample.

The displacement was applied to the three specimens to be tested, mounted in the Jig with the innersurface stressed in tension, without any strain gauge instrumentation

Figure 5—Samples loaded in the Jig

Petroleum Today - September 2020 41

Figure 6—Post-test NTD Inspection.

The summary of test results is reported in Table 2 and examples of significant micrographs are reportedin Figure 7.

Figure 7—Post-test Analysis: stereo-microscope inspection (10X)

Figure 8—Post-test Analysis cross-section investigations by OM,examples of significant micrographs (100X): ID-BA5; ID-BA6; ID-BA7.

42 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Figure.9—weld overlay covering BA, girth weld and pup piece.

Figure.10—weld overlay machining ground taper

Figure.11—internal coating of BA Table 1—Roughness measurements

Table 2—Summary of test results: ID-BA5; ID-BA6; ID-BA7

Petroleum Today - September 2020 43

Technology Applications Monitoring & Surveillance Improve ESP Operation and Reduce Workover Frequency By: M. El Gindy, H. Abdelmotaal, K. Botros, and I. Ginawi, Schlumberger; E. Sayed and T. Edris, Khalda Petroleum Company

bstract

The Western Desert in Egypt has multiple fields in which most wells are artificially lifted. Wells with ESPs represent the major percentage of oil production by volume in that area. ESP run life is a principal criteria that is typically evaluated before the initial design and throughout the wellâ€™s life time. Most wells are remotely positioned from one another and from the main gathering stations (2 to 8 Km. approximately). This is one of the major challenges when trying to maximize uptime and reduce the production deferment. Operational issues including power supply and capacity limitations as well as changing inflow conditions can have negative impact on the ESP run-life, predominantly caused by excessive trips and shutdowns. Also such trips will result in lengthy downtimes due to the remoteness of the wells. On the production side, these trips will ultimately have a major effect on production targets due to intermittent deferment. ESP wells connected to real-time monitoring and surveillance systems incur less lifting costs because of proactive responses and early detection of incidents. Systematic alarms along with pro-active remedial actions can minimize such preventable trips while maintaining the integrity of the ESP, eventually extending its run life. This paper discusses a number of case studies showing how the implementation of such system prevented trips in some situations and allowed making key decisions and recommending remedial actions to optimize the ESP operation.

Introduction

Khalda Petroleum Company is one of the major operators in the Egyptian Western Desert, having a high number of wells (~700 wells) operating within eight different blocks in the area. Nearly half of the total production of the company is from electric submersible pump (ESP) wells. With an

46 Petroleum Today - September 2020

objective to continuously increase the production, ESP optimization plays a major role in Khaldaâ€™s plans. To aid in the optimization process, a monitoring and surveillance system was implemented on a number of key and high profile wells which were classified according to production rates, water cut and expected recovery. Conventional ESP gauge readings include, intake temperature, motor temperature, intake pressure, discharge pressure and vibration. Essential electrical readings are obtained from the surface equipment, such as motor amps and input voltage. All of these readings are transmitted and displayed at the surface controller as shown in Fig. 1. The monitoring system in place can be connected to several wells, over several fields. In terms of hardware, a site communication box is connected to the surface controllers of each well (Fig. 1). This unit can practically be connected to up to eight wells at the same time without compromising the data quality. The data is then transmitted and stored on a server allowing users to view the data remotely via a web based interface. This enables proactive intervention and remedial actions for different scenarios as later discussed in the examples throughout this paper.

Trips versus Alarms

ESP controllers are utilised to set trip points to protect the ESP from undesirable events such as high motor temperature, excessive motor loading or low intake pressure. The ESP stops automatically whenever a single trip point is exceeded. The monitoring system introduces another level of protection by setting tight thresholds for each parameter and an alarm is sent once the threshold is exceeded. The thresholds are set as close as possible to the average operating value to ensure the slightest deviation is detected. These alarm thresholds act as an additional line of defence to give the operator an additional window to deal with undesired events before approaching the trip point, thus preventing a shutdown.

On the web-based interface, downhole and surface readings can be viewed in real-time. The readings can be updated at regular intervals with a maximum frequency of 1/min. Once an alarm threshold has been exceeded, the system pushes the data to the server and automatically sends alarms to a preset distribution list. The data transmission rate between the well and the site communication box is much higher than that between the box and the server, to ensure such events are captured immediately.

at a low flowrate for a given motor/casing clearance causes less convection and accordingly a temperature rise. Low flow conditions are also known to trigger other trip points such as the underload setting due to the severe reduction in motor amps. In such situations the most direct remedial action is either increasing the ESP speed or opening up the choke allowing more flow to cool the motor. However, such action also increases the motor load and can consequently increase the temperature.

In addition to the system induced alarms, dedicated surveillance engineers in an artificial lift surveillance Center (ALSC) analyze the alarms by reviewing the well’s current performance. Based on this analysis more detailed alerts are communicated to the operator indicating the possible root causes leading to the recent events along with the remedial actions and recommendations.

In this example (Fig. 2), the ESP operation became intermittent with frequent high temperature trips.

The system also provides certain users the ability to intervene remotely by granting capabilities such as controlling the ESP speed and modifying the trip points, acting as a two way system. This feature proved to be very powerful when dealing with remote locations. Without the remote intervention capabilities, if the ESP is facing a critical event requiring an immediate action, it could take hours in some situations for a field operator to reach the well-site and execute the nessecary actions. The alarms sent by the surveillance engineers are normally classified into three main levels as explained by Camilleri and Macdonald (2010) and highlighted again by AbdelBasset (2012): Ó Concern: level events normally do not pose a direct threat to the ESP, but resolving them will improve the alarming and monitoring Ó Urgent: events pose no immediate threat but an action is required to stabilize the well or improve the performance Ó Critical: events require immediate action The focus of this study is on what we classify as critical events which are those that would normally require an immediate remedial action. Such events, if not addressed; have the potential to greatly compromise the production and ESP overall run life. The following sections highlight some of these events and the means to address them and prevent their reoccurrence.

Case 1: Low Flow Conditions (AG-110 and NQR-2551 wells)

Low flow conditions have multiple negative effects on an ESP operation, particularly with regards to cooling conditions. The motor temperature is highly affected by the cooling provided by the produced fluid passing around the motor housing before entering the pump intake. Operating

Upon each startup, the temperature would increase gradually with a slight decrease in motor amps. The hypothesis made was a low flowrate and accordingly low fluid velocity which impacts the motor cooling. An initial indication of flowrate changes is the pump differential pressure; so using the real-time data, the differential pressure was calculated and plotted on the same log (Fig. 2). The pump differential pressure starts low and gradually increase until the ESP trips which indicates a gradual decrease in flowrate. This is supported by the gradual decrease in motor current. Production testing measurements of oil, water, and gas rates were obtained on a monthly basis using a test separator. A diagnostics analysis incorporated the downhole measurement along with flowrates which verified the fluid velocity is considerably low. Frequent trips due to high temperature were not only causing undesired intermittent production from this well, but also jeopardizing any chances of achieving the desired run life. An optimisation scenario using the diagnostic analysis was to increase the drive frequency to boost the fluid speed around the motor and improve cooling. After each step, the flowrates, pump differential pressure and motor temperature were observed. The fluid speed effect on motor cooling was dominant in this case as shown in Fig. 2. The motor temperature was reduced by around 15F and the ESP operated smoothly with no more trips. Another example is shown in Fig. 3 where the ESP tripped to due to a high motor temperature. The analysis has shown that the well was experiencing severe depletion leading to a no flow condition. The issue was temporary resolved by shutting the well for some time, in order to allow the pressure to buildup, then the well was successfully started up.

Case 2: Scale Buildup Issues (WRZK-94 well)

Scale that forms during production becomes a potenital problem for pump flowing efficiency and motor integrity. Deposition inside the pump will alter the optimum flowpath and reduce the pumping efficiency, while deposition on the motor housing will form a layer reducing fluid cooling effect.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 47

Intake plugging usually takes place gradually. Such plugging can be noticed when monitoring a number of parameters, including pump intake pressure which would normally increase. If a discharge pressure reading is available, it could specify location of plugging or scale build up, whether it is above or below the pump discharge head. Three main factors affect the motor temperature at the same time: Ó Motor temperature increases due to the reduction in cooling, as there is less flow around the motor housing. Ó Motor temperature increases if scale significant scale deposition on the motor housing is present, which reduces the cooling effect created by the well fluid. Ó Motor temperature decreases due to the decreased motor loading, as less flow is being pumped by the ESP. Performing an ESP diagnostic aids in identifying which of the above factors is the dominant case. This diagnostic has to account for the PVT as well as other parameters, in order to accurately simulate the possible optimization scenarios. In the case shown in Fig. 4, it is evident that the intake pressure started to increase along with the motor temperature and at the same time, the average amps started to decrease. The issue was identified, as partial intake plugging and an acid backwash job was performed accordingly. The plugging was cleared and the intake pressure dropped back as expected. However the motor temperature started to increase again as observed in Fig. 4 which is most probably due to scale deposition on the motor housing itself, subjecting it to poor cooling conditions. This issue was temporarily resolved by reducing the motor speed, effectively reducing the load and the motor temperature as modelled in the diagnostic analysis. However the temperature continued to increase overtime and a more permanent solution was required. The issue was then resolved by performing another acid back wash job, while subjecting the ESP to a longer soak time. The success of the second acid back wash attempt is demonstrated in Fig. 5. The motor temperature decreased by 50 degrees F (From F 285 to 235 F), as the longer soak time dissolved the scale on the motor housing, leading to improved cooling conditions.

Case 3: Dead Head (MRZK-78 well)

A Dead Head condition occurs when there is an obstruction above the ESP, restricting the fluid path to the production facilities. Having a dead head can be one of the most critical situations facing an ESP. This dead head will normally cause the ESP to rapidly heat up in a short period of time until it eventually reaches its trip point.

48 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Having excessive events like this, will subject the motor to cyclic drops and rises in the motor temperature. This behavior can greatly reduce the ESP’s run life and lead to a pre-mature failure. Fig. 6 shows an example of an ESP facing a Dead Head event. This is clear in the sudden rise of the motor temperature and the drop in motor amps, since no more fluid is being produced to the surface. A trip was prevented by the surveillance engineer and the field personnel were notified accordingly. The cause was identified as malfunctioning of the adjustable choke causing it to close, resulting in a complete restriction of the flow.

Case 4: Pump Off (SIWA 2-L2 well)

In a pump off case, an ESP basically ceases to pump any liquids due to the excessive drawdown created by the ESP. This normally happens when the liquid column inside the wellbore drops below the intake level. At this stage, gas maystart to occupy the ESP stages and liquid no longer reaches the surface. These events can be common when dealing with reservoir depletion or loss of pressure support, which can be quiet common in mature fields. Such events can be prevented by closely monitoring the intake pressure. In the example shown in Fig. 7, it is clear that the intake pressure was showing a decreasing trend. The surveillance engineer observed the ESP performance and accordingly notified the field personnel. A potential trip was avoided by controlling the drawdown by reducing the ESP frequency, leading to a stable ESP operation.

Case 5: Recirculation (MRZK-52 well)

Detecting recirculation can be challenging, because of the several possibilities involved. In the example shown in Fig. 8. The ESP was installed with a reused ESP bypass system (Y-tool). By-pass systems introduce an extra level of flexibility to the completion since it enables well interventions (Wireline, coiled tubing, slick line. . .etc.), without pulling the ESP out of hole. A blanking plug is installed in the bypass section to prevent flow re-circulation during the normal operating conditions. In this case, the surveillance engineer reported a low differential pressure after starting up the ESP, even though the well was still producing. This low differential pressure acts as one of the recirculation symptoms. This was correlated with other symptoms, including the intake temperature rise and low motor amps. The blanking plug’s integritywas doubted and all symptoms were supporting the circulation hypothesis (Fig. 9). The

plug was pulled by wireline, redressed, and then rerun. After restarting the ESP, the surveillance engineer again reported a low differential pressure. A workover rig was already at the wellsite to pull the completion out of hole but a last attempt was agreed with the ESP operating team to change the wireline plug one more time. The final attempt was successful and the production was restored to the expected range. Trusting the monitoring and analysis saved a workover cost and pre-mature ESP failure. This ESP has been running for 5 years and still running as of September 2015.

Results

The implementation of a monitoring & surveillance system has shown a proven positive impact on ESP run life. Fig. 10 shows an increasing trend in average run life ever since real-time monitoring and surveillance have been introduced in the Khalda. Two main performance factors can be used to evaluate the ESP run life: Ó Average number of ESP failures over a given field. Fig. 11 shows the average number of failures experienced in Khalda wells. We can observe a drop in the number of failures, even though the number of ESP operated wells is on the rise. Ó Average ESP Run life, which in this case it is based on the mean time between failures (MTBF) moving equation as explained by J. Hogan (2000):

For this study the MTBF calculation also assumes that all

of the running wells before the current year are considered to be starting at the beginning of the year (moving method). So if a well has been running for 8 years, it is assumed to be only running from the start of the current year. Fig. 10 shows what appears to be an increasing trend in MTBF, since the surveillance system has been introduced, indicating the impact of the surveillance service. Having an increasing trend with such conservative calculation shows the value of real-time Surveillance and close collaboration between the surveillance engineers and the field operators.

Conclusion

1. ESP real-time surveillance is becoming more essential and is considered a necessary tool when it comes to production optimization. The availability of such technology also increases the level of collaboration among the field operators, office personnel and the service providers. 2. As with any mechanical system, excessive shut-downs and trips can greatly reduce the run-life of the ESP. Realtime surveillance can minimize such trips and eventually prolong the run-life of the entire field. 3. Having tight alarm thresholds ensure that any critical event is detected, giving the operator a head start to investigate and prevent undesirable operations. 4. Data gathering and monitoring can present a serious challenge when dealing with multiple wells scattered over several kilometers. Having a monitoring system along with dedicated surveillance engineers, gives the operator the ability to perform remedial actions in a timely manner. Such actions reduce the amount of deferred oil and can even directly save workovers, which would have not been prevented otherwise.

REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Abdel-Basset, M., ElBarkatawy, A., M. Elsherif, M. et al. 2012 How Real-Time Surveillance Improves the ESP Run Life, Uptime and Reduces Production Deferment. Presented at the SPE Oil and Gas India Conference, Mumbai, India, 28–30 March. SPE-155336-MS. Camilleri, L., and J. Macdonald, J.; 2010, How 24/7 Real-Time Surveillance Increases ESP Run Life and Uptime. SPE Paper presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, held in Florence Italy, 19–22 September. SPE-134702-MS. Hogan, James R. 2000, Is There A Shift in the ESP Run Life Paradigm. Presented at the 2000 Electrical Submersible Pump Workshop, Houston, Texas, 26–28 April.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 49

Figure 1—Schematic explaining the monitoring & surveillance system components and hardware

Figure 2—Low flow conditions (case 1) causing the ESP to trip several times due to the low loading. The issue was resolved by increasing the speed, hence the drawdown.

Figure 3—Low flow conditions, due to severe depletion. The well tripped and was shutdown for some time to allow the well to buildup enough pressure.

50 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Figure 4—Partial plugging due to scale deposition (case 2). The issue was identified and the scale an acid back was job was performed. However the motor temperature continued to rise and the ESP speed was reduced to temporary reduce the temperature.

Figure 5—Same ESP as in Fig. 3. Scale was still deposited on the motor housing affecting its cooling. A second back wash job was performed was with a longer soaking time to remove any remaining scale on the motor housing. As a result the motor temperature was reduced, due to the improved cooling conditions.

Figure 6—Dead head conditions (case 3) due to a choke malfunction

Petroleum Today - September 2020 51

Figure 7—Pump off conditions (case 4) and the means to mitigate it. In this case once a decline in intake pressure was observed the speed was reduced accordingly.

Figure 8—Recirculation (case 5) as observed by the minor differential pressure. After replacing the Y-tool plug a differential pressure was observed indicating that the ESP is producing all of the fluid to the surface.

Figure 9—Schematic illustrating the recirculation phenomena when dealing with a leaking Y-tool plug.

52 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Figure 10â€”Rise of average ESP run-life in Khalda and the number of wells under surveillance

Figure 11â€”Number of ESP failures versus number of running wells throughout the fields operated by Khalda

Petroleum Today - September 2020 53

Source: Getty Images

Rethinking Exploration By: Judy Feder, Technology Editor

bstract

Down but not out” is how Westwood

Global Energy Group described exploration drilling in an article based on its State of Exploration 2020 Report. The Baker Hughes rig count provides supporting details. On 12 May, the data showed 339 active rigs in the United States—the lowest level since the rig count was introduced in 1987. On 1 June, the US count plunged to 301 in its 12th week of losses. At the worst of the 2014– 2016 oil bust—the previous lowest point on record—404 rigs were operating. The worldwide rig count for May was 1,176, down 338 from the 1,514 counted in April and down 1,006 from the 2,182 counted in May 2019. And, Rystad predicted on 28 May that

54 Petroleum Today - September 2020

more than half of the world’s planned licensing rounds for 2020 are likely to be canceled. The consensus among industry experts is that exploration will be hit by some of the deepest cuts inflicted by the coronavirus pandemic, the biggest oil market crash in history, and the transition to a low-carbon energy future. The silver lining is that there is still a business case for exploration despite these difficult times. Julie Wilson, director of global exploration research for Wood Mackenzie, said in a recent virtual panel discussion that the role of exploration in replacing supply sources in current portfolios with “new and better” barrels of oil equivalent (BOE) will continue overe the next 20 years. But for explorers to prosper, those barrels will need to be low in cost and emissions.

Rude Rude Awakening Awakening

According According to Rystad, to Rystad, at least at least nine nine of the of the world’s world’s toptop planned planned exploration exploration wells wells for for 2020 2020 are are at risk at risk of of being being suspended suspended as as ForFor thethe exploration exploration sector, sector, 2020 2020 began began with with a degree a degree of of a result of of thethe combined combined effects effects of of thethe COVID-19 COVID-19 virus virus andand cautious cautious optimism optimism andand increasing increasing activity. activity. Confidence Confidence hadhad a result oiloil price price war. war. returned returned with with improved improved performance, performance, thethe highest highest commercial commercial thethe success success raterate (CSR) (CSR) in in 10 10 years, years, andand thethe discovery discovery in in 2019 2019 These Thesewells, wells,located locatedin inNorway, Norway,Brazil, Brazil,thetheBahamas, Bahamas, of of several several multi-billion-barrel multi-billion-barrel plays. plays. Explorers Explorers were were keenly keenly Guyana, Guyana, thethe US,US, Gambia, Gambia, andand Namibia, Namibia, would would target target a a aware aware of of challenges challenges ahead, ahead, including including investability, investability, capital capital combined combined 7 billion 7 billion BOE. BOE. TheThe wells wells areare at risk, at risk, said said Rystad, Rystad, efficiency, efficiency, thethe risks risks of of exploring exploring in deep in deep water, water, andand societal societal because because of of their their lack lack of of commercial commercial viability viability under under thethe pressure pressure to to move move toward toward energy energy transition. transition. But, But, thethe overall overall current current price price levels, levels, shutdowns shutdowns thatthat affect affect thethe supplies supplies of of outlook outlook waswas forfor another another 30 30 years years of of profitable profitable exploration. exploration. equipment equipmentcomponents, components,operators’ operators’prioritization prioritizationamong among other targets, targets, andand limitations limitations in in crew crew movements, movements, among among AtAt thethe start start of of thethe year, year, thethe highimpact highimpact well well count count hadhad other other reasons. reasons. been been expected expected to to be be similar similar or or slightly slightly higher higher than than thethe 9393 other wells wells completed completed in in 2019. 2019. Westwood Westwood now now expects expects around around 6060 to to 7070 high-impact high-impact exploration exploration wells wells to to be be completed completed A A Strategic Strategic Move Move to to Stratigraphic Stratigraphic Traps Traps byby thethe endend of of 2020, 2020, a decline a decline of of upup to 35% to 35% andand back back to the to the One One noteworthy noteworthy trend trend in exploration in exploration strategy strategy thatthat is likely is likely to to numbers numbers andand volumes volumes seen seen from from 2016 2016 to to 2018 2018 following following continue continue is the is the increasing increasing importance importance of of stratigraphic stratigraphic traps. traps. thethe 2014 2014 oiloil price price crash. crash. In In thethe Gulf Gulf of of Mexico Mexico (GOM), (GOM), Westwood Westwood noted noted in in its its 2020 2020 report report that, that, during during thethe past past thethe number number of of executed executed high-impact high-impact wells wells hashas declined declined decade, decade, more more oiloil andand gasgas were were discovered discovered in in stratigraphic stratigraphic from from 3434 to 15, to 15, allall in deep in deep water. water. Seven Seven of of those those have have been been traps traps than than in any in any other other traptrap type type (Fig. (Fig. 2).2). spudded. spudded. ForFor independent independent GOM GOM explorers, explorers, thethe number number A A total total of of 35 35 billion billion BOE BOE hashas been been discovered discovered in in clastic clastic of of expected expected wells wells went went from from 1313 to to one, one, as as companies companies stratigraphic stratigraphic traps traps since since 2008, 2008, of which of which 22 22 billion billion BOE BOE (132 (132 decided decided to to focus focus their their bare-minimum bare-minimum budgets budgets onon nearnear- Tcf) Tcf) were were gasgas andand 13 13 billion billion bblbbl were were oil.oil. TheThe firm firm reports reports term term production. production. further further thatthat 75% 75% of the of the oiloil resources resources andand 95% 95% of the of the gasgas were were Around Around 2.12.1 billion billion BOE BOE have have been been discovered discovered so so farfar thisthis year year from from thethe 26 26 highimpact highimpact wells wells completed, completed, 2.52.5 billion billion BOE BOE of of risked risked volume volume is is being being tested tested by by wells wells currently currently drilling, drilling,andandanother another4.34.3billion billionBOE BOErisked riskedfrom fromthethe remaining remaining “expected” “expected” wells wells yetyet to to spud. spud. Westwood Westwood now now expects expects a total a total volume volume of of approximately approximately 6 to6 9tobillion 9 billion BOE BOE to be to be discovered discovered in 2020, in 2020, down down 40% 40% or more or more from from 2019’s 2019’s 15 15 billion billion BOE BOE (Fig. (Fig. 1).1).

discovered discovered in deep in deep water. water.

TheThe exploration exploration hashas been been concentrated concentrated geographically geographically along along thethe Atlantic Atlantic margin, margin, where where 43% 43% of of thethe wells wells were were drilled drilled in in 29 29 basins. basins. TheThe most most prolific prolific basins basins were were Suriname-Guyana, Suriname-Guyana, Mauritania, Mauritania, Senegal, Senegal, Gambia, Gambia, Guinea/Bissau Guinea/Bissau andand Guinea/ Guinea/ Conakry Conakry (MSGBC), (MSGBC), RovumaRovumaRufiji, Rufiji, andand Colville, Colville, all all of of which which yielded yielded major major new new plays. plays. Another Another 20% 20% of of wells wells have have been been drilled drilled in in thethe North North Sea. Sea. Only Only 18 18 basins basins globally globally sawsaw AllAll regions regions areare expected expected to to seesee a decline a decline in in drilling, drilling, said said more more than than fivefive stratigraphic stratigraphic traps traps tested. tested. Westwood, Westwood, with with North North America America (including (including Mexico) Mexico) likely likely to to Stratigraphic Stratigraphic traps traps have have shown shown a larger a larger average average discovery discovery take take thethe hardest hardest hit,hit, although although it will it will stillstill seesee thethe most most wells. wells. sizesize andand a lower a lower drilling drilling finding finding cost cost than than other other traps. traps. TheThe eastern eastern Mediterranean Mediterranean may may have have very very fewfew highimpact highimpact With With no no structural structural component, component, these these traps traps have have often often been been wells wells thethe restrest of of thethe year, year, andand Sub-Saharan Sub-Saharan Africa Africa willwill likely likely considered considered higher higher riskrisk than than structural structural traps. traps. ButBut thisthis is no is no have have only only three three to five. to five. longer longer thethe case, case, particularly particularly as as thethe industry industry hashas become become “The “The coronavirus coronavirus pandemic pandemic hashas done done in ainhandful a handful of months of months better better at at leveraging leveraging seismic seismic attributes attributes andand integrating integrating with with what what even even a 27-year a 27-year civil civil warwar diddid not—brought not—brought oiloil drilling drilling geological geological models models in in exploring exploring forfor these these traps. traps. Their Their CSR CSR to atohalt a halt in Angola,” in Angola,” said said Reuters Reuters on on 26 26 May. May. Sarah Sarah McLean, McLean, improved improved from from 21% 21% between between 2014 2014 andand 2016 2016 to to 50% 50% from from senior senior analyst analyst at IHS at IHS Markit, Markit, said said thisthis waswas thethe firstfirst time time since since 2017 2017 to 2019. to 2019. thethe firm firm began began keeping keeping records records in 1984 in 1984 thatthat Africa’s Africa’s second second Marine Marine turbidite turbidite sandstones sandstones in stratigraphic in stratigraphic traps traps in passive in passive largest largest oiloil producer producer hadhad notnot hadhad a single a single rigrig drilling. drilling. margin margin settings settings delivered delivered 90% 90% of of discovered discovered commercial commercial TheThe London-based London-based information information provider provider hadhad expected expected at at resources; resources;finding findingstacked stackedor orextensive extensivetraps trapswaswaskeykey least least 10 10 rigsrigs to to be be operating operating there there by by thethe endend of of 2020, 2020, thethe to tocommercial commercialsuccess. success.Large Largecommercial commercialdeepwater deepwater highest highest number number forfor anyany African African nation nation thisthis year. year. standalone standalone discoveries discoveries in in clastic clastic reservoirs reservoirs areare now now most most likely to to be be found found in in stratigraphic stratigraphic traps traps andand traps traps with with Drilling Drilling plans plans in in thethe central central North North Sea, Sea, Guyana, Guyana, Suriname, Suriname, likely stratigraphiccomponents. components.Looking Lookingbeyond beyonddeepwater deepwater andand in the in the shallowwater shallowwater Campeche Campeche area area in Mexico in Mexico areare likely likely stratigraphic passive margins margins may may deliver deliver thethe next next wave wave of of traps, traps, said said to be to be lessless affected, affected, although although COVID-19 COVID-19 may may limit limit operations operations passive Westwood. Westwood. even even where where companies companies want want to drill. to drill.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 55

A Changing Competitive Landscape

In addition to the increasing focus on stratigraphic traps, the competitive landscape for exploration is changing in other ways. Access to capital is increasingly difficult for companies that are not self-funding, especially smaller companies that have traditionally played the roles of pathfinder and innovator. Conversely, majors are allocating what they can of their reduced budgets to maintain high-impact exploration and its potential positive impact on future supply options. And those with the means to invest at the bottom of the cost cycle and pursue rapid development may be in a superior position to benefit from lower competition, governments desperate to sustain exploration, and recovering prices. NOC shifts. In the short term, the recent trend toward national oil company (NOC) expansion internationally is reversing, as NOCs prioritize domestic activity. Supermajors and NOCs participated in 80% of the high-impact wells drilled in 2019. Wood Mackenzie reported in May that NOCs globally are estimated to cut exploration budgets by over a quarter on average in 2020, to about $14 billion collectively. “Most NOCs consistently spent between 12 and 35% of their upstream budgets on exploration, an average of about 17% over the 2015 to 2019 period. This is significantly higher than the majors’ average spend of 8% of upstream budgets on exploration,” said Wood Mackenzie Senior Analyst Huong Tra Ho. Nonetheless, he explained, strong mandates that prioritize domestic activity and contribution to government budgets will mean deeper cuts to overseas budgets. Two factors—constrained domestic resources and financial strength—create contrasts. As organically added resources are expected to contribute between 50 and 70% of their production in the next decade, Petronas and CNOOC are striving to protect their exploration plans as much as possible. By contrast, Gazprom and Rosneft have long reserve lives and feel less pressure to rush their exploration plans. Similarly, Petronas, PTTEP, CNOOC, and others with strong balance sheets are better able to continue with most of their high-impact exploration ambitions. “Exploration budget cuts, while necessary today, will impact companies’ future growth and sustainability. Given how important exploration is for the NOCs and their growing share of global new discoveries, these budget cuts are likely short-term measures rather than longterm,” said Ho. “We expect NOCs to revitalize their exploration programs as the sector recovers.” Frontier dilemma. Accessing plays at the early stage of the exploration curve has never been more important, and to do so, explorers need to be in at the start. Eleven of the top 16 discoveries in 2019 were made at the emerging stage, and

56 Petroleum Today - September 2020

90% of discovered resources in plays opened since 2010 have been captured by companies that already held acreage in the new plays as they were opened. A fast-follower strategy generally has not worked for emerging plays. Fastfollower companies were only able to access 10% of the discovered resource in plays opened since 2010. Yet, many companies can’t afford the challenges that face frontier explorers. For example, frontier drilling commercial success rates were only 7% in the last five years. Additionally, the need to consider full-cycle time frames and aboveground challenges is important now more than ever. Over the last decade, the median time from frontier discovery to first production has been 8.5 years. This dilemma has forced explorers to make a decision: a.) Continue to innovate and tolerate frontier play risk (if they can afford it) to sustain the emerging play prospect inventory; or b.) abandon new frontier exploration, either temporarily or permanently. Kosmos Energy, known as a successful specialist frontier explorer, has transitioned to a full-cycle E&P company and has announced it will not be accessing any new-frontier long-cycle acreage in light of the energy transition. Woodside also announced that it will no longer invest in long-cycle exploration. E&Ps justified US light, tight oil on the basis that it was short cycle and flexible. The problem is that it is also expensive. Deepwater frontier oil can be low cost and shorter cycle. Jubilee and Liza were 3.5 and 4.5 years, respectively, from discovery to first oil. Infrastructure-led, near-field offshore drilling has become an obvious choice for many, with an average cycle of 3 years from discovery to first production. There are limits to the number of drillable prospects in tieback distance, and highimpact discoveries in mature basins are rare. However, near-asset subsea tiebacks accounted for much of the 2019 growth in exploration wells. A degree of stability and certainty could provide a boost to these swing-type, high-return exploration wells and to the sustainability and competitive positions of the independents who excel at them and drove the 2019 success. ESG impact. The environment/social/governance (ESG) investment movement and transition to low-carbon energy mean that oil is losing favor, natural gas is becoming more popular, and discoveries with low breakeven costs and low emissions will have premium value in the future. Companies will assess emissions before investing.

What’s Next?

Without question, this is a difficult time for exploration,

but there is still a business case for it, say the experts. The discovered-resource opportunity for oil and gas grows. An estimated 51% of the high-impact resources discovered since 2008 remain undeveloped, and 34 billion BOE of potentially commercial resources discovered between 2008 and 2016 have shown no sign of progression since 2016. This offers significant opportunity and competition for exploration if

the barriers to commercialization can be removed. Explorers have raised their game and need to continue to do so, with a focus on finding low-cost, low-emissions reserves. Those who do can continue to prosper in the transition to come. In the immediate term, however, the industry may have to do something totally counterintuitive: Let exploration take a back seat. JPT

Fig. 1â€”High-impact exploration activity and discovered volumes 2015 to 2019, with the projection for 2020. Westwood has classified the wells as either drilled, drilling, or expected. Source: Wildcat, Westwood Analysis

Fig. 2â€”Oil and gas commercial resources discovered in stratigraphic traps since 2008 in basins with more than five stratigraphic trap tests. Source: Westwood Wildcat and Google Maps.

Petroleum Today - September 2020 57

Alex Office: Address: P.O.Box 114 Elsaray 242 Abdel Salam Aref st., Loran, APT. 103, Alexandria, 21411, Egypt Phone: +20 (3) 5833301 - 5833294 Fax: +20 (3) 5823514 Email: catec@catecegypt.com

W W W. C AT E C E G Y P T. C O M

Cairo Office: Address: 2B Nozha st., Heliopolis, APT. 7, Cairo, 11341, Egypt Phone: +20 (2) 24145127 / +20 (2) 24145128 Fax: +20 (2) 24145129 Email: catec.cairo@catecegypt.com

Alex Office: Address: P.O.Box 114 Elsaray 242 Abdel Salam Aref st., Loran, APT. 103, Alexandria, 21411, Egypt Phone: +20 (3) 5833301 - 5833294 Fax: +20 (3) 5823514 Email: catec@catecegypt.com

W W W. C AT E C E G Y P T. C O M

Cairo Office: Address: 2B Nozha st., Heliopolis, APT. 7, Cairo, 11341, Egypt Phone: +20 (2) 24145127 / +20 (2) 24145128 Fax: +20 (2) 24145129 Email: catec.cairo@catecegypt.com

Technology Applications Developing an Offshore Greenfield by Exploration and Development Integration-A Case Study of LD Oilfield By: Mohammed Almiyad and Anas Alhasan, Saudi Aramco

bstract

Many onshore oilfield development practices have proved that the integration of exploration and development is an effective way to avoid risks and improve benefits which is marked by phased development. However, the development of offshore oil and gas fields must rely on offshore production facilities such as floating production storage offloading (FPSO) units as well as production platforms. Once the offshore oil production platform is in place, future exploration, development and production operations must be carried out within a certain range of platform. The biggest challenge for offshore oilfield phased exploration and development is that the platform is far from potential oil and gas resources. Any drilling, evaluation, and development activities within the coverage of the platform are subject to the platform,s design throughput, external transport capacity, number of well slots, etc. Key Words: integration, offshore oil fields, exploration and development, engineering facilities, reservoir resources, economic benefits

Introduction

As mentioned above, on the one hand, the exploration and development activities of offshore oil and gas fields must rely on certain engineering facilities. On the other hand, the construction scale of the engineering facilities must be predicted and matched with the exploration prospects of the area, that is, the resource potential (Shigapova, D., 2015, Uniyal, P. 2015). We are in such a contradiction should we go to the engineering facilities to prove the oil and gas resources first, or do we first drill the wells to find out the oil and gas reserves and then start construction? From an economic perspective, the answers to both questions are negative. So, how can we realize the integration of exploration and development of offshore oil and gas fields?

60 Petroleum Today - September 2020

The most reasonable «integrated» plan should be the integration of exploration, development, drilling, production, ocean engineering and environmental protection. Firstly, we start with exploration and fully forecast and estimate the various types of oil and gas resources (proven, control, forecast, and prospect) available in the area. Then, based on the oil and gas resource enrichment zone, the engineering design plan is planned, and the overall requirements for oil, gas, water treatment, pipeline transportation, electricity and well slots, as well as future adjustments and measures to improve recovery are designed. Finally, according to the distribution of reserves, reserves levels and the engineering design progress segment implementation is adopted. This will not only expand the scale of oil and gas production, but also reduce the amount of repeated construction projects, and maximize the «economic benefits as the center» concept(Shook, G. M., 2014., Feineman, D., 2009, Kharghoria, A., Gonzalez, S., 2019). This article mainly expounds the integration concepts, basic ideas and countermeasures of offshore oil and gas field exploration and development and takes LD oilfield as example.

LD Oilfield Description Greenfield Introduction

LD-2 oil field is located in the Liaodong area of the Bohai Bay. LD-3 is a green zone which is a satellite oilfield of LD-2, located at the northeast of the LD-2 oilfield, about 1.2km north of LD-2-A platform. It is proved by rolling development and edge expansion of LD-2. The average water depth is 32.5m, and in the East Asian continental monsoon climate zone, the average tidal range is 2m ~ 3m, the high tide range is about 4m, and the highest water temperature is 24.6 °C. By the end of 2019, there were a total of 20 development wells in the main area, including 14 oil wells, 6 injection wells, and daily oil production of 417 m3 (about 2627 barrels). The main area has a high water cut, large production declines, complex remaining

oil, making it difficult to infill wells, and stabilizes production. It is urgently needed to develop new reserves to achieve production replacement. The main features of this new zone are high-porosity (26.7 ~ 31.7%) and medium and high-permeability (95mD ~ 542mD), light oil (surface crude oil density: 0.895t / m3, formation crude oil viscosity: 2.34mPa.s.), high productivity (the maximum daily output of a single well exceeds 250 m3 about 1,575 barrels).

Exploration History

The first stage of exploration: Since the main oil-bearing formation of the surrounding large oil fields is the Dongying Formation, we focus on the Dongying Formation for exploration in the first stage of exploration. From August-1987 to December-2008, five exploration wells, SZ-3, SZ-4, SZ-6, SZ-10, and SZ-1S, were drilled successively in the eastern rising plate of the No. 1 fault in western Liaoxi. Because the sand is not developed and the fluid properties are poor, the test productivity is low. The thickness of the logging interpretation reservoir is 4.1m ~ 17.5m, and the drilling steam test (DST) daily oil production is 2.8m3 ~ 18.4m3(17.6 barrels ~ 115.2 barrels). It has no development potential and the exploration is suspended. The second stage of exploration: through in-depth analysis of oil source, fault and reservoir matching relationship, the second stage takes Sha Formation under the Dongying Formation as the target. In August - 2018, the well LD-31 was drilled in the high part of the favorable fault block. The drilling depth was 1950.0m. The well encountered a 52.5m / 19 layer of the oil layer in the first section of Sha Formation. The successful drilling of Well LD-31- opened a new situation of rolling and expanding the mature oilfield, and confirmed the oil and gas properties of Sha Formation in Block 4 - 3.

Favorable reservoir analysis and evaluation strategy

Under the control of fault No. 1 in Liaoxi, the target area is a north-east trending semi-anticline structure. Internal secondary faults develop which divide the entire structure into multiple fault blocks. Combining data from seismic facies, logging facies, and analytical tests, the Sha Formation of this oilfield is a braided river delta sediment (Fig.1). The characteristics of each micro phase are as follows: Underwater channels: The lithology is mainly medium and fine sandstone, and the sedimentary structure is mainly staggered bedding. The particle size probability curve is a two-stage equation, with jumping and suspended components as the main components. The shape of natural

gamma curve is box-shaped or bellshaped. Dam: The lithology is dominated by medium and fine sandstone, and the sedimentary structure is dominated by plate-like staggered and parallel bedding. The particle size probability curve is two-stage, with jumping and suspension components as the main components. The shape of the natural gamma curve is funnel-shaped, with vertical development and coarsening inverse grain order. The lithology is mainly composed of fine sandstone and gravelly fine sandstone. The granularity probability curve shows the overall development of jumping and suspension. The reservoir mainly develops the sedimentary micro facies of the sub-channels and estuaries in the sub facies of the leading edge. The logging curve is funnel shape, box type and compound type. The oil source comes from the Sha Formation in the western and central Liaoxi sags; long-term active faults and unconformities provide unimpeded passage for migration. Moreover, the eastern third member is thick mudstone, providing good conditions for oil and gas preservation. Vertically, the reservoir is mainly developed in the first and second oil formations of the Sha Formation. The sedimentary facies is located in the main front of the braided river delta. It has the characteristics of high sandstone content and large single-layer thickness. On the plane, the sand distribution is relatively stable, and the wellto-well correlation is excellent. However, the sand range and thickness are affected by the ancient landforms and sediment source supply, local variation. In the early period, the sediment were filled and leveled, and the sand body range was limited. In the later period, as the ancient landforms slowed down, the range of sand bodies becomes larger. Under the guidance of sedimentary model and reservoir amplitude response characteristics, predominant reservoirs are predicted by the amplitude attribute. The results showed that the range of predominant reservoirs from III oil group to I oil group gradually increased (Fig.2).

Evaluation program

LD-31- was drilled in the high part of the favorable fault block. The well encountered a 52.5m / 19 layer of the oil layer in the first section of Sha Formation. The successful drilling of Well LD-31- opened a greenfield. The well is located in the middle of the fault block. Since this area is a complex fault block reservoir, more exploration wells are needed to evaluate adjacent fault blocks, including sand thickness, sand porosity, sand permeability, oil saturation, oil-water contact(OWC) and gas-oil contact(GOC). The principles of the evaluation well are as follows: 1. Ability to evaluate the potential of the northern block and

Petroleum Today - September 2020 61

the main block; 2. The well position fully considers the overall development plan(ODP) in the future; 3. Relying on the existing platform capabilities is conducive to the implementation of drilling and completion. In view of the fact that the area is relatively close to the production platform (less than 1.2km), it is recommended to use the remaining wells of the platform to evaluate the area-development of evaluation wells, that is, to retain production after successful evaluation. A11S1 is used to evaluate the northern block, and A7S1 is used to evaluate the reservoir and oil-water contact at the bottom of the main fault block(Fig.3). A11S1 encountered 19.8m oil sand (three layers). A7S1 drilled the OWC, which confirmed that the sand at the bottom of the main block were not developed and did not have production conditions. A7S1 sidetracked to the high part A7D1, and the oil sand was 42.2m(Fig.4). The initial daily oil production of A11S1 was 100m3(630bbls) without water with draw down1.5MPa. The initial daily oil production of A7d1 is 259m3(1568bbls) without water, draw down 0.86MPa.

Greenfield over all development plan

1. First of all, it is necessary to clarify the principle of reserves utilization(Levanov, A. N.,2014): 1. Prioritize the use of high-quality proven geological reserves and more practical control geological reserves; 2. Edge of reservoir, low degree of overlap, and low reservoir abundance are temporarily unavailable. Secondly, the distribution and quality of reserves are categorized and classified. The proven reserves of the field are mainly concentrated in main block, accounting for 84.2% of the total provenance. Vertically: mainly distributed in the II and III oil groups, accounting for 81.4% of the total provenance. Some reserves have not been developed and they are mainly concentrated in the edge of oil group I(Fig.5). 1. Low reserve abundance: I oil reservoirs are thin and change rapidly, with large oil bearing areas and low reserve abundance. 2. Poor overlap: The reserves of the margins of the oil group I and the main oil groups II and III are poor overlap and cannot be taken into account. The main development principles of the field are as follows: Aquifer is limited, natural energy is weak, water injection is necessary, and reasonable formation pressure is maintained

62 Petroleum Today - September 2020

(Fig.5). The oil properties are good, the oil layers are stacked vertically, and the permeability difference is small. A series of directional wells are used for development. According to the distribution characteristics of each fault block, an irregular well pattern with high oil production and low water injection is used. The initial production an oil well depends on the permeability, oil viscosity, draw down, and sand thickness. This paper uses an analog method, which compares the specific oil recovery indices of A7d and A11S1. The results show a linear relationship between the oil index and fluidity. Therefore, it is recommended that the specific recovery index of the main well area is 6.86m3/(d·MPa·m), and the specific recovery index of the northern block is 3.40m3/(d·MPa·m)(Table.1). Commingled production with directional wells was presented in ODP mainly due to low fluid viscosity, large sand thickness, high single well productivity, and excellent sand body stacking. In addition, the permeability difference between oil groups of I, II, III is not obvious, and the permeability difference is less than 3(Fig.6). Recommended development plan: 15 new development wells (7 injections and 8 productions) are planned to be put into production in 2021, with a peak annual oil production of 35.02×104m3(2.2MMbls), cumulative oil production of 260.15×104m3(16.4MMbls), and oil recovery factor 29.7%(Fig.7). Potential development plan: An additional well (C18H) is added located in unused reserves in the poorly overlapped area of the I oil group. The oil-water contact of the I oil group is uncertain. There may be a pushdown. The control reserves can be upgraded to proven reserves and 2 new injection wells (C19, C20) added with two reserved well slots. After the implementation of the pilot hole in the southwest block, one well (C21) can be added and the well pattern can be optimized (C21 convert to producer). After the completion of the south bock and north block reservoirs and control reserves, 5 wells can be added (C22, C23, C13, C14, C15). The potential plan adds 24 new development wells (11 injections and 13 productions). Compared with the recommended plan, 9 wells were added. It is planned to start production in 2021, with a peak annual oil production of 46.58 cubic meters, and cumulative oil production of 3.5278 million cubic meters. The recovery rate is 30.4%(Fig.8).

Conclusions

Focus on economic benefits, scientific and reasonable development of oil and gas fields is the core idea and target of exploration and development integration. With the reduction of the green oilfields scale, the decline of oilfield quality, and the sharp increase in the development cost of greenfield, the

integration of exploration and development can accelerate the development and increase the benefit of green oilfields. This technology must adhere to the organic combination of exploration and development, surface and underground, present and future, oil fields and zones, technology and management.

Acknowledgment

The paper was supported by Bohai Oilfield Research Institute of CNOOC. The author wanted to thank Liaodong development research team for the professional advices and helps. I should show my appreciation to my company for paper publish permission and convenience travel.

REFERENCES 1. Feineman, D. (2009, January 1). Realizing Value From Real Time Well Monitoring In Greenfield Assets. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/122676 - MS 2. Kharghoria, A., Gonzalez, S., Al-Rabah, A. A. K., Kaushik, A., Ujjal, M., Singhal, M., … Rawnsley, K. (2019, October 13). Application of Big Data Techniques in a Greenfield Heavy Oil Asset in Kuwait – a Feasibility Study. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/198123-MS 3. Levanov, A. N., Strybko, A. V., Utyashev, Y. N., Ustyugova, E. V., & Pospelova, T. A. (2014, October 14). Optimization of Greenfield Development Plan Through Complex Well Ranking Criteria. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/171159-MS 4. Shigapova, D., & Makarova, E. (2015, November 4). An Integrated Approach to the Greenfield Development Strategy (Russian). Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/177371-RU 5. Shook, G. M., Walker, D. L., Jackson, A. C., Ruby, N. H., & Poulsen, A. (2014, June 10). Optimizing Field Development of Greenfield Polymer Floods Using Experimental Design. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/170007-MS 6. Uniyal, P., Al Blooshi, A., & Al Hammadi, A. (2015, November 9). Implementing Data Management Solutions within a Massive Greenfield Start up–A Case History, Onshore UAE. Society of Petroleum Engineers. doi: 10.2118/177472-MS

Figure 1—Sedimentary microfacies of LD-3

Figure 2—Seismic amplitude attribute

Petroleum Today - September 2020 63

Figure 3—The results of LD31- well and locations of evaluation wells(A7S1&A11S1)

Figure 4—The results of evaluation wells (A7S1, A7d&A11S1)

64 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Figure 5â€”The overlap map and reservoir profile of LD-3 oilfield

Figure 6â€”The permeability difference of three oil groups

Petroleum Today - September 2020 65

Figure 7—The well locations and production profile of recommended development plan

Figure 8—The well locations and production profile of potential development plan

Table 1—Oil index with fluidity data of production well

66 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Industry At A Glance by: Ali Ibrahim World liquid fuels production and consumption balance million barrels per day

Annual change in world liquid fuels consumption million barrels per day

Petroleum Today - September 2020 67

OPEC Crude Oil Production

Crude Oil Prices

NYMEX Natural Gas Prices USD/Million BTU

68 Petroleum Today - September 2020

Petroleum Today - September 2020 69

‫�صل تطلق برناجما خلف�س التكاليف ا�صتعدادا للتحول �صوب الطاقة املتجددة‬ ‫ت�صعى رويال دات�س �صل خلف�س تكاليف اإنتاج النفط والغاز مبا ي�صل اإىل‬ ‫‪ 40‬باملئ��ة يف اإطار برنامج �صخم لتوفر ال�صيول��ة كي تتمكن من حتديث‬ ‫اأن�صطتها والركي��ز بدرجة اأكرب على الطاقة املتجددة واأ�صواق الكهرباء‪.‬‬ ‫وم��ن املتوق��ع ا�صتكمال مراجع��ة خف��س التكاليف اجلديدة ه��ذا العام‬ ‫لت�صمل ثالثة قطاعات رئي�صي��ة‪ ،‬و�صت�صاف اأي وفورات اإىل هدف االأربعة‬ ‫ملي��ارات دوالر الذي و�صعته ال�صرك��ة اإثر اندالع اأزمة كوفيد‪ .19-‬خف�س‬ ‫التكالي��ف �صروري خلط��ط �صل من اأجل دخول قط��اع الكهرباء والطاقة‬ ‫املتج��ددة حيث الهوام�س منخف�صة ن�صبيا‪ .‬ومن املتوقع اأن ت�صتد املناف�صة‬ ‫م��ع �ص��ركات املرافق و�صركات النف��ط االأخرى مثل بي‪.‬ب��ي وتوتال والتي‬ ‫تناف��س جميعها على ح�ص��س ال�صوق يف ظل حت��ول االقت�صادات �صوب‬ ‫الطاق��ة النظيفة‪ .‬وقال م�صوؤول كبر يف �صل رف�س ن�صر ا�صمه ”كان لدينا‬ ‫من��وذج رائع لكن هل هو منا�صب للم�صتقبل؟ �صتكون ثمة اختالفات‪ ،‬لي�س‬ ‫فق��ط فيما يتعلق بالهي��كل بل بالثقاف��ة ونوعية ال�صركة الت��ي نريدها“‪.‬‬ ‫ويف الع��ام املا�ص��ي بلغ اإجم��ايل تكاليف الت�صغيل يف �ص��ل ‪ 38‬مليار دوالر‬ ‫واالنف��اق الراأ�صمايل ‪ 24‬ملي��ار‪ .‬وقال م�صدران مطلع��ان على املراجعة‬ ‫لروي��رز اإن �صل تبحث �صبل خف�س االإنفاق عل��ى اإنتاج النفط والغاز بن‬ ‫‪ 30‬و‪ 40‬باملئة من خالل خف�س تكاليف الت�صغيل واالإنفاق الراأ�صمايل على‬ ‫امل�صروع��ات اجلدي��دة‪ .‬واأ�صافا اأن �صل تريد الركي��ز على عدد قليل من‬ ‫املراك��ز الرئي�صي��ة الإنتاج النف��ط والغاز ت�صمل خلي��ج املك�صيك ونيجريا‬ ‫وبحر ال�صمال‪ .‬وقالت امل�صادر اإن اإدارة الغاز املدجمة يف ال�صركة‪ ،‬والتي‬ ‫ت�ص��م عملي��ات الغاز الطبيعي امل�ص��ال وجزءا من اإنتاج الغ��از‪ ،‬تنتظرها‬ ‫تخفي�صات كبرة هي االأخرى‪ .‬وبالن�صبة الأن�صطة امل�صب‪ ،‬تركز املراجعة‬

‫علي خف�س التكاليف ب�صبكة حمطات البنزين‪ ،‬التي ت�صم ‪ 45‬األف حمطة‬ ‫– االأك��رب يف الع��امل – و ُينظر اإليها علي اأنها من اأعلى االن�صطة قيمة‬ ‫و ُيتوق��ع اأن يك��ون لها دور حم��وري يف التحول املزم��ع‪ ،‬بح�صب م�صدرين‬ ‫اآخري��ن ي�صاركان يف املراجعة‪ .‬وق��ال متحدثة با�صم �صل يف بيان ”جنري‬ ‫مراجع��ة اإ�صراتيتيجة لل�صركة ت�صتهدف �صم��ان اأن نحقق ازدهارا على‬ ‫م��دار عملية التح��ول يف قطاع الطاقة واأن ن�صب��ح موؤ�ص�صة اأب�صط هيكال‬ ‫واأك��رث قدرة على املناف�صة من حيث التكلفة‪ .‬ندر�س العديد من اخليارات‬ ‫والبدائل يف الوقت احلايل والتي يجري تقييمها بعناية“‪.‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫ي��ص��در ن��ف��ط��ا ب��ق��ي��م��ة ‪ 3‬م��ل��ي��ارات دولر خ��ال اأي��ل��ول‬ ‫ال��ع��راق‬ ‫اأعل ��ن يف الع ��راق ‪ ،‬اأن كمي ��ة ال�ص ��ادرات النفطية‬ ‫ل�صه ��ر �صبتم ��رب جت ��اوزت ‪ 78‬مليون برمي ��ل بقيمة‬ ‫جت ��اوزت ثالثة مليارات دوالر‪.‬وقالت �صركة ت�صويق‬ ‫النف ��ط" �صوم ��و" التابعة ل ��وزارة النف ��ط العراقية‬ ‫ان جمم ��وع الكمي ��ات امل�ص ��درة م ��ن النفط اخلام‬ ‫م ��ن الب�صرة بلغت ‪ 75‬ملي ��ون برميل مبعدل ‪2500‬‬ ‫برميل يوميا‪ ،‬باإيرادات بلغت ‪ 3‬مليارات و‪ 36‬مليون‬ ‫دوالر‪.‬واأ�ص ��ارت اىل ان كمي ��ة ال�ص ��ادرات النفطية‬ ‫م ��ن مين ��اء جيهان الرك ��ي بلغت ‪ 3‬مالي ��ن و ‪133‬‬ ‫الفا و‪ 834‬برميال مبع ��دل ‪ 104‬االف برميل يوميا‪،‬‬ ‫فيم ��ا بلغت ال�ص ��ادرات اىل االردن ‪ 254‬الفا و‪785‬‬ ‫برميال‪ ،‬مبعدل ‪ 8.5‬ال ��ف برميل‪.‬وبح�صب ال�صركة‬ ‫النفطية العراقية‪ ،‬فان معدل �صعر الربميل الواحد‬ ‫بلغ ‪ 40‬دوالر‪(.‬برا)‬ ‫‪Petroleum Today - September 2020‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫ت��دري��ب و��ص��ق��ل خ��رات ال��ص��ب��اب ا��ص��ت��ث��م��ار امل��ص��ت��ق��ب��ل‬

‫�ص ��ارك املهند�س ط ��ارق املال وزير الب ��رول والرثوة‬ ‫املعدني ��ة رئي�صا الح ��دي جلان اختب ��ارات املقابالت‬ ‫ال�صخ�صي ��ة للمتقدم ��ن لاللتح ��اق بالدفع ��ة الثالثة‬ ‫للربنامج الرئا�صي لتاأهيل التنفيذين للقيادة ‪EPLP‬‬ ‫مبقر االأكادميية الوطنية للتدريب وذلك تلبية لدعوة‬ ‫تلقاه ��ا من الدكت ��ورة ر�ص ��ا راغب املدي ��ر التنفيذى‬ ‫لالأكادميي ��ة‪ ،‬واأعرب عن �صعادت ��ه بالتواجد فى هذه‬ ‫املقاب ��الت ال�صخ�صية التي تعد اأح ��د االآليات الهامة‬

‫لتحقي ��ق التوا�ص ��ل بن امل�صئول ��ن وال�صباب امل�صرى‬ ‫الواعى الذى يتمتع باإمكانات و افكار تت�صم باحلداثة‬ ‫مت�صلحا بالعلم‬ ‫والتط ��ور وي�صبو اإىل �صقل مهارات ��ه‬ ‫ً‬ ‫واالرادة وم�صتثم� � ًرا الفر�صة التى وفرتها الدولة من‬ ‫خ ��الل الربنامج الرئا�صى لتاأهيل التنفيذين للقيادة‬ ‫‪ ،‬اله ��ادف اإىل توف ��ر قاعدة كف ��اءات متميزة لتوىل‬ ‫املنا�صب القيادية‪ .‬واأ�صار املال اإىل اأن اإميان الرئي�س‬ ‫عبد الفتاح ال�صي�ص ��ى بال�صباب امل�صرى وقدرته على‬

‫حتمل التحدي ��ات وتوجيهاته باأهمي ��ة تعزيز قدراته‬ ‫وتنمية مهاراته وت�صجي ��ع املبدعن واملبتكرين ُي�صكل‬ ‫دعم� � ًا قوي ًا لعملية ت�صعيد ال�صب ��اب واختيار بع�صهم‬ ‫ف ��ى منا�صب قيادية قريبة من �صناعة القرار كنواب‬ ‫املحافظ ��ن ومعاون ��ى ال ��وزراء‪ ،‬وهو ما ب ��داأ تنفيذه‬ ‫فعلي ًا فى جترب ��ة واعية وفريدة الإك�صاب ال�صباب ثقة‬ ‫اأك ��رب وم�صاركة فاعلة ف ��ى حتقيق التطوي ��ر املن�صود‬ ‫والتنمي ��ة امل�صتدامة وعلى ال�صب ��اب ا�صتثماره ‪ ،‬واأكد‬ ‫عل ��ى اأن قط ��اع البرول تنب ��ه الأهمي ��ة اال�صتثمار فى‬ ‫الب�ص ��ر واإعداد الكوادر املتميزة علمي ًا وعملي ًا وتوفر‬ ‫التدري ��ب الالزم للعاملن من خ ��الل برنامج االإدارة‬ ‫ال�صاب ��ة واملتو�صط ��ة مب�صروع تطوي ��ر وحتديث قطاع‬ ‫الب ��رول وال ��ذى يعم ��ل عل ��ى اإع ��داد قي ��ادات �صابة‬ ‫وف ��ق اأ�ص�س علمي ��ة وعملي ��ة متقدمة ب�ص ��كل م�صتمر‬ ‫واال�صتف ��ادة منهم‪.‬واأ�ص ��اد الوزير باجله ��ود املتميزة‬ ‫الت ��ى تبذلها االكادميي ��ة الوطنية للتدري ��ب فى هذا‬ ‫املج ��ال وما ت�صطلع به من دور متميز فى ا�صتك�صاف‬ ‫مواه ��ب ال�صب ��اب و�صقل ��ه بالتدري ��ب احلدي ��ث‬ ‫وم�صاهمته ��ا ف ��ى اإعداد جي ��ل �صاحب فك ��ر متطور‬ ‫ومت�صل ��ح بالعل ��م واملعرف ��ة ميتلك املقوم ��ات للقيادة‬ ‫وفق ًا لروؤية الدولة م�صر ‪. 2030‬‬

‫وا�صنطن واأثينا تتفقان على م�صاريع م�صركة للطاقة والغاز يف املتو�صط‬ ‫ق ��ال بيان م�صرك اأمريكي ‪ -‬يوناين ب�صاأن مراجعة‬ ‫احلوار اال�صراتيجي بن الواليات املتحدة واليونان‬ ‫اإن البلدي ��ن �صيناق�ص ��ان م�صاري ��ع الطاق ��ة خ ��الل‬ ‫احل ��وار اال�صراتيج ��ي املقبل‪.‬ويعت ��زم البل ��دان‬ ‫اإج ��راء اجلولة الثالثة من احل ��وار رفيع امل�صتوى يف‬ ‫وا�صنط ��ن عام ‪2021‬وجاء البي ��ان بعد اجتماع بن‬ ‫وزي ��ر اخلارجية اليوناين نيكو� ��س دينديا�س ووزير‬ ‫اخلارجي ��ة االأمريك ��ي مايك بومبي ��و يف �صالونيك‪.‬‬ ‫وذك ��ر البيان ترحي ��ب "الواليات املتح ��دة واليونان‬ ‫با�صتكم ��ال الق�صم اليوناين م ��ن خط االأنابيب عرب‬ ‫البحر االأدرياتيكي ‪ ،‬وتتطلعان اإىل مناق�صة دعمهما‬ ‫املتب ��ادل للربط ب ��ن اليون ��ان وبلغاري ��ا ‪ ،‬وم�صروع‬ ‫األك�صاندروبولي� ��س الإع ��ادة حتوي ��ل الغ ��از الطبيعي‬ ‫امل�صال اإىل غاز يف األيك�صاندروبولي�س‪ ،‬وخ�صخ�صة‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪Petroleum Today - September 2020‬‬

‫مرف ��ق تخزي ��ن الغ ��از حت ��ت االأر� ��س يف كاف ��اال‪،‬‬ ‫وم�صروع الربط ب ��ن اليونان ومقدوني ��ا ال�صمالية‪،‬‬ ‫وغره ��ا خ ��الل احل ��وار اال�صراتيج ��ي الق ��ادم‪.‬‬ ‫م�صاريع جمدية جتاريا ميكن اأن ت�صمل خط اأنابيب‬ ‫الغاز اإي�ص ��ت ميد"‪.‬كما رحبت االأطراف بالتاأ�صي�س‬ ‫الر�صم ��ي ملنتدى غاز �صرق املتو�صط يف ‪� 22‬صبتمرب‬ ‫كمنظم ��ة اإقليمي ��ة وا�صتم ��رار التع ��اون الناجح يف‬

‫جم ��ال الطاقة يف اإطار عملي ��ة ‪.1 + 3‬وقال البيان‪:‬‬ ‫"اأبرزت اليونان والواليات املتحدة �صراكة اإك�صون‬ ‫موبي ��ل مع توت ��ال وهيلين ��ك برولي ��وم يف التنقيب‬ ‫البحري يف جزيرة كري ��ت ‪ ،‬باالإ�صافة اإىل اإمكانية‬ ‫اال�صتثم ��ار االأمريكي يف قطاع الطاقة املتجددة من‬ ‫خالل قانون حتديث قانون البيئة اليوناين الذي مت‬ ‫الت�صديق علي ��ه موؤخرا"‪.‬ورحبت الواليات املتحدة‬ ‫واليون ��ان بفت ��ح ا�صتثم ��ارات وعملي ��ات ا�صتح ��واذ‬ ‫جدي ��دة من قب ��ل ال�صركات االأمريكي ��ة يف اليونان‪.‬‬ ‫واأك ��دوا التزامه ��م بتطوير ه ��ذا االجت ��اه "‪ ،‬تقول‬ ‫الوثيقة‪.‬واأ�صار البيان اإىل اأن البلدين يوليان اأهمية‬ ‫كبرة للتعاون يف جمال الذكاء اال�صطناعي واالأمن‬ ‫ال�صي ��رباين واجلي ��ل اخلام�س وخ�صخ�ص ��ة البنية‬ ‫التحتية اال�صراتيجية‪.‬‬

‫فوز مر�صح قطاع البرول مبنحة درا�صة الدكتوراة من هيئة التعاون الدوىل اليابانية‬ ‫ا�صتقب ��ل املهند�س طارق املال وزير البرول وال ��رثوة املعدنية املهند�س اإبراهيم‬ ‫ق�صان ��ة مدي ��ر اإدارة حت�ص ��ن كف ��اءة الطاق ��ة بال�صرك ��ة امل�صري ��ة القاب�ص ��ة‬ ‫للبروكيماوي ��ات اأحد اأع�صاء م�صروع تطوي ��ر وحتديث قطاع البرول‪ ،‬مبنا�صبة‬ ‫ف ��وزه مبنح ��ة الدكتوراه املقدم ��ة من هيئة التع ��اون ال ��دوىل اليابانية (‪)JICA‬‬ ‫متفوق� � ًا عل ��ى ممثل ��ى ‪ 15‬دولة للم�صارك ��ة يف الربنام ��ج طويل االأج ��ل للدرا�صة‬ ‫باجلامعات اليابانية حتت عنوان "�صيا�صات الطاقة" يف اإطار الربنامج اخلا�س‬ ‫بال ��دول ‪ ،‬والذى يت ��م من خالله اختي ��ار مر�صح واحد من كل ه ��ذه الدول لنيل‬ ‫منحة دكتوراة ملدة ‪� 3‬صنوات من املعهد القومى لدرا�صات ال�صيا�صات " ‪"GRIPS‬‬ ‫بالياب ��ان بتموي ��ل كامل من الهيئة الياباني ��ة‪ ،‬تبداأ فى اأكتوب ��ر القادم‪.‬الر�صيح‬ ‫جاء بتن�صيق كامل مع وزارة اخلارجية التى خاطبت وزارات وموؤ�ص�صات الطاقة‬ ‫مب�صر ومن �صمنها وزارة البرول والرثوة املعدنية‪ ،‬بقواعد الربنامج والتوجيه‬ ‫مبلء املر�صحن لال�صتم ��ارة اخلا�صة بربنامج الدكتوراة على املوقع االلكرونى‬ ‫للهيئ ��ة اليابانية والتوا�صل م ��ع مكتبها بالقاهرة ال�صتكم ��ال اإجراءات التقدمي‪.‬‬ ‫وتطلبت �صروط القبول اأن يكون املتقدم عام ًال مبوؤ�ص�صة حكومية معنية بالطاقة‬ ‫ف ��ى اإحدى الدول ال� ‪ 15‬املختارين للربنامج (م�صر ‪-‬العراق ‪ -‬اإيران ‪ -‬ماليزيا‬ ‫ اأندوني�صي ��ا ‪ -‬باك�صتان ‪ -‬الفلبن ‪ -‬تايالند – فيتنام ‪-‬بنجالدي�س – بوتان‪-‬‬‫�صريالنكا ‪ -‬الو�س‪ -‬ميامنار‪ -‬كمبوديا ) واأن يكون اأقل من ‪� 40‬صنة‪.‬و�صرح املال‬ ‫اأن ف ��وز مر�صح قطاع البرول مبنحة الدكتوراه امل�صار اإليها للح�صول على اأعلى‬ ‫�صهادة اأكادميية فى �صيا�صات الطاقة من دولة رائدة مثل اليابان‪ ،‬يعك�س كفاءة‬

‫الك ��وادر الب�صرية ال�صابة للعاملن بالقط ��اع‪ ،‬كما ي�صيف اإىل نقاط القوة لقطاع‬ ‫البرول امل�صرى على امل�صتوى الدويل فى ظل تناف�س هذا العدد من الدول لنيل‬ ‫درجة الدكتوراه امل�صار اإليها‪ ،‬ف�ص ًال عما لذلك من مردود اإيجابى ‪ ،‬حيث ت�صهم‬ ‫مثل هذه الربامج والدرجات العلمية ب�صكل كبر فى �صقل خربات العاملن ونقل‬ ‫ون�صر املعرفة والتكنولوجيا املتقدمة داخل القطاع‪.‬‬

‫ب��ري��ت��س ب��رول��ي��وم» ت��ع��ل��ن ع��ن ك��ص��ف ج��دي��د ل��ل��غ��از يف م��ص��ر‬ ‫اأعلن��ت �صرك��ة «بريت��س برولي��وم» الربيطاني��ة “ب��ي ب��ي م�صر” عن‬ ‫اكت�ص��اف جدي��د للغاز يف البئ��ر اال�صتك�صايف ندوك��و ‪ NW-1‬يف منطقة‬ ‫امتياز غرب اأبو ما�صي يف دلتا النيل‪.‬يعد ندوكو ‪ NW-1‬بئر ًا ا�صتك�صافي ًا‬ ‫يق��ع يف الكيلو ‪� 4‬صمال حق��ل النور�س الذي مت اكت�صاف��ه يف يوليو ‪2015‬‬ ‫عل��ى بع��د ‪ 5‬كيلومر م��ن ال�صاط��ئ مبنطقة ت�صم��ى “منطق��ة النور�س‬ ‫الكربى”‪.‬ويتواج��د البئر اال�صتك�صايف على عم��ق ‪ 16‬مرًا من املياه على‬ ‫م�صتوى تكويني جديد مل يتم مواجهته من قبل يف حقل النور�س احلايل‪،‬‬ ‫وبذل��ك ترتفع كميات الغاز املتوقعة من منطقة النور�س الكربى‪«.‬بريت�س‬ ‫بروليوم» متتلك ح�صة تبلغ ‪ %25‬من ح�صة املقاول يف امتياز دلتا النيل‪،‬‬ ‫بينم��ا متتلك اإيني ح�صة تبل��غ ‪ %75‬من خالل �صركته��ا الفرعية اإيوك‪.‬‬ ‫جدير بالذكر اأنه �صيتم ت�صغيل احلقل من قبل �صركة بروبل‪ ،‬وهي �صركة‬ ‫م�صركة بن اإيوك وال�صريك الوطني (الهيئة امل�صرية العامة للبرول)‪.‬‬ ‫وقال الرئي�س االإقليم��ي لبي بي �صمال افريقيا كرمي عالء‪“ :‬اإننا �صعداء‬ ‫بالعم��ل مع �صركائن��ا علي توفر املزيد م��ن احتياطيات الغ��از واالإنتاج‬ ‫و�صخ��ه من خالل ال�صبك��ة الوطنية امل�صرية”‪.‬وتاب��ع‪“ :‬هذا االكت�صاف‬

‫يع��زز املوارد احلالي��ة واالإمكانات امل�صتقبلية ملنطق��ة النورو�س الكربى‪،‬‬ ‫االأم��ر ال��ذي يوؤك��د على الت��زام بي بي جت��اه توفر املزيد م��ن م�صادر‬ ‫الطاقة مل�صر”‪.‬‬ ‫‪Petroleum Today - September 2020‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫األخبـــار‬ ‫ال��رئ��ي��س ال��ص��ي��ص��ى ي��ف��ت��ت��ح م��ص��ف��اة امل��ص��ري��ة للتكرير‬ ‫افتت ��ح ال�صيد الرئي�س عب ��د الفتاح ال�صي�ص ��ى رئي�س اجلمهورية م�ص ��روع م�صفاة‬ ‫امل�صري ��ة للتكرير يف منطق ��ة م�صطرد بالقاهرة الكربي ‪ ،‬وال ��ذي يعد واحد ًا من‬ ‫اأه ��م واأكرب م�ص ��ايف تكرير الب ��رول واأكرثها تقدم� � ًا على امل�صت ��وى التكنولوجى‬ ‫فى م�ص ��ر واأفريقيا وياأتى فى اإطار خطة وزارة الب ��رول والرثوة املعدنية لزيادة‬ ‫االإنت ��اج والو�ص ��ول اإىل االكتفاء الذاتى م ��ن املنتجات البرولية ع ��رب التو�صع فى‬ ‫اإقام ��ة م�صروع ��ات جدي ��دة متطورة لتكري ��ر وت�صني ��ع البرول‪ .‬ح�ص ��ر االفتتاح‬ ‫الدكت ��ور م�صطف ��ى مدبوىل رئي� ��س جمل�س ال ��وزراء واملهند�س ط ��ارق املال وزير‬ ‫الب ��رول وال ��رثوة املعدنية وع ��دد من وزراء احلكوم ��ة وكبار رج ��ال الدولة‪.‬وتابع‬ ‫الرئي� ��س ال�صي�صى واحل�ص ��ور خالل االفتت ��اح عر�ص ًا تو�صيحي� � ًا للمهند�س طارق‬ ‫امل ��ال وزير البرول والرثوة املعدنية األقى خالله ال�ص ��وء على ا�صراتيجية تطوير‬ ‫البنية اال�صا�صية مل�صر فى جمال تكرير وت�صنيع البرول والدور احليوى للم�صروع‬ ‫اجلدي ��د فى هذا االإطار ‪ ،‬حيث اأكد على اأهمية الدعم الذى يوليه الرئي�س لقطاع‬ ‫الب ��رول كاأح ��د الروافد الهام ��ة لالقت�صاد الوطن ��ى للدولة واأن ��ه وراء ما حتقق‬ ‫م ��ن اإجن ��ازات خالل ال�صن ��وات ال�ص ��ت املا�صية والت ��ى �صهدت اإ�ص ��ادة دولية من‬ ‫كاف ��ة املتخ�ص�ص ��ن فى هذا املج ��ال ‪ ،‬وا�صتعر� ��س موقف م�صاف ��ى التكرير فى‬ ‫م�ص ��ر خالل ع ��ام ‪ 2014/2013‬واأنها كانت توفر ‪5‬ر‪ 13‬ملي ��ون طن منتجات يف‬ ‫ح ��ن اأن اال�صته ��الك كان ي�صل اإىل ح ��واىل ‪ 21‬مليون طن �صنوي� � ًا ومن ثم كانت‬ ‫احلاج ��ة لزيادة االإنتاج حملي ًا ومت اإع ��داد ا�صراتيجية لتطوير وحتديث م�صافى‬ ‫التكري ��ر وزيادة الطاق ��ة التكريرية وتطوير البني ��ة االأ�صا�صية من خالل جمموعة‬ ‫م ��ن امل�صروع ��ات ومنها م�صروع ��ات تو�صعات الطاق ��ة التكريري ��ة يف االإ�صكندرية‬ ‫وم�ص ��روع امل�صرية للتكري ��ر واللذين اأ�صافا ‪3‬ر‪ 4‬مليون ط ��ن للمنتجات الرئي�صية‬ ‫بتكلف ��ة حواىل ‪ 74‬مليار جنيه‪.‬واأو�صح املال اأن ا�صراتيجية حتديث قطاع التكرير‬ ‫التى ب ��داأت عام ‪ 2018‬تاأتى �صمن م�صروع تطوير وحتدي ��ث القطاع واأن اأهدافها‬ ‫تتمث ��ل ف ��ى مواكبة املتغ ��رات املحلي ��ة والعاملي ��ة يف �صناعة التكري ��ر والتوجهات‬

‫العاملي ��ة نحو الطاقة النظيفة ‪ ،‬وتطبيق اأحدث التقنيات يف جمال التحول الرقمى‬ ‫ب�صناع ��ة التكرير لتحقيق اأف�صل كفاءة ت�صغيلية ‪ ،‬وتهيئة مناخ جاذب لال�صتثمار‬ ‫وحت�صن نظم احلوكمة وو�صع منوذج اأمثل للعالقة التعاقدية بن اأطراف اأن�صطة‬ ‫التكري ��ر وت�صني ��ع الب ��رول ‪ ،‬باالإ�صاف ��ة اإىل حتقي ��ق التكام ��ل ب ��ن ا�صراتيجية‬ ‫التكري ��ر والبروكيماويات وا�صراتيجية قطاع الب ��رول لتحويل م�صر اإىل مركز‬ ‫اإقليمى لتجارة وت ��داول البرول والغاز ‪ ،‬م�صر ًا اإىل اأن اال�صراتيجية تبنت عدد ًا‬ ‫م ��ن املحاور �صملت زيادة طاقة التكرير وتطوي ��ر امل�صافى احلالية ورفع كفاءتها‬ ‫ودعمه ��ا باأن�صطة ت�صنيع جديدة لتحويل املنتجات منخف�صة القيمة اإىل منتجات‬ ‫عالية القيمة عالوة على زيادة كميات الزيت اخلام التى يتم تكريرها بامل�صافى‬ ‫على ح�صاب ا�صتراد املنتجات البرولية اإ�صافة اإىل تطوير البنية االأ�صا�صية لنقل‬ ‫وتخزي ��ن وتداول املنتجات البرولية والعمل على تغطية احتياجات ال�صوق املحلى‬ ‫منها ‪ ،‬االأمر الذى اأ�صهم فى تخطى التحديات التى واجهتها �صناعة التكرير وفى‬ ‫مقدمتها تقادم امل�صافى وعدم قدرتها على توفر منتجات برولية عالية القيمة‬ ‫والفج ��وة ب ��ن االإنتاج واال�صتهالك وارتف ��اع معدالت اال�صت ��راد اإىل اأكرث من ‪12‬‬ ‫مليون طن �صنوي ًا ‪..‬‬

‫مباحث��ات وزير الب��رول م��ع نائب رئي��س �صرك��ة نافتوج��از الأوكرانية‬ ‫التق ��ى املهند�س ط�ارق امل�ال وزير البت�رول وال ��رثوة املعدني�ة مع ال�صيد �صرجى‬ ‫برلوم ��ا النائ ��ب االأول لرئي�س جمل�س اإدارة �صركة نافتوج ��از االأوكرانية والوفد‬ ‫املراف ��ق ل ��ه ‪ ،‬حيث مت خ ��الل اللق ��اء ا�صتعرا�س اأن�صط ��ة ال�صرك ��ة احلالية فى‬ ‫جم ��االت البح ��ث واال�صت�ص ��كاف واإنت ��اج البرول والغ ��از مبنطقت ��ى ال�صحراء‬ ‫الغربي ��ة وجنوب م�صر‪ ،‬وبحث �صبل زيادة جماالت التعاون خالل الفرة املقبلة‬ ‫‪ ،‬خا�صة واأن هناك رغبة قوية من ال�صركة االأوكرانية فى امل�صاركة فى املزايدات‬ ‫الت ��ى �صيت ��م طرحها للبحث ع ��ن الب ��رول والغ ��از‪ ،‬والتو�صع ف ��ى اال�صتثمارات‬ ‫امل�صرك ��ة م ��ن خالل جم ��االت التع ��اون اجلديدة ف ��ى امل�صروع ��ات البرولية ‪،‬‬ ‫والعم ��ل على تنمي ��ة العالقات الثنائية بن البلدين فى جم ��االت البرول والغاز‬ ‫م ��ن اأجل حتقيق املنافع االقت�صادي ��ة امل�صركة‪.‬واأو�صح املال اأنه مت خالل اللقاء‬ ‫ا�صتعرا� ��س الفر� ��س اال�صتثماري ��ة املتاحة فى جم ��االت البح ��ث واال�صتك�صاف‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪Petroleum Today - September 2020‬‬

‫ع ��ن البرول والغاز فى خمتل ��ف مناطق م�صر الربية والبحري ��ة فى ظل املناخ‬ ‫اجل ��اذب لال�صتثمار وحر� ��س احلكومة امل�صرية على اتخ ��اذ اإجراءات لتحفيز‬ ‫ال�صركات العاملية لزيادة تواجدها داخل م�صر و�صخ مزيد من اال�صتثمارات فى‬ ‫اأن�صط ��ة البرول والغاز فى �صوء الفر�س الواع ��دة واملوؤ�صرات والنتائج املتميزة‬ ‫التى حتققت فى هذه املجاالت خالل الفرة االأخرة‪.‬‬ ‫وجت ��در االإ�ص ��ارة اإىل اأن ال�صرك ��ة االأوكراني ��ة ه ��ي ال�صري ��ك االأجنب ��ى ل�صركة‬ ‫برو�صنان بال�صحراء الغربية وتعمل فى منطقتى امتياز وادى املحاريث وجنوب‬ ‫وادى املحاري ��ث ب�ص ��رق وادى النيل بجنوب م�صر‪� .‬صارك ف ��ى جل�صة املباحثات‬ ‫اجليولوجى اأ�صرف فرج وكي ��ل اأول الوزارة لالتفاقيات واال�صتك�صاف واملهند�س‬ ‫عاب ��د عزالرجال الرئي�س التنفيذى لهيئة البرول واملهند�س عالء البطل رئي�س‬ ‫�صركة جنوب الوادي امل�صرية القاب�صة للبرول‪.‬‬