Not For Sale - New Vision - Volume 24 th September - November 2015
Petroleum Today )Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test (DFIT
أسعــار النفـط
أسباب متعددة وتوقعات مختلفة وشركات تخوض معاركها من اجل البقاء
Using Nanomaterials to optimize Mud Rheology at HPHT wells.
نتـائــج ومـشـروعــات أكــبر شركتـــي بـتــرول مصريـــة
www.petroleum-today.com أول بوابة الكرتونية شاملة لقطاع البرتول
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متابعة اخبارية يومية لقطاع البرتول احمللى والعاملى مقاالت علمية احدث املنتجات وتطبيقتها فى قطاع البرتول حورارت وحتقيقات وتقارير صحفية
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احصائيات ومؤشرات اقتصادية دليل شامل لشركات البرتول تصفح وحتميل اجمللة جمانا معلومات تهمك
w w w . f a c e b o o k . c o m / P e t r o l e u m To d a y M a g a z i n e
The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles and Nano Silica Reinforced Polymer Composites on Enhanced Oil Recovery
German Oil Free & Oil Lubricated Screw Compressors
German High Pressure Air & Gas Compressors & Purification
Head Office: 43 Asmaa Fahmy St., - Ard El Golf Heliopolis - Cairo - Egypt Tel/Fax: (+202) 2419 6289 – 2415 6964 E-mail: pressure@tedata.net.eg www.pressuretechegypt.com
Petroleum Petroleum Today Today http://www.facebook.com/PetroleumTodayMagazine http://www.facebook.com/PetroleumTodayMagazine
Contents Contents 11 9 22 10 26 18 30 40 42 56 60
Mediterranean Gas Politics And PriceSea Reduction New Products News Vice President of CATEC: We have lots of Competitive Advantages and plans New Products to expand in the Middle East and North Africa! The Fracture Characterization and Fracture The Effect ofofSilica Nanoparticles and Nano Silica Modeling a Tight Carbonate Reservoir: Reinforced Polymer Composites on EnhancedPart Oil (2) The Najmah Sargelu of West Kuwait Recovery – Experimental Work. Drilling HPHT Offshore Well Using Managed Pressure Drilling Technology throughout a field Using to optimize Mud Rheology case Nanomaterials study at HPHT wells throughout experimental work. Industry At A Glance
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Industry At A Glance
Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test (DFIT)
اتفاقي���ة جدي���دة ف���ى مرحل���ة اإلج���راءات تبل���غ20 مليار دوالر10.2 استثماراتها مصر ملتزمة بسداد مستحقات: السيسي يؤكد .والغـاز شركات 69 إنت���اجها إل�ى أك��ثر م��ن البترولترف���ع للب�ترول عجي��بة ألف برمي��ل يومي��ًا بيكـــر هيـــوز تطـــرح تكنولوجيـــا حديثـــة لتقييم إلضافة.والغاز النفطنفطية آبارحقول 3 في تطوير تش���رع في أرامكو المستخدم اإلسمنت ألف برميل يوميًا لطاقتها اإلنتاجية500 أسعــار النفـط عام���ًا عل���ى اكتش���اف أول حقل غ�����از مص�ري45 أســـباب متعـــددة وتوقعـــات مختلفـــة وشـــركات بالبحر المتوسط .تخوض معاركها من اجل البقاء
2 2 3 5 4 78
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لتوفير االحتياجات وتعظيم القيمة المضافة مصرية شركتي بترول ومشروعات نتائـج ... البترولية أكـبر للمعدات المحلي تعميق التصنيع شهادة نجاح لقطاع البترول المصري مــا هــو الغـاز الطبيعـي المســال ؟
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تقديـر شـكر وو تقديـر شـكر Petroleum Todayتتقدم بخالص الشكر والتقدير اىل السادة التايل أسمائهم ملا قدموه وما زالو يقدموه من إسهامات قيمة للمجلة منذ خروجها للنور عرب كتابة املقاالت العلمية وطرح الرؤى الفنية اخلاصة بتطوير وحتديث قطاع البرتول املصري كما يسعدنا إستقبال املزيد من املقاالت والرؤى اخلاصة بقطاع البرتول.
الرئيس الشرفى للمجلة املهندس /أسامة كمال وزير البرتول األسبق املهندس
الـدكتـــور
طــاهر عبد الرحـيم
ماهر مصباح
رئيس شركة برتوسيلة
رئيس جامعة قناة السويس
اجليولوجى
الـدكتـــور
مصطفى البحر
أحمد الصباغ
الرئيس السابق لشركة عجبية للبرتول
رئيس معهد بحوث البرتول
املهندس
الـدكتـــور
حممد بيضون
عطية حممد عطية
رئيس جملس إدارة السويس للزيت (سوكو)
رئيس قسم البرتول اجلامعة الربيطانية
املهندس
الـدكتـــور
حممد حامد اجلوهري
عادل سامل
الرئيس السابق للشركة العاملية لتصنيع مهمات احلفر
أستاذ البرتول باجلامعة االمريكية
املهندس
الـدكتـــور
حممد ابراهيم
جمال القليوبى
رئيس شركة غازتك
أستاذ البرتول باجلامعة االمريكية
املهندس
الـدكتـــور
خــالد عبــود
إسماعيل عياد
مدير تطوير األعمال العاملية ()MCS
معهد بحوث البرتول
املهندس
الـدكتـــور
شريف حسب اهلل
إسماعيل حمجوب
مدير العمليات رشيد للبرتول
الرئيس االسبق لشركة عجيبة للبرتول
املهندس
املهندس
هانــى حــافظ
أحمد رضوان
الرئيس السابق ملبيعات شل مصر
رئيس شركة يوكس للخدمات البرتولية
اللـــــواء
املهندس
مصطفى قدرى
حممد ندى
رئيس جملس إدارة شركة مالتى ديلنج
رئيس جملس إدارة شركة (باسكو)
املهندس
الدكتـــور
أحمـد هاشــم
عالء الدين القباري
رئيس جملس إدارة شركة بروسريف
خبري الطاقة والبيئة
Petroleum Today Chairman Mohamed Bendary Vice-Chairman Mohamed Hamdy
Politics And Price Reduction
Executive Editor-in-Chief Magdy Bendary General Manager Hany Ibrahim Article Scientific Adviser Consultant /Ahmed Shehab
M
any reasons behind the sharp decline in Oil prices with expectations indicate more deterioration and other expectations forecasts price rising return by the end of the year, This matter made all giant Petroleum Companies to take group of measures includes cost reduction and expenses in fight battles cadre for continuation. Iran’s return is one of the most powerful reasons that stood behind this collapse in prices after Iranian Nuclear agreement which has been signed in last July 14th and that would remove International sanctions about Iran and statements by Iranian Minister of Petroleum Bijan Zangeneh that Iran intends to increase daily production by 500 thousand barrels daily after sanctions remove and then million barrel in next months adding that Iran is seeking to return back its previous production levels around 4 million barrels daily which means that it will lead to increase in world production while world demand is stable and that came after Iranian fell in production from 4 million barrels daily to about one million barrels daily after sanctions. Not to mention other various reasons, including Global Economic recession, particularly China, which is a major engine of the Economy World, and the reasons also included increase Petroleum production in U.S.A. for more than 4 million barrels daily during the last five years by virtue of new techniques to extract shale oil, in addition to raise in U.S. dollar’s price which is considered a sponsor unit in Petroleum price reduction. Although all reasons we have mentioned, OPEC Organization’s Policy stays – with big support from Saudi Arabia- has the big effect on Oil prices as reduction in daily production has its effect on prices where supply is more than world demand by about 3 million barrels. Conclusion, Saudi Iranian political dispute is pushing both sides to produce large quantities of oil in spite of increasing supply and demand for the failure to reach a political agreement between Saudi Arabia and Iran leads to higher prices in the near time. We cannot forget to welcome all visitors of the two fairs NATC, Cairo Energy, and we wish you a pleasant visit and take the advantage of the exhibitions & conferences and do not forget to follow the latest oil news in Egypt and the whole world through our website www.petroleum-today.com And In the end, we salute you all and wish for Egypt pride and dignity.
Petroleum Today
Scientific Secretary Ali Ibrahim Editing Staff Shaimaa Eid Hany Khaled Mohamed Mousa Marketing Magdy Ahmed Mohamed Moussa Mohamed Attia Financial Management Omnia Alaa Art Director Walid Fathy Distribution Mahmoud Mabrouk Art Direction Mohamed Bendary Production Mohamed Salah Scientific Staff Dr. Attia M. Attia Dr. Adel Salem Dr. Ahmed Z. Nouh Dr. Ismail Aiad Dr. Gamal Gouda Eng. Mahmoud A. Gobran Eng. Mohamed nada Eng. Taher Abd El Rahim Eng. Mohamed Bydoun Eng.Samir Abady Dr. Lubna Abbas Saleh Special thanks to all the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Mr. Hany Hafez Eng. Mohamed Abdel Sattar Publisher The Egyptian Company For Marketing th 29 Abd El - Aziz Gawesh st. - Lebaono Sq. , Mohandeseen Giza - Egypt Tel: +202 42191195 01006596350 - 01116251134 01000533201 E-mail: petroleum.mag@gmail.com E-mail:info@ petroleum-today.com www.petroleum-today.com Copyright Reserved Design and Print by:
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Egypt News El-Sisi Confirms: Egypt is Committed to Paying Dues for Petroleum Companies
President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi welcomed Helge Lund, Chief Executive of British Gas Group «British Gas» in the presence of Engineer Sherif Ismail Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources. Ambassador Alaa Yousef Official Speaker on behalf of Presidency said that president praised jointly based between the Company and the Ministry of Petroleum, He commended on Company’s activity and its business size in Egypt in Gas Search and Exploration field. Lund congratulated President on the opening of new Suez Canal, pointing to it chronicle new Era in cooperation between Egypt and various world Countries, He also
praised positions command Egyptian political and the Egyptian efforts in combat terrorism, that has no aims to achieve safety and stability in Egypt just but reflected positive effects on whole world. Lund explained the company history in Egypt over 25 years with investments size amounted to $14 billion, explaining that the company invested in Egypt since 2011 up till now about $4.5 billion, Premium on its desire to increase its investments in Egypt , taking in account outstanding Geographical Location which can make it regionally hub to transfer and supply Gas and Oil. The President welcomed the British Company’s desire in increasing investments in Egypt, alluding that Egypt is committed to pay dues of Petroleum and Gas companies working on its territory, where paid already three billion dollars during the last two years, stressing Government determination to continue pay dues of these companies. The President pointed that Egypt did not delay payment for one day for its International obligations, and it is seeking in the current phase to increase and attracts investments contributes in achieve growth and Economic progress and the provision of more from labor opportunities and youth employment.
Ganoub Elwadi Petroleum Holding Company Announces World Bid Results Engineer Sherif Ismail Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources received a report from Geological Abou Baker Ibrahim Head of Ganoub Elwadi Holding Petroleum Company about World Bid results to search for Petroleum and Gas which raised by the company in the end of 2014 in 10 sectors areas Gulf of Suez, East Sahara, and East and West Nile in Alkantra and Com Ombo. Report explained that it has been 7 offers received for 5 sectors search area total about 23.3 Km2 and 50% of sectors search raised Bid total investments near about $100.3million and grant signature about $3.7 million for the drilling of 16 wells exploratory Petroleum and Gas search.
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Signing final contract forbillion the first vesselArea for receiving New the Projects worth $3.5 in floating Gulf of Suez with United ArabAmendment Emirates Gas and storing LNG shipments Agreements in Egypt to
Engineer Sherif Ismail Minister of Petroleum and Mineral encourage foreign partners Engineer Sherif Ismail, Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources, and Tor Resources witnessed understanding memo between to develop fields Wennesland Ambassador of Norway and Consul General in Cairo witnessed the Ganoub Elwadi Petroleum Holding Company and Emirati signature of the final contract for the first floating vessel for the reception and Inmaa Alain for development and investments to start storage of liquefied natural gas shipments and return it to its gaseous state again necessary Economic studies to achieve new projects and send it to the national network of natural gas, between the Egyptian Natural for the development of Gulf of Suez Area with Emirati Gas Holding (EGAS) and Hogg Norwegian suppliers ship for a period of 5 years investments estimated about $3.5 billion in forefront to provide quantities of natural gas in excess of 500 million cubic feet per day to project to generate Electrical Energy using Solar Energy fill part of the additional requirements for power plants. and Wind Energy or clean coal and water desalination in Egypt in the current period proceeding than witnessed Engineer Khalid Abd Al Badi head of the Egyptian Holding Company for Natural station and industrial area for specialized companies to real Economic leap and the elements for investments Gas signed with Mr. Svaenning Stola Prime Hogg Company in the presence of maximize the value additives from mineral resources success and opportunities to set up projects with high Dr. SherifSuse, First Undersecretary of the Ministry for gas and Tarek Al Mulla, available in Gulf of Suez and Red Sea. Economic feasibility. Chief Executive of the EGPC Understanding Memo was signed by Geological Abo Baker Tarek Al-Mulla, Chief Executive Ibrahim Head of South Valley Petroleum Holding Company EGPC for revealed the Expansions AndofNew Projects Egyptian and Dr/ Salem Al Kaabi Head of Inmaa Alain Company. continuing adjustment purchase Refining to Secure Country Needs Head of Ganoub Elwadi Petroleum Holding Company price of the discoverer of some explained that Emirati side expressed interest in investing Engineer Sherif Ismail partners Minister gas of procedures, Petroleum and foreign these projects after completion of Economic studies, and it Mineral Resources confirmed the program of the especially extracted from deep has been agreed on formation of common company between ministry to develop Refining on main Geographic and non-traditional water in the South Valley and Emirati company onve studies are finished centers in South, Suez, Alexandria and , where new geological structures, the are to start accurate implementation especially that Projects is currently implementation new projects to produce actions initiated by the petroleum an essential requirement to meet development needs and the distillate central (Gasoline and Diesel) to secure sector since 2006, and explained promotion of value additives from natural resources Country needs and reduce Imports. that he is currently taking the And for his part, Head of Inmaa Alain Emirati Company The Minister noted that currently Implementation necessary to modify procedures confirmed that his companykeens on orientation investment expansions lab refinement in Assiut to in cover south new gas agreements most needs and implementation agreements. new projects in lab refinement Midor and ANARBC in Alexandria, and Ministry of Petroleum Agrees with Government On 50 He pointed out that it was finally in Suez are implementation new complex oil projects billion Egyptian Pounds Settlement From Dues modify the new gas prices in and the development of Complex Coking in addition some of the conventions of Three Conditions for the purchase of gas from Companies in gas unit retrieval butane, and in Cairo are implementation General Petroleum agreedMediterranean with Government on break fields operating inAuthority the Eastern American Apache Company, Almasrya lab refining project. up finance entanglements between both sides from settlement ENI of Italy, SHELL non All that was during the Minister’s attrending General HamdyAbd El Aziz, Official of the Ministry of Petroleum, about 50 billion Egyptian Poundsspokesman from indebtedness outstanding conventional gas in the new Association commenting on the report to published news agencies of a between east refining Petroleum (MIDOR) for Petroleum, according Tarek Al-byMullah, Authority around Chief the signing geological Company, RIO of and Alexandria National Refining and petrochemicals memorandum and Executive. of understanding between the partners in the gas field Tamar German, and EDISON of Italy. Dolfinios Egyptian Holding Company for therose export of natural gas from in the presence of Doctor Sherif Sousse first Petroleum dues with Government Ministries, by the end of surplusANARBC HeGas said that there are currently for ministry Affairs and Engineer Tarek AlIsrael clientsyear satellites belonging to versus the private sector in Egypt forAgent a period the to financial to 190 billion Pounds, 180 billion Pound negotiations with British Gas Mullah Chief Executive of Petroleum Authority. of 7during years,third thequarter memofrom wasthemerely from being a letter of intent between the two same financial year, according to Chief Company in this direction, companies, the letter ofpromised intent were signed by Spanish Executivelike , «Government settlement about 50 billionUnion Fenosawith pointing out that these American Nobel company and its partners in the Pound from a total of indebtedness during next shortTamar periodfield ». and British BG with procedures to the petroleum partners in thetofield of Levathian. According Al-Mullah, Ministry of Finance debt to Ministry of sector aimed at achieving a He Petroleum stressed that the position the Ministry of Petroleum of the companies to exceeded the 100 of billion Pounds barrier, in addition balance between production buytogas American company and Aviation, its partners 5.9from billionthePounds accrueNobel on Ministry of Civil alsoworking in the gas costs and purchase prices fields in the eastern Mediterranean the Israeli economic Transportation sector’s debt exceededin2 billion Pounds while the water, which was of foreign partners, in order announced clearly isbydivided the consistent that there will not be any agreements rest indebtedness on the otherisrest sectors. to motivate them to speed between the parties without consent of the competent authorities, The Authority posted Memo the to Head Council during last April,Egyptian to development of discovered including the national interest achieve high added value save its achieve financial position urgently, sayingof thatEgypt its debtand is amounted fields and intensify research to the Egyptian economy andtime come solutions to outstanding issues of to101 billion Pounds at that and up it iswith not allowed to borrow and increase domestic commercial andfailure so farinhas not dues reached Ministry of Petroleum any according arbitration, to continuation paying with the Government production rates. formal lettersamounting in this regard. Agencies to 95 billion Pounds in last April.
Petroleum Today
- September 2015
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Arab News Oman Production from Petroleum Exceed One Million Barrel per Day For the First Time Omani Ministry of Petroleum and Gas said in its monthly report that its oil and Condensate override one million barrel daily in July for the first time in Sultanate’s history. Oman works on raising its Petroleum production despite glut displayed which forced crude oil prices to fall down and all Gulf area countries are looking forward to compensate reduction of oil revenues. Ministry of Petroleum said on its website «Sultanate achieved for the first time in Petroleum industry, new rate in daily
production from Petroleum crude and Condensate during July 2015, where daily production rate in July override million barrel for the first time and reached 1,001,081 barrels». Total Production increased 0.5% to 894.156 barrels from crude and 106.926 barrels from capacitors. Salem Nasser Al-Awfi Agent Ministry Petroleum and Gas said that increase production returns in basic to drop business maintenance scheduled unlikely expected reach the same level from production in August.
Crude exports reached during last month796.977 barrels daily, and all shipments went Asian market while Oman Petroleum refineries and Petroleum industries Company got 163.062 barrels daily for the purpose of refining.
Saudi Arabia: 17 Companies Dharan Valley are Looking for Solutions for Reduction of Petroleum Production Costs 17 Local and International Companies, 10 from them are totally working in Energy Sector and other areas continue their research procedure in scientific centers inside Dharan Valley technology, in reach from inventions and new techniques, which reinforce Energy Sector in Kingdom, and contribute in diversify Country resources so no deliberately on Oil sector, which still 90% from Kingdom income resources. Saudi Arabia hopes to be leadership in extract and export
Energy from different resources. It is an urgent need today more from any time before Scientific Centers, to find solution links, what world are suffering from Economic crises, led to deceleration growth Economic percentage described by analysts as “disturbing”. This Slowdown resulted on emerging world Economies, supposedly it has lots of power elements and resistance, However, It hit to what looks like setbacks, and above all is Chinese Economy which had great decline this year.
Kuwait Raises a Tender for Developing of Four Fields
Kuwait Oil Company is planning to issue tender project for development of 4 oil and gas fields, the project will be split to 3 packs according incident areas in which these fields are located,
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- September 2015
west Rawdhatain, and east Raudhatain, and Sabriyah and Om Naka and all these four fields will yield of 40000 barrel from Petroleum Equivalent. Companies contracting concerned project will be allowed to win just one group from the three groups, where total estimated budget is $1.17 billion according to sources informed in Oil Industry. On the other hand, Kuwait Oil Company signed a contract with the company «JP» Chinese to carry out seismic survey developed by Kuwait worth $365 million. Provided by «BGP» Chinese Company less financial offers to implement the project, with the French Company CGG made an offer valued at $476.3 million.
International News GAZPROM: «Turk Stream « projects costs 11.4 billion Euro Reuters : Administrator In GAZPROM said in a conference across phone that the company expect Costs Project Turk Stream 11.4 billion Euros ($12.51 billion), with the exception of Tax Value Added. He added that the first pipe line will cost 4.3 billion Euros. It consists Project Turk Stream Which expected to a Substitute To transfer Russian Gas Across Ukraine From Four Pipe lines Card Annual Total 63 billion Meter Cube. Administrator said in another Conference across phone the average Gas prices for Europe this year will ranges between $235 and $242 Per thousand cubic meter.
Foreign Companies Jostle To develop Iran Refineries After Raise Sanctions World Service Oil Companies seeking hard to win contracts tens Billions Dollars to reform and development of Iranian Petroleum Refineries where lifts sanctions for Tehran and regulates Officials Iranians Rounds Officials Companies Visitors. Officials From Iranian Petroleum Refinement Company N.I.O.R.D.C. and National Petrochemicals Iranian Company and Percaan Oil and Gas – Private Company – talks with Companies Services from conclude contracts projects to reform Refining and Petrochemicals sector.
Iran is deeply in need to complete development plans which stopped after imposed sanctions before about five years because of its Nuclear Program. Close Resources from Companies which conducted talks in Iran the Value that projects not less about $100 billion. Resources in the sector told Reuters that Iranians Officials contracts already meetings with number from world companies to clarify plans and staged Bus rounds for Officials Service Companies to visit refineries.
New Exploration Privileges for Shale gas Posed by Britain For the First Time In 7 years Britain raised Drilling Licenses for Shale gas for the first time during seven years and laid privileges new Companies from including I Gas and G. D. F suez French. British Head Minister David Cameron promised to do all efforts to exploit petroleum and gas rock or not in reducing accreditation on imports energy and get on revenues tax additional despite opposition Protection Environment activities. Government announced that round Licenses which delayed by beginning year it included 27 excellence areas for new exploration for Shale gas and fuel traditional and attracted 95 applications from 47 companies it is what appears attention developers exploration for non-conventional resources in Britain. European Countries banned other from including France and Germany use Hydraulic frac in extract Shale gas due concerns related environment.
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British Government offered also new excellence areas today on exploration companies Agdon Resources And Quadrala Resources and I.N.E.O.S. Swiss.
Corporation News Aramco succeed in strengthen production capabilities of Manifa Petroleum field to 900 thousand barrel Aramco Company succeeded in strengthen production capabilities of Manifa Petroleum field which is submerged in Gulf water in north Jubail to reach full energy yield to 900 thousand barrel per day from Arabi heavy oil, to side production of 120 million foot record cubed per day from associated gas which are moved treatment in gas lab in concrete Aramco as dependent gas facilities for valued industrial cities to help in support diversity economic in addition to production of 65,000 barrels per day from Condensate Hydrocarbon. This Field which is considered the fifth larger Oil field in world particularly supports Yanbu Aramco Sinopec Refining (Aaserf) one of Aramco refineries which reach capacity to 400 thousand barrel per day, and that start by the end of 2014, and succeeded extradition first shipment from clean Fuel Diesel in the middle of January 2015, and it is a full refinery conversion located in Yanbu Industrial City on the Western Cost of Saudi Arabia held during project
mutual with Sinopec, larger companies refining in Asia, and design allows treatment of Arabi Heavy Oil produced from Manifa Giant Field.
ENI Announces Natural Gas Disclosure To 15 Billion Cubic Meter In Delta Egypt
Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum announced that Italian ENI has achieved Gas disclosure reach reserves to 15 billion cubic meter from gas and condensates in the Delta area in Egypt. The ministry said in a statement that it was scheduled to put new detection on production map during two months. The new detection is in western Abu Mady
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area on 120 km North East Alexandria. ENI owns through its company IEOC ENI in Egypt 75% from Abu Mady area while British BP owns 25%. Eni achieved its detection on a depth of 3600 meters . Initial estimates to existing reserves reach 15 billion cubic meter from Natural Gas and condensates according to statement by the ministry quoting about Company. There were a signed agreement between Ministry of Petroleum and ENI about Energy worth Two billion Dollar in June. In earlier time from this month Egypt lifted paid price to ENI and EDISON for their production from Natural Gas in Country. The agreements attempt from Egyptian Authorities to improve conditions for foreign Companies working in Petroleum and Gas areas in encouragement investment in Egypt through more competitive prices. ENI works in Egypt for more than 60 years through IEOC Company. ENI is considered as one of the main Energy producers in Egypt where its daily size of production about 180 thousand Barrel From Equivalent Oil.
Halliburton: $500 Million to fund Drilling Activities in Old Wells American «Halliburton» Company (HAL.N) said that it managed from insurance $500 million to finance petroleum drilling activities in old wells. This step is considered the first which taken by an Energy main Company in the time where many other companies are stepping back from drilling new wells. Perhaps this funding supports acceleration pace exploration activities from «Halliburton» according to what has been said by a big Analysts in «Rob Desai» Company « Edward Jones», the American Company announced in earlier time the reduction of profits quarterly 93% to $53 million during second annual quarter, as retreat total revenue 26.5% to $5.92 billion.
Government of the United States Grants SHELL Final Approval for Exploration in Alaska Government of the United States grants «Royal Dutch Shell» final approval for an exploration project in Alaska in a step represents setback for Maintain of Environment Groups which are opposition for the project . American Safety and Environment office announced grants «SHELL» final approval for petroleum exploration in Alaska. The ongoing drilling operation in Alaska by temporary permission is considered the first from kind since
2012 when an exploration for crude project has been started in north pole. «Brian Salerno» manager of American safety and environment office said that the exploration activities are on highest levels of Safety and Environment protection, and standards response Emergency cases. The Organization of Environment Protection expressed powerful protests on drilling operation in Alaska, where the prevent exit Chisel affiliates west coast.
Three New Projects Implemented by ANRPC
During Ordinary General Association for ANRPC Company to adopt business results during fiscal year 2014 / 2015 Chemical Ahmad Abou Alrouh Head of the Company explained that it succeeded in increasing production rates to reach about 913 thousand tons from benzene high octane and 32 thousand tons from butane and propane , and sales size around 6.2 billion Egyptian Pounds. He added that there are 3 new projects implemented in forefront
project to create improvement NAFTA and continuous activation worker assistant in order to Energy multiplication yield from benzene high octane by 850 thousand tons annually added to current production, in addition to 10 thousand tons gas and 35 thousand tons hydrogen annually, He added that the project of cost investment about $300 million and implemented by ENNPI Company as a public contractor for the project and it is planned entry space operating by the middle of the year 2018. Abou Alrouh explained that the second project is to produce ammonia 150 thousand card tons annually which intervention in industry fertilizer on benefit from Hydrogen Product from NAFTA improvement project where an agreement was signed for technical support with Abu Qier fertilizer Company. He added that the third project includes creating benzene extraction unit aims to achieve high value added during production of 42 000 tons annually from benzene across deduced from Riformat from NAFTA improvement unit to contribute in gasoline 95 production according to standard specifications and the provision of benzene compress separate intervention in many industries.
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- September 2015
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New Products Sand-Tolerant Pump When producing in sandy wells with reciprocating rod-lift systems, wear can occur at unacceptable levels. Abrasive sand accumulating within the barrel/plunger interface damages both the barrel and the plunger, thereby shortening pump life, reducing production rates, and increasing operating costs. The Weatherford sand-tolerant pump (STP) restores economic viability to sandy rod-pumped wells. On the basis of ongoing tests, the STP works in sandy conditions more than six times longer than conventional rod pumps by lubricating the plunger/barrel interface with filtered production fluid (Fig. 1). The STP features a wiper assembly and filter coupling for efficient, reliable performance. The outside of the wiper assembly creates a barrier that keeps sand out of the plunger/ barrel interface by continually wiping the inside of the barrel while the pump produces sandy fluid to the surface. The filter coupling houses an internal screen that allows only clean produced fluid to pass through the equalization ports to the interface and lubricate the pumps. Because the filters move with the plunger, the sweeping action of the fluid on the downstroke cleans the filters and keeps sand suspended within the production fluid. The sandladen fluid is then produced through the center of the plunger to the surface. Ó For additional information, visit www.weatherford.com.
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Fig. 1— On the basis of recent data, Weatherford’s STP offers six times the run life of conventional rod pumps in sandy, rod-pumped wells.
Volumetric-Measurement Sand-Tolerant Pump System Halliburton the Core-Vault system, a solution Elevated introduced temperatures can thatdegrade providesthe a more-accurate volumetric picture of properties of the conventional amount of oil and gas trapped in unconventional elastomers. Power reservoir system allows sectionsrocks. thatThecontain these operators to contain andtraditional bring to surface the reservoir elastomers can be fluids within rock samples, allowing for measurement of the volume of expected to deliver only 50% hydrocarbons in place (Fig. 2). Traditional coring tools of their specified performance allowed 50 toand 70%beyond. of the hydrocarbons to escape from at 300°F Dynathe Drill rock high-temperature, as the samples depressurized on their way highto the surface. Building a model of the volume of oil resistance (HT/HR) elastomers anddeliver gas in 75–80% a reservoir therefore required operators to more power estimate this fluid loss rather than measure the fluids than standard nitrile rubber (NR) in while place, achieving and the 15–20% estimates were often inaccurate. more By power preserving 100% of the fluids within theFig. core than high-resistance NR 2— Dyna-Drill’s HT/HR elastomers offer increased dynamic fatigue and fluid resistance. sample, the CoreVault system allows for an improved at elevated temperatures (Fig. 2). understanding of potential production within the Furthermore, HT/HR elastomers reliably operate in temperatures up to 375°F. These elastomers offer increased dynamic fatigue reservoir. The CoreVault system, when combined with and fluid resistance as well as excellent bond strength, outlasting conventional compounds in service life and withstanding the a rotary sidewall-coring tool, allows up tosavings 10 cores to be most-demanding applications. Rig-time result from the elimination of changeout necessitated by thermal breakdown. sealed at reservoir conditions in a single wireline The new-generation elastomer was developed at the run, Dyna-Drill Advanced Elastomer Laboratory, which continuously studies saving time whenbetween compared with full-hole and the relationship advanced elastomerscoring and integrated power-section designs to produce technologically advanced and allowing more targeted samples to be taken. efficient downhole motor equipment. Fig (2) Halliburton’s CoreVault volumetric-measurement system preserves Ó For additional information, Ó For additional information,visit visitwww.halliburton.com www.dyna-drill.com. 100% of the fluids within the core sample.
Rigless Technology Integrated Reservoir-Modeling Software Offshore platforms require systems that can safely and
efficiently conduct critical well abandonment and lateBaker Hughes announced of wells its JewelSuite stage intervention operations the to release revitalize and 6 software, which helps operators improve data-driven extend productivity. Weather¬ford recently introduced all Light-Duty exploration-and-¬production domains the decisions Rig-Free across 351000/ Pulling and Jacking with integrated applications forrigs geological modeling Unit, a cost-effective alternative to and snubbing units and reservoir engineering, geomechanical modeling, (Fig. 3). This unit meets American Petroleum Institute 4F and reservoir stimulation (Fig. for 3). The softwareremoval. provides effective specifications and is ideal conductor The modeling solutions to help operators increase certainty unit uses a range of technologies and resources to address in their operations, reduceWith costs, its andsmall improve productivity. operational challenges. footprint, lightEach JewelSuite 6 software application has a modern intuitive weight, and modular design, the unit is easy to transport user automated work smart rules to andinterface, is suited for platforms withflows, spaceand andbuilt-in structural limits, help increase operational efficiency and data accuracy and to and for downgraded, damaged, or nonexistent derricks. learning curvepowered for new users. The ¬geologicalTheaccelerate unit has the a hydraulically telescoping mast modeling and ¬reservoir-engineering application can rapidly that sits directly above the well center and an integrated build system accurateand models andswivel run multiple in complex jacking power stand scenarios that require no reservoirs, assisting the user in determining an economically additional rig-up time. With a self-clamping system, the development for projects. Theflexibility geomechanicalunitviable can skid from wellplan to well, providing to -modeling application creates detailed models that assist accommodate changes in well conditions. A blowout users in(BOP) predicting drilling problems preventer is placed underand theproduction unit, making it fully and developing solutions to mitigate them. The application compliant with regulatory requirements. When skidding can be used independently or asbe part of integratedand geomechanical between wells, the BOP can disconnected moved work flows, all within a single interface. The reservoirwith the unit for mobilization efficiency and cost savings. ¬stimulation application enables operators to quickly Ó For additional information, visit www.weatherford.com and
Fig. 3— Baker Hughes’ JewelSuite 6 integrated reservoir-modeling software features a modern intuitive user interface and efficient automated work flows.
accurately select the best hydraulic-fracturing design for unconventional-field development. All of the applications are built on the JewelEarth 6 software platform, enabling seamless integration among JewelSuite applications and connectivity with most other industry technologies.. Ó For additional information, visit Fig (3) Weatherford’s Rig-Free Light-Duty Pulling and Jacking Unit pulls Ó www.bakerhughes.com. 35,000 lbm and jacks 1,000,000 lbm.
Petroleum Today
- September 2015
23
Self-Elevating Drilling Unit Cameron introduced the Letourneau Jaguar-class self-¬elevating mobile offshore drilling unit. Using the Letourneau 1,000-kip elevating unit and the Letourneau Storm Lok leg-¬fixation system, the Jaguar is capable of operating in water depths up to 400 ft in harsh conditions or 500 ft in moderate waters (Fig. 4). The rig is also capable of drilling ultrahighpressure and ultrahigh-temperature wells to 40,000 ft with a hook load of 2.5 million lbf and setback capacity of 1,700 kips in quads, filling the market gap between the typical premium and ultralarge jackups. The Jaguar class
builds upon the success of previous Letourneau designs, which account for the largest number of active jackup rigs in operation today. Unique to Letourneau rig designs, the Jaguar requires a leg-fixation system only in severe storm conditions. This design feature allows for approximately a half-day savings each time a rig is moved. Another unique feature of the Jaguar is the design of its spud can and leg well, which allows for pulling individual legs above the waterline; this in turn permits classification inspection without dry docking, potentially saving weeks of downtime
Fig. 4— Cameron’s Letourneau Jaguar-class selfelevating drilling unit.
and hundreds of thousands of dollars. Ó For additional information, visit www.bakerhughes.com.
Perforating Gun The Kraken from The GasGun is a propellant-enhanced perforating gun designed to overcome the reservoir-¬damaging effects of conventional ¬perforating-gun systems. The propellant boosters contained inside the Kraken are based on the progressively burning propellant technology used in the patented GasGun stimulation tools. Progressively burning propellants have been proved by independent research to be many times more effective in creating fractures. The Kraken perforates and stimulates the reservoir in one trip, creating multiple radial fractures extending 1 to 5 ft past the perforation tunnels with the use of Kraken propellant boosters. The gun removes skin and cleans up the wellbore damaged by perforators, drilling fines, cement, and mudcake. The Kraken prepares the well for hydraulic fracturing. Treating pressures are often dramatically reduced, flow rates improved, and the effects of tortuosity minimized. Acidizing effectiveness can also be improved by use of the Kraken. Kraken propellant boosters are compatible with most commercially available perforating charges. Big-hole charges are preferred for optimized performance. The gun features a standard shot density of 4 shots/ft. Customized shot density from 1 to 4 shots/ft is available upon request. Standard shot phasing is 60°; shot phasing can be customized upon request. For additional information, visit www.thegasgun.com.
Extreme-Environment Wiring Devices Leviton’s Rhino-Hide wiring devices, made to meet a wide range of National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards, are the only connectors in their class to carry a true watertight/ submersible rating, making them suitable for the wettest environments, including those where plugs and connectors may be subject to immersion in mud or water. The high-performance dynamically vulcanized thermoplastic material used in these plugs and connectors offers superior resistance (as compared with ordinary rubber) to water, chemicals, and ultraviolet exposure for long-lasting performance. Threaded connections make these devices ideal in high--vibration
24 Petroleum Today
environments such as drilling and mining operations, while coated-aluminum components provide superior corrosion resistance over bare aluminum, especially in salt-air environments, which extends service life of the device and allows easier installation and removal of threaded components (Fig. 5). ¬Nickel-plated brass electrical contacts provide superior electrical performance and corrosion resistance for extended service life. Selfclosing lids ensure that the receptacle is always protected and will never “weld” to a threaded connection; the devices also feature an insulated connector-cover lanyard. Prewired wiring modules allow quick and easy installation. The devices
- September 2015
Fig. 5— The family of Rhino-Hide NEMA-rated wiring devices from Leviton.
are available in seven voltage/amperage configurations. Ó For additional information, visit www. leviton.com.
Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test (DFIT) By
Mohamed Mehana and Muhammad Omer Bashir, University of Oklahoma
A
bstract
Introduction
DFIT is a method for estimating reservoir parameters for low permeability reservoirs that would otherwise not flow prior to fracturing. Since the introduction of DFIT in the petroleum industry, its applications provide a practical tool to characterize the reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters. The results of DFIT include reservoir pressure, permeability, fracture gradient, fracture pressure, fluid efficiency and deviatory stress possibility. Apart from the permeability and pressures data quality, DFIT provides accurate fracturing data which will be integrated with reservoir parameters for successful hydraulic fracture. DFIT importance is more obvious in the tight reservoirs where the conventional methods failed to provide useful information. This paper will provide state-of-the-art literature review of this type of well testing, completed with a practical case study in conventional reservoirs (sandstone), then moving to the applicability of this test in unconventional reservoirs (shale and coal bed methane) and finally the conclusions and recommendations.
26 Petroleum Today
Tight formations evaluation using classical well testing methods is not practical as it will require long period of shut-in time, months or even years, to reach the proper flow regime to gather meaningful information. Although, there is strong need to conduct pre-fracturing tests to gather the necessary information to perform successful hydraulic fracturing which is indispensable stage to produce form this kind of formation. Considering both the better accuracy of the parameters derived from the dynamic methods and the impractically of the conventional testing methods in these kinds of formation will briefly state the importance of the DFIT and its application. During the past two decades, intensive research studies coupled with practical applications addressed DFIT methodology and analysis. Therefore, DFIT becomes commonly used method to evaluate both the reservoir and hydraulic fracture characteristics both in conventional and unconventional reservoirs. Barree (1998) in one of the early practical application of the DFIT analysis studied the validity of this test, followed by Barree et al. (2009)
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detailed interpretation method used to analyze this kind of well testing, completed by Barree et al. (2014) which studied the common mistakes, misfires and misdiagnosis and provided the best practice to conduct the test and interpret the results. As a result, thousands of successful DFIT tests are run every day to evaluate geomechanical parameters to determine hydraulic fractures candidate reservoirs. Moving to the unconventional reservoirs, DFIT was used to evaluate coalbeds mechanical properties (McDaniel, 1990). Also, there are a lot of current research is going on the applicability of this test in shale reservoirs (Padmakar, 2013; McClure et al. 2014). Although, the massive information that could be derived from this test, the data could be misinterpreted if there is no prior knowledge about the formation and the expected fracture profile. This paper will discuss the state of the art review of the work done in this area and provides extensive study of both the technical and practical part of this test. So, it is organized in four sections I) Field Methodology II) Analysis methods III) Case study IV) DFIT in unconventional reservoirs V)
Summary Field Methodology well in fresh water environments,of orDFIT in mixed salinity environment if the mixed salinity is unknown.ofIn-depth Fieldprofile Methodology DFIT knowledge of the electrical properties DFIT is conducted days before the such as the saturation exponent actual fracture treatment is of done ) and imbibition (n ) is drainage (n dr imb in order to acquire fracture design a key requirement for the swept zone parameters. The method of DFIT is saturation monitoring if resistivity tool explained in as below, is used. 1. Perforate the well (small interval Afteror thefull wellset). is completed, Load holecased withhole water logs and are run in a regular time frame. additives as needed (avoid clay The target well to be monitored can swelling etc.) be completed either cased hole or 2. Install high-resolution surface open hole. Using the “Time-Lapse” electronic memory gauges on approach, cased hole logs are compared wellhead. High resolution gauges to OH logs to monitor the change will ensure that all pressure changes in formation fluid saturation and the are recorded. movement of fluid contacts. The 3. Start recording before pumping selection of the saturation monitoring starts and end recording after the tools, such as the pulsed neutron tools in falloff is complete. this study, depends on multiple factors, Start pumptotofour start injection but4.will bethe limited main factorsand record the flow rates .The injection here: porosity, formation salinity, rate should be high enough cement quality, and the near wellbore to breakdown the perforations environment (borehole fluid, wash-and create a smallfluid fracture. out, and borehole invasion to near 5. Shut-down the pump record wellbore formation, so that and the near totalsaturation volume pumped. wellbore is not representative of the reservoir 6. Rig down saturation). the pumping equipment without disturbing the isolated electronic gauges. Description and Applications 7. Collect the data from the pump unit of PN Logging as well as the acquisition setup. The pulsed neutron has two measurements: spectrum of gamma The generic whole pressure rays (gamma raybottom signals as a function Vs time curve will be as indicated of energy) emitted through inelastic in FIG.1 and capture of the gamma interactions Initially fluid pumped a slow rate rays (gamma rayissignals as at a function fill theproduced hole and BHP built until the of totime) by is adsorption break neutron. down. At this either of initial thermal PN point source a new fracture will initialize causing continuously emits a burst of high a decrease pressure or with expansion energy neutronsinthat interact the of an created which nuclei in already the borehole andfracture formation. will the causefirst a pressure plateau. After Within 10 microseconds of this point, fluid rate is increased up the neutron burst, inelastic collisions to maximum limit between the permissible high speedpressure neutrons is constantly pumped at a steady andand theit nuclei take place where the rate forwill 3 to slow 5 mins. The by maximum neutrons down the permissible normally collisions. As apressure result oflimit the is inelastic controlleda byspectrum the casingofpressure collisions, inelastictest, gamma rays pressure is emitted consisting of maximum rating of Christmas
tree, maximum flowThese rate ofenergies the pump distinctive energies. pressure rating of abundance tubing. Then areand characteristic of the rapid step down can befound conducted. of athe following elements in theStep formation: C, isO,usually Si, Ca, Fe, S,but down test separate andusually Mg (shown 1). ofCarbon it is doneinatFig. the end pumping andin oxygen order torelative measureconcentrations perforation and in near the formation calculated by well borearefrictional pressure determining the end contribution of the each losses. At the of pumping, flow element the total This rate istoreduced to spectrum. zero immediately, Pulsed and Neutron pressure Spectroscopy is constantly (PNS) recorded of for inelastic scattering is as long neutron as possible. The pumping known as the “C/O Mode.” equipment is removed after pumping is completed while making sure that After multiple collisions, the neutrons the pressure gauges are not disturbed. travel further into the formation with Fig.energy 2 shows a typical on captured field setup lower until they get a DFIT nuclei. test. Flow setup by for formation As aback result of is rigged up the flow neutrons, with valve the while capturing theon thermal pumping is rigged up on nuclei emit setup gamma rays that getkill wing valve. thing to detected within One 1000important microseconds in the burst. following of observe the neutron Thesetup rate isofthat pumpray candecay isolated gamma withafter timepumping is used toand shut in pressure can cross be continuously determine the capture section. monitored at the SSV. This Pulsed Neutron Capture (PNC) of thermal neutrons is knownincluding as “Sigma The flow parameters flow Mode.” a major element rate, Chlorine pumping istime, total volume thatpumped slows theetc. thermal down are neutron recorded very to be captured. In addition, a capture carefully. On the other hand high spectrum can gauges also beare produced resolution set withand their used for mainly mineralogy scanning ratesreservoir to as high as possible. characterization. H, Cl, recommend Si, Ca, S, Fe, Baree et al., (2014) scan Gdrate and of Ti one are the major elements that data set per second. The contribute to the the accurate capture. data acquisition quality of is very important. important The standard spectral ofAnother these elements aspect in to look at is the gauge resolution. is shown Fig. 2. A resolution of 510- psiiswill not serve The inelastic spectrum analyzed the purpose as this resolution willinnot for their elemental concentrations ablevolume to record changes thebetotal thatminute contributed in in pressure, since the intent of treatment emitting the characteristic gamma is Therefore, to look forthe subtle variations in the rays. inelastic spectrum of determine the pressure versesand time. canderivative be used to carbon Baree et al., (2014) recommends oxygen amount, i.e., hydrocarbon gaugeirrespective resolution of of formation 0.01 to 0.1 andthewater psi. There should always back up water salinity. The rate of becapture gauges available in order spectrum, however, on is site mainly used to match the acquired data and verify. to determine chlorine concentration, Whenever fluid injected ofinto which describes the issaturation saltthe formation, there is can a risk of damaging water and, therefore, differentiate the formation injections between salt water so and fluid hydrocarbon. should be we minimized. And at thethe same In this paper, will neither discuss time,nor enough fluid must be injected in design interpretation methodology of the PNtotools. Rather, an assessment order fracture the reservoir. In ultra-
low permeabilities, ratestoof 12- bpm is developed and presented evaluate high enough to exceed thearereservoir saturation by fracturing using pressure. For methodologies micro and nano[C/O Darcy pulsed neutron necessary andsystems, Sigma] the throughout the rates life ofare lower. of right fluid theeven subject fieldSelection that is undergoing contributes heavily to a successful waterflooding. DFIT.A Newtonian, non-wall building fluid should be used. Normally KCL Pulsed Neutron Merits and filtered brine is used and heavy mud Limitations additives are avoided as large particle Thesize pulsed neutrone.g. tools can be run inthe additives clays, hinder both C/O mode with a roughly 6-inch fracture process. depth of investigation (DOI), and Sigma Common Mistakes in field applications mode with a deeper reading of about As previously stated, the fluid used 12 inches into the formation. Readings for DFIT should be non-wall building of pulsed neutron logs are very shallow fluid. Problems arise if fluid selection compared to resistivity logs that read is not proper. Using gelled or other non about 10 times deeper than pulsed newtanion fluids can disrupt the after neutron. Resistivity readings may be closure pressure gradient and mask the more descriptive of the virgin zone of reservoir flow capacity. Furthermore, the formation. The readings are very DFIT pumping should be conducted in much dependent on water salinity, one go. For DFIT, pumping in stages especially if water salinity is less creates hold overs and that causes than about 100 ppk. Sigma, likewise, problem in analysis of DFIT. If a is sensitive to water salinity and may treatment is not pumped correctly the not work in fresh water environment first time, a second attempt is almost (<50 ppk). Problems also arise in pointless as reservoir conditions have sigma when used in low porosity rocks now been altered. (<10%) where measurements start to common issue is not acquiring loseAnother accuracy. fall off data for a long enough duration. C/O yield carbon and oxygen Longer pumping times allow more time concentrations in formation, therefore, for penetration of the induced pressure quantifying for hydrocarbon reserves transient. Baree ET all, estimate the independent of formation salinity. closure time for fracture as, Problems arise in C/O when used in low porosity rocks (<15%) where it loses accuracy. The shallower Based on the tpr and thea geometry measurement of C/O is also major of the flow regime, we can estimate limitation of the technique where the time required for the gauges borehole and near wellbore conditions to remain high quality have largeracquiring. effects on The log quality and consistent data collection makes can decrease the statistical precision successful. The Even calibration andDFIT accuracy of the data. for of acquisition equipment mustthefirst the ideal borehole scenario, be cross verified with the pumping interpretation of the measurement can equipment as they normally differ. still be difficult (Dodman et al., 2010). In order to have a consistent data, the acquisition gauges should be opened Field Background during the pumping Information stage as well. This notinbe theconducted gauges due Themay study thisgood paperforwas vibrations it is essential for the in totwo newly but developed carbonate flaw less(Reservoirs data collection. reservoirs A and B, with
Petroleum Today
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Analysis methods The main outputs of the DFIT test is the reservoirs characteristics (permeability and reservoir pressure) coupled with the hydraulic fracture parameters (fracture pressure, fluid efficiency and fracture toughness). The data collected from DFIT will encounter different flow regimes as indicated in Table.1. So there will be different set of equations to interpret the different parameters of each flow regime but the key factor is that the parameters calculated from different flow regime should be consistent. Firstly, the fracture closure is one of the major events during the test and it divides the interpretation methods to pre-closure and post-closure analysis. Closure time should be determined accurately as it will affect all the following interpretation. There are different methods used for closure time determination like G-function, square root of shut in time and log- log plots. Pre-closure analysis was studied to estimate the initial reservoir pressure and permeability (Mayerhofer et al. 1995; Valko and Economides 1999). But, the accuracy of the information derived from this analysis is strongly affected by the fracture- propagation model (Soliman et al. 2010). Moreover, the fracture parameters is continuously changing during the test rather than constant dimensions as the model assumes. Post- closure analysis is performed using two main approaches. The first approach was presented by Notle et al. (1997) assuming constant injection pressure. However, the assumption of the flow regime prevalence is the main drawback of this approach (Soliman et al. 2010). The second approach was based on the constant injection rate. Soliman et al. (2004) developed this approach and proved that the effect of the variable rate on the analysis will be negligible compared to the first approach. There are four different
28 Petroleum Today
leak off-mechanism that DFIT can be interpreted under their frame. These mechanism are normal leak off, pressure dependent leak off, fracture tip extension and height recession or transverse storage. This section will present the closure pressure and time determination in the different leak-off mechanisms, followed by after-closure analysis (ACA) and before-closure analysis (BCA).
stress in the dual permeability models. Therefore, fluid loss will change with effective stress. The interpretation of this behavior will follow the same steps in the preceding mechanism. Firstly, the determination of closure time by the different three methods. Then identifying the proper the flow regime and calculate the permeability by the Cartesian plot, Horner plot and G-function correlation.
Normal leak off behavior
Fracture Tip extension
This behavior is observed in constant permeability systems in which the reservoir permeability will not be function of pressure. Firstly, closure time can be calculated by different methods. In G-function method, it will be the time at which the semi- log derivative deviates from unit slope as indicated in Fig. 3-A. In the square root method, fracture closure will be the inflection point of the curve between the derivative and square root of shut in time as displayed in Fig.3-B. In loglog plot, it will be the time at which the curve of pressure change and shut in time deviates from the straight line as shown in Fig. 3-C. Secondly, after closure analysis will involve identifying the flow regimes and detect the start and end point of the pseudoradial flow. The flow regime is identified by calculating the slopes of the curve between ΔP vs square linear flow. Unit slope will be representative of the pseudoradial and half slope will be characteristic of the linear flow. Then the interpretations of the pseudoradial is performed by plotting the pressure change against radial flow time function in Cartesian coordinates and the permeability will be estimated form the slope. Also, Horner plot can be used to estimate the permeability. Finally, permeability can be estimated from G-function correlation.
Pressure dependent behavior The permeability will be function of the
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This situation is most visible in tight formations. The pressure decline in this case will be due to both the leak off component and the extension component. The interpretation of this behavior will follow determining the closure time and flow regime but the after closure analysis will not applied as the fracture still extend.
Height Recession or transverse storage The more fluid volume in the fracture at shut-in, the more visible this mechanism will be. There are two situation related to this behavior. Firstly, height recession which the fracture height change during leak off which will accelerate the leak off. Secondly, transverse storage in which more fractures will be created as the pressure exceed the critical fissure opening pressure. This will add both additional volume for the stored fluid and more surface area. The interpretation of this behavior will follow the same as tip extension as in both of them the fractures is still generating.
After-closure analysis The analysis of this data have two main approaches: constant pressure analysis and constant rate analysis. The fluid flow after closure shows three main flow regime: bilinear, pseudolinear and pseudoradial.
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الشركــــة العامليــة لتصنيــع مهمــــات احلفــــــر واصلت الشركة العاملية لتصنيع مهمات احلفر IDMجناحها للعام اخلامس على التوايل منذ بدء التشغيل واإلنتاج فى حتقيق أهداف مباشرة وغري مباشرة أولها قدرتها على تقدمي أسعارمالئمة للمنتجات التى تنتجها الشركة ،وساهمت الشركة منذ تشغيلها فىإنخفاض أسعار التوريدات ملواسري تبطني أبار البرتول مما يعود بالفعل على التكلفة التى تتحملها هيئة البرتول فى حفر أبار البرتول غري توافر املواسري فى التوقيتات املناسبة والتى حتقق خطط احلفر والتنمية واالستكشاف لإلبار وبذلك تكون الشركة قد ساهمت فى قيامها بالدور اخملطط لها ملنظومة التصنيع احمللى لقطاع البرتول والدور االسرتاتيجي لهذه الصناعة ومما ادى اىل توفري املنتجات بشكل دائم ومنتظمفى السوق. واستمرارنا لنجاح الشركة العاملية لتصنيع مهمات احلفر فقد فازت باملناقصة السنوية لشركة قارون للبرتول لتوريد ال Casingعن العام املايل 2014ومناقصة شركة عجيبة وشركة برت وسنانوشركة الوسطاين ليصل حجم تعاقدات الشركة منذ إنشاءها اىل 143,2مليون دوالر وليصل حجم إنتاجها خالل هذا العام اىل 47,8مليون دوالر حيث تستهدف تنفيذ إنتاج 40ألف طن لعام 2014لشركات برتوبل وبدر الدين و عجيبة و قارون وبرج العرب و برتوسنان . وإن الشركة متضى قدما يف خططتها للتوسعات بشأن املرحلة الثانية املقرر االنتهاءمنها خالل النصف الثاين من عام 2015بتكلفة استثمارية تقدر 36مليون دوالر و إن هذه املرحلة مهمة و متثل استكماال لهدفا اسرتاتيجيا للشركة ولقطاع البرتول حيث سيكون املنتج املصنع النهائى للشركة مصري املنشأ مما يعزز من املنافسة فى السوق.
Constant pressure analysis Nolte et al. (1997a, b) studied the Pseudolinear flow. The main information driven form this flow regime is fluid-loss coefficient (CR) which could be estimated by the following equation.
Mobility is the permeability above the viscosity and can be calculated by the after closure pseudoradial is the storage capacity analysis, and usually estimated from the logs and PVT relation. Notle et al. (1997a) recommended to estimate the reservoir parameters from the pseudoradial flow as the parameters derived from the pseudolinear flow will be strongly dependent on the fracture geometry. As the rate of the fluid loss will be determined by the fracture height and compliance. Moreover, capturing reservoir response will be more challenging with a near-fracture –face effect. Gu et al. (1993) and Abousleiman et al. (1994) studied the after closure pseudoradial flow from both the theoretically and the practically. The fracture length propagation against the time is shown in Fig.1. The fracture will increase with the increase of the pumping time till the maximum length after that the fracture starts to recedes. The maximum fracture length is observed after the surface shut. The departure time in time corresponds to the surface closure time will be and wellbore closure time after that. The fracture length at any time during the test can be estimated using the following equations (Abousleiman et al. 1994)
Where the injection is flow rate and H is the fracture height The reservoir
30 Petroleum Today
permeability could be estimated from the following equations.
linear leak off models. Firstly, they define the fluid efficiency to be
Constant Injection Rate
There are two assumption to have analytical solutions for constant injection rate. The first was presented by Carter as he assumed that the fracture width is constant during the fracture propagation and the second was proposed by Nolte, (1986) as they assumed that the fracture width will be continuously increasing. The total leak-off rate considering both the reservoir and the filter cake resistance is estimated form the following equation.
Soliman et al. (2004) provided the basis of this approach. The pseudoradial flow will be described by the following equation:
So the plot between the bottomhole pressure and the time will held horizontal straight line. But, the estimation of the permeability from this plot will need prior knowledge of the initial reservoir pressure.However, the use of the derivative plot described in Equation (6) enables the estimation of permeability regardless of the initial pressure. As the derivative will hold horizontal straight line characterizing pseudoradial flow
After estimation of the formation permeability the Equation (5) can be used to calculate the initial reservoir pressure as it will be the intercept of the plot between the bottomhole pressure and the inverse of time. Soliman et el. (2004) provided correlations to estimate the time required for the test to gather meaningful information. However, these correlation was derived assuming high permeability formation (300,700 and 1000 md) but still it remains a good estimate
Before closure analysis (BCA) During the fracture, the leak off will be dependent on both the filter cake and the bulk reservoir. Valko and Economides (1997) reviewed the main
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Pressure falloff analysis After the injection is stopped and before the fracture closure. The pressure in this period follows the following equation.
There are two models to describe this period. The first model incorporates the Carter leakoff model with the surface growth assumption presented by Notle. The pressure will follow the following equation.
Where
Based on the above set of equations, they estimated the fracture extent assuming no-spurt loss and reservoir permeability in the different fracture geometry models. The second model considers the filter cake and reservoir leakoff. This model presents the dimensionless pressure
which is the pressure drop at the end of this stage considering the actual fracture length. The pressure in this model follows the following equation.
was first filled in with the injection fluid and then pumping continued at a maximum rate of 0.6 bpm till the formation break down was observed. As soon as the pressure started to decrease, pumping was stopped and well was shut in left for observation. The pressure profile of the test is shown in Fig 10.
G-function Analysis
Then permeability and the filter cake resistance is calculated from the slope and the intercept of the plot between x and y where.
Where C1 and C2 is constants depend on the formation properties.
Case study Sandstone reservoir in Pakistan An example is presented for a well hereafter referred as Well A-1 in southern part of Pakistan. The well is located in sandstone reservoir named lower goru ‘C’ sand. Despite the seismic indication of significant number of hydrocarbons, the well could not flow on its own and was thus identified for a possible candidate of fracturing. DFIT test was conducted on it prior to the actual fracture job in order to approximate reservoir parameters and optimize the actual hydraulic fracture. Compensated quartz gauges were installed downhole to collect the pressure and temperature data. The gauge accuracy was 0.01 psi and it recorded one data set every 5s. 10%KCl brine was used as injection fluid. The well bore
G-function analysis was conducted for A-1 well. G function was calculated according to equations (XXX-must have been defined while explaining G-function) with the tp =0.64 hrs. Bourdet derivative and first order derivative are plotted against G function as shown in Fig.4. The inflection point of the derivative curve and the departure from the straight line curve is observed at closure time of 0.64 hrs while the other observed properties are given in TABLE. 3. Baree et al. (2009) provided a correlation to estimate permeability based on G-Function. the correlation given as
The field parameters are given in TABLE. 4. The estimate the permeability calculated is 6.3 nano Darcy.
Square root time analysis For A-1 well, the square root time analysis was run as already described. Fig 12 shows the results. The fracture closure is identified by the departure of bourdet derivative from the unit slope line.
Log-Log Analysis Fig. 6 shows the log-log analysis. The slope of redline pressure curve from 0.05 hrs to 0.12 hrs is -1 which
shows radial flow .The solid black line marks the point where the bourdet pressure derivative change slope and it thus marks the fracture closure point.
DIFT applications in the unconventional reservoirs Shale reservoirs The emergence of shale reservoirs as a potential resource for energy supply directs research to study and analyze these reservoirs, then develop evaluation methods. DIFT has proved its applicability in evaluating these tight reservoirs. But, it is worthy to note that most of the analytical solutions for this test is provided for high permeability models along with the necessity of long shut-in time to obtain reasonable reservoir parameters. Most of current research is going on to provide solutions and models to enhance the design and the analysis of DIFT in the tight formations. Padmakar, (2013) provided a model to tackle both geomechanics and flow simulation of shale gas. His study focused on estimating the enough shut-in time to estimate the reservoir pressure and permeability properly as this estimation depends on the prior knowledge of the permeability and geomechanical properties of the formation. Moreover, this study results agreed with the Baree et al. (2009) study that the tip extension behavior is more prominent in low permeability reservoirs. The fracture propagation and reservoir fall off regimes were studied by the use of the geomechanics coupled flow simulations. Therefore, this study recommends the use of Soliman- Craig fall-off analysis as it is not dependent on the closure time which its estimation form G-function plot is not clear in this case. McClure et al. (2014) had shed the light on the importance of considering the effect of the fracture compliance on the shape of G-function. According
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to their study results, they claims that the deviations from the linearity on the G-function plot should be interpreted to the change in the fracture compliance after fracture closure and not to height recession or transverse storage. Moreover, they suppose that the constant increase of the bourdetderivative of the pressure after / closure will be due to the wellbore storage rather than tip extension. Besides, they recommended the use of the deviation from linearity on the G-function plot as a reference for the closure test. As they proved that estimating the closure by via tangent to the peak will result on the underestimation of the closure pressure. Makhotaa et al. (2014) compared between the use of hydrodynamic logging and mini-frac test to estimate the reservoir pressure in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. According to the survey results, mini-frac test is more applicable and cost savings. As the mini-frac test is integral part of the hydraulic fracturing job. Moreover, the production loss that might be occurred if the reservoir is tested after fracturing. Besides, the risk encountered in using the hydrodynamic logging. As the job might last for 60 hours in open well bore.
Coal Bed Methane (CBM) reservoirs The structure of the coalbeds is naturally containing cleats (Jones et al. 1986). Therefore, the mechanical behavior of these rocks is significantly different the conventional rocks. Jones et al. (1986) has reported lower Young modulus (around 3.2 GPa) and higher Poisson ratio (around .33). Most of the minifrac tests actually reopen existing cleats or natural fractures. Therefore, the fracture profile is ambiguous as the reopening pressure is already higher than the previous fracturing cycle (Fang and Abbas, 2012). DFIT
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applicability on CBM will depend on the development of the field. If the reservoir is already exceed dewatering process i.e. it is now encountered the adsorbed gas diffusion flow besides the darcy flow of water, the DFIT applicability will be limited considering the heterogeneity of the system. But, if DFIT was run in the early stages during the dewatering process, it could be interpreted using the conventional methods.
Dual porosity reservoirs The dual porosity systems is characterized by the dip in the derivative plot before the radial flow horizontal line. DFIT response flows the same trend as shown in Fig.7. The storativity and the transmissivity could be estimated by the equations (19 & 20) provided by Bourdet and Gringarten (1980). The radial analysis will follow the conventional analysis.
Soliman et al. (2010) assumed two scenario to tackle the heterogeneity of this system. The first scenario assumes that the fracture will not hold any residual conductivity while the second assumes that the fracture will hold. The simulation study shows that the second assumption is more close to reality as the derivative plot in this case will show clearly the presence of the dual porosity system. But, in the first assumption, the transition zone is more scattered due to the high contrast in the transmissibility but finally the flow will reach pseudoradial regime. These results shows that due care should be paid to the test design as the
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flow period should be long enough to reach pseudoradial flow. Otherwise, the collected data will be misleading.
Summary DFIT is a reliable tool to estimate the reservoir parameters and geomechanical properties. There are a lot of analysis models and methods presented in the literature to interpret the data collected from this test. The test design should balance between the formation properties and the tools capabilities. Moreover, the flow period of the test should be long enough to capture meaningful data. DFIT can be used to test unconventional reservoirs (Shale, CBM and Fractured reservoirs). But, the interpretations methods for these reservoirs will be a bit different from the conventional methods
REFERENCES 1. Abousleiman, Y., Cheng, A. and Gu, H. formation permeability determination by micro or mini-hydraulic fracturing. J. Ener. Res. Tech. (Jun. 1994) 104. 2. Baree, R.D.,Miskimins,J.V., Gilbert, J.V.2014.Daignostic fracture Injection Tests: common Mistakes, Misfires, and Misdiagnoses. SPE-169539-MS presented at the SPE Western North America and Rocky Mountain Joint Regional Meeting, Denver, Colorado, USA, 1618- April. 3. Baree, R.D., Baree, V.L, and Criag, D.P.2009.Holistic Fracture Diagnostics: consistent Interpretation of Prefrac Injection Tests Using Multiple Analysis Method SPE Prod & Oper 24(3): 396406-. SPE 107877-PA. doi 10.2118107877-/PA. 4. Bourdet, D. and Gringarten, A.C. 1980. Determination of Fissure Volume and Block Size in Fractured Reservoirs by Type-Curve Analysis. Paper SPE 9293 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 2124- September. doi: 10.21189293/. 5. Fang, Z. and Khaksar, A. 2012. Complexity of Minifrac Tests and Implications for In-situ Horizontal stresses in Coalbed Methane Reservoirs. SPE 14630MS, presented at the International Petroleum Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, 79- February. 6. Gu,H., Elbel,J.L., Notle,K.G.,Cheng, A.H-D., and Abousleiman, Y. 1993. Formation Permeability Determination Using Impulse-Fracture Injection. Paper SPE25425 presented at the SPE Production Operation Symposium, Oklahoma city, Oklahoma, USA, 2123- March. Doi: 10.211825425-/MS. 7. Howard, G.C. and Fast, C.R. 1957. Optimum Fluid Characteristics for Fracture Extension. Drilling and Production PracAPI 24, 2612708. Jones, A.H., Bell, G.J. and Morales, R.H. 1986. Coalbed Hydraulic Fracture Treatment Empirical Relationships and Computer Simulation. Paper SPE15242 Presented at the SPE Unconventional Gas Technology Symposium, Louisville, 1821- May. 9. Makhota, N., Davletbaev, A., Fedorov, A. et al. 2014. Examples of Mini-Frac Data Interpretation in Low- Permeability Reservoir. SPE171175-MS, presented at the Russian Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technical and Conference and Exhibition, Moscow, Russia, 1416- October. 10. Mayerhofer, M. 2012.DFIT (Diagnostic Fracture Injection Test).Lecture notes, Presented at SWPLA Meeting, Houston, Texas, USA, 16 May. 11. Mayerhofer, M.J., Ehlig-Economides, C.A., and Economides, C.A. and Economides, M.J. 1995. Pressure- Transient Analysis of fracture Calibration of Fracture Calibration Tests. J Pet Technol47 (3): 229234-. SPE-26527-PA. doi: 10.211826527-/ PA 12. McClure, W.M. et al. 2014. The Effect of Changing Fracture Compliance on Pressure Transient Behavior during Diagnostic Fracture Injection Tests. SPE 170956, presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2729- October. 13. Nolte, K.G. 1997. Background for After-closure Analysis of Calibration Tests. unsolicited SPE paper 39407, July 14. Notle, K.G., Maniere, J.L., and Owens, K.A. 1997. After-Closure Analysis of Fracture Calibration Tests. Paper SPE 38676 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 58- October. doi: 10.211838676-/MS 15. Notle, K.G. 1986. Determination of Proppant and Fluid Schedules from Fracturing Pressure Decline. SPE Prod. Eng. 1 (4), 255265-. 16. Soliman, M., Miranda, C., Wang, H. 2010. Application of After-Closure Analysis to Dual-Porosity Formation, to CBM, and to a Fractured Horizontal well. SPE-124135-PA,SPE production & Operations25(4), http://dx.doi.org/10.2118124135-/PA 17. Soliman, M., Azari, M., Ansah, J., and Kabir, C.S. 2004.Design, interpretation, and Assessment of Short-term Pressure –Transient Tests. Paper SPE 90837 presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 2629- September. Doi: 10.211890837-/MS. 18. Padmakar, A.S. 2013. Geomechanics coupled reservoir flow simulation for diagnostic fracture injection test design and interpretations in shale reservoirs. Paper 166201 presented at the SPE Annual Technical and Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, doi: 10.2118166201/ – MS. 19. Valko, P.P. and Economides, M.J. 1999. Fluid –leak off Delineation in High-Permeability Fracturing. SPE Prod &Fac14(2): 110116-. SPE-56135-PA. doi: 10.211856135-/PA. 20. Yuen-Lee, V. and Lee, D. 2010. Mini-Frac Analysis Report. Report, page 10, http://www.grizzlyoilsands.com/upload/media_element/7401//appendix-e--mini-frac-caprock-integrity-and-geomechanical-report.pdf
TABLE.1 Flow regimes in DIFT (Yuen and Lee, 2010) slope
Flow pattern
Description
Bilinear
Fluids flows from the fracture along linear flow paths normal to the fracture and along the fracture
1/2
Fracture linear
Fluids flows along the fracture thus increasing fracture width
-3 / 4
Fracture linear
Fluids flows from the fracture along linear flow paths normal to the fracture and along to the fracture
-1 / 2
Formation linear
Fluids flows into the formation in the paths normal to the fracture plane
-1
Pseudo-radial
Fluids flows radially into the formation from the wellbore
Before closure 1 / 4
After closure
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Figure 1: plot between bottomhole flowing pressure & flow rate vs. time (Mayerhofer et al. 2012).
Fig.2 surface layout for DFIT
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Fig. 3: Diagnostic plots (Baree et al., 2009) from the top to the bottom (A, B and C). The vertical line represent the closure time.
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Fig. fracture length vs. time (Abousleiman et al. 1994)
Fig 10 – Bottom-hole pressure and temperature profile of DFIT
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Fig.4 G-Function analysis for well A-1
Fig.5 Square root time analysis for A-1 Well
Fig. 6 Log-Log Analysis for the A-1 well
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Fig. 7 derivative plot of DIFT from dual porosity system (Soliman et al. 2010)
Mohamed Mehana is a Teaching & Research assistant in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Oklahoma, USA. His area of research includes Well test, Hydraulic Fracture Modelling and Unconventional Reservoir Engineering. He holds BSc from Suez University in petroleum engineering.He is currently doing Masters of Science in Petroleum Engineering from University of Oklahoma.
Omer Bashir did bachelors of Electrical engineering from UET, Lahore. He worked for Schlumberger for 5 years in the areas of Well Testing and hydraulic fracturing. He is currently doing Masters of Petroleum Engineering from University of Oklahoma with special focus on well testing in conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
Ilham A. El-Monier is an instructor in the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Oklahoma. Email: ilham. . Her area of research includes well test, formation damage, sandstone acid stimulation, and clay stabilization. She holds BSc and MSc degrees from Cairo University and a PhD degree from Texas A&M University, all in petroleum engineering. El-Monier has published four conference and two journal papers, and is an SPE member.
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The Effect of Silica Nanoparticles and Nano Silica Reinforced Polymer Composites on Enhanced Oil Recovery – Experimental Work By
Adel M. Salem Ragab*, Ph. D. Asst. Prof. of Petroleum Engineering, Future University in Egypt (FUE), and Suez University, Egypt Emails: adelm.salem@fue.edu.eg and adelmsalem@yahoo.com
A
bstract
Nanotechnology has been making its presence felt in oil and gas industry for some time, and many applications are already standard in petroleum refining. Nowadays, it is under development in preparing smart fluids for optimum muds in oil and gas drilling operation. Moreover, it is under investigation in many areas for improving the oil productivity and enhanced oil recovery. Several authors start to try on a lab scale the usefulness of the nano material for improving oil recovery. In the this work, two different techniques have been used to prepare the nano materials, the first one, using high energy ball milling attritor to create nano silica powders of different particles size. The second technique, the silica nano powder and aluminum oxide have been prepared chemically. Based on the sizes and shapes of these particles, which examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) while their microanalysis was performed by energy dispersive system (EDS), we choose that nanomaterials prepared by chemical methods. Several flooding scenarios have been
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tried to investigate the effectiveness of the new materials for improving their oil recovery. First, a water flooding operation have been taken as a reference to compare the results with. Since, there are different sizes of the nano silica, flooding tests have been performed, and then the output of all of these flooding operation compared with what we get in case of water flooding. The second nano particles which made chemically were used to improve the oil recovery and the results are investigated and addressed in two different scenarios secondary and tertiary recover approach. Results obtained from the experiments indicate that Silicon oxide (SiO2) is good agents for EOR. It is found that the final recovery for water flooding is ranging from 62% to 71%. When the core is proceeded by nano fluids, additional oil has been recovered, and constitute3% -5% a tertiary oil recovery factor. By comparing the results of mechanical nano particles with the chemical ones, it is found that later ones are more effectives and looks promising materials. This is attributed to the purity of the materials and uniformity in the size. Using polymer solution as a base solution provides a better result than brine base fluids.
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Introduction While Oil production increases from day to day, demands of oil is more than the produced amount. The global demand for energy is anticipated to increase over the next few decades by 23%- per year (Energy Information Administration, 2005; Energy Information Administration, 2006). This increase will climb to a total 50% over the next 20 years. Although the supplies from common alternative sources of energy i.e. nuclear and renewable energies, as well as traditional hydrocarbon sources are increasing, the increase will expectedly be small for the former. Therefore, traditional hydrocarbon sources such as oil and gas are anticipated to continue dominating the energy market. Meeting this demand will be a major challenge in the upcoming decades [1]. Nanotechnology is the science of creating, using and manipulating objects which have at least one dimension in range of 0.1 to 100 nanometers. In other words, nanotechnology is reconstructing a substance using its individual atoms and arranging them in a way that is desirable for our purpose. The main reason that nanotechnology has been
be attracting drilled and attentions cased with is the 9 78/’’ unique properties that objects show when casing through the primary productive they are formed at nano-scale. intervals in the middle Miocene at These an differing average depthcharacteristics of 17000 TVD. that nanomaterials show compared well to their ThescaleAtlantis producing nature-existing form is5 both completions will utilize ½ ‘’ useful 13 in creating high quality products chrome tubing. Production rates onand dangerous when be being in contact with some wells may tubing limited or spread in3545000environment [2, 3]. at body approximately BOPD Nanotechnology has had an enormous at first oil. None of the wellbores are impacttoinbealmost every from expected in excess of industry, 50 degrees consumer healthcare deviation andelectronics will have tomeasured and telecommunications, but not depth ranging from 17000’ to 23000’. in oil and gas exploration To enhance reliability and minimizeand Although nano-sized theproduction. interventions frac pack completions catalysts have been used in refining are the stimulation and sand control and petrochemical processes for method of choice for Atlantis. many In the pack use of nanomaterials theyears, two frac intervals for zonaland nano-techniques has ofonly recently isolation in the event premature entered the upstream domain water breakthrough occurs in [4].The the largest impact within the upstream lower zone. An isolation assembly is expected in zone subsurface willbusiness be run across the upper if it applications, for instance contrast waters out first. The well design will be agents for advanced exploration configured to accommodate down holeand surveillance, enhanced flow control at novel a laterfluids date,for however oil recovery, and better analytical at this time only injection wells will techniques for the characterization of utilize this technology. oil and rock interactions. The Sand face completion will be The main cause that nanotechnology designed nipple-less to maintain has been attracting attentions is the the largest possible ID throughout unique properties that substances show the completion. This design will when they are converted to nano-scale. facilitate future thru tubing work-over Some of these properties, is surface area to volume ratio, it is very high. Nanoparticles have been speculated as good in-situ agents for solving reservoir engineering problems. Some particular types of nanoparticles that are probable to be used include oxides of Aluminium, Magnesium, Iron, Nickel, and Silicon. Silica nanoparticles are one of the most favorable system for such applications. It is therefore imperative to find out the effect of each nanoparticle oxide on oil recovery. Beyond this effect, the mechanisms of each oxide to improve the recovery is very crucial. The purpose of the present work is to investigate oil recovery, recognize recovery mechanism and find better
flooding scenario. This can be done operations and provide maximum by performing two injection schemes opportunity to recover reserves from associated withwithout nanofluid: 1) nanofluid deeper intervals sidetracking flooding as zones. secondary through depleted In the recovery event brine flooding the as secondary of process, sidetrack2) is necessary, (78/’’ recovery thenproducing injection casing throughprocess the main nanofluid asthe a setting tertiaryofrecovery pays will allow a 7’’ linerand make the comparison between Aresults through depleted intervals. 5 ½” to find the best way used in EOR. liner can then be set across the deeper intervals and a conventional frac pack preformed. Expandablefor Sand screens Nano-Materials IOR (ESS) will continue to be investigated In May 2009, Kanj et al. [5] detailed for anuseexperimental in producing wells in study on later nano-fluid thecoreflood development as their reliability experiments in the ARAB-D is confirmed. willfield be in formation ofInjection the giantwells Ghawar cased andArabia. Perforated utilize Saudi The and studywill aims to test ESS to prevent sand production during the feasibility and future reality for shut-ins whenmolecular cross flownanoagents is possible.in the displacing
Operational Goals they performed a reservoir. Therefore,
Thestability operational our project test ingoals orderfor to choose the best notconcentration only reflect theand safety and technical the conditions. objectives, also recognize the a Wang etthey al. 2010 [6] prepared goals and commitment of the members. polyacrylamide micro-gel nanoIn summary these are: spheres and they used them to enhance the recoverywith of Zhuangxi oil (its Ó Alignment Atlantisheavy Health, ْ viscosity 238 mPa•s atobjectives 55C,) in a Safety and is Environmental sand-back model.spills They demonstrated Ó Zero accidents, and high experimentally that the promise future potential incidents of Nano sphere in EOR. Their results Ó Leverage lessons learned and demonstrate achieved oil recovery over 20% OOIP performance based teamwork after primary recovery onthrough average. Ó Project execution excellence The final recovery ranges from quality planning and assurance 66% to about 78% after using nano fluid in the displacement. Skauge et al. (2010) [7] stated that the colloidal dispersion gels (CDG) for EOR providing sweep improvement in reservoirs with unfavorable mobility ratio. Their work investigates the oil mobilization properties of nano-sized silica particles in comparison to nanosized CDG particles. They presented a new concept of EOR by improved microscopic displacement defined as microscopic diversion. Based on their experimental work that was done on a Berea sandstone (500 md), they compared the performance of inelastic silica particles, polymer solutions, and nano-sized CDG particles. Yu et al. (2010) [8] tried to understand
Thethe guiding principles transport andwere: retention of nanoparticles (NPs) in an oilfield Ó Quality environment, such as high salinity, Ó Integrity high temperature, high pressure, Ó Operability and heterogeneous pore distribution Ó Schedule is critical to their application. They Ó Health, Safety and Environmental investigated the fundamental transport Assurance Performance and retention properties of NPs in the Geological Data & Reserve challenging oilfield conditions. They Estimation used dolomite and Berea sandstone in Current reserve estimates for Atlantis flooding operation. The nanomaterial are 475800-620-mmboe. The Sanction used is Carbon NPs. By comparing case reserves are 560 MMBOE. Current the breakthrough time of water and estimates suggest the northern flank nano material, the results showed that can be developed with 46- wells tied the existence of salt ions dramatically back to existing subsea manifolds. The delayed NP breakthrough time and P50 reserves are 70 MMBOE. Atlantis increased NP retention. consists of six Miocene reservoirs Onyekonwu-Ogolo in 2010 ranging from 16,000’ to 18,000’ TVD.[9] used three different polysilicon Reservoir pressures are approximately nanoparticles (PSNP) toof EOR 9,300 psi with temperatures 180 F. by the productive rock wettability. Thechanging two primary intervals,The core rocks obtained from Niger Delta, the M55 and M54 found in the middle and three PSNP used; lipophobic Miocene have an average of 9002000hydrophilic(perm PSNP (LHPN); mdand of permeability to oil) 140 hydrophobic and lipophilic ft net pay thickness and 1.5- 2 cp PSNP oil (HLPN); andpotential neutrally wet PSNP viscosity. Other recompletion (NWPN). Theuphole wettability change intervals are the M57 and downand lowering tension (IFT) hole M48 and interfacial M40. are the main recovery mechanisms Health and Safety using NWPN in for water Apart from that theand keyHLPN objective formations. LHPN whichfree make thiswet program is to drill an incident already water wet rocks strongly well. To achieve this objective, we water wet yield poor recovery factors indicating that its use for EOR should be restricted to oil wet formations. Kanj et al. (2011) [10] presented the first lab plus field trial of nanoagents application on the giant oil field at Saudi Arabia, Ghawar field. The formation was Arab-D carbonate rock. Their challenges involve a high temperature reservoir greater than 100 oC and high connate water salinity about 120,000 ppm (total dissolved solids, TDS). The nano particle used is called A-Dots, they are carbon based fluorescent nanoparticles. Carbon nanoparticles represent a unique class of nanomaterials that are generally synthesized through a hydrothermal treatment process. The recovery factor
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achieved experimentally using A-Dots nanoparticles is exceeding 96% .
Nano Material and Chemical EOR Qiu-Mamora (2010), [11] studied experimentally the performance of nano-particles and surfactantstabilized solvent-based emulsion for the heavy oil in Alaska North Slope Area. Berea and Idaho cores were used. In the Berea core flood experiments, emulsion flooding increased the oil recovery factor by 19.2 points after water flooding (from 76.2% to 95.4% OOIP) and the oil recovery with pure emulsion flooding was 96.8% OOIP. In the Idaho core flood, oil recovery increased by 26.4 percent points from 56.2% OOIP with water flooding to 82.6% OOIP with injection of emulsion following water flooding. With pure emulsion flooding, oil recovery is slightly higher at 85.8% OOIP. In conclusion, the nanoemulsion flooding can be an effective enhancement for an oil recovery method for a heavy oil reservoir which is technically sensitive to the thermal recovery method. In 2012, Baez et al. [12] used amphiphobic nanoparticles based on functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNT) to lower the interfacial tension in EOR. The challenges were to make the CNT-solution stable in presence of brine by using surfactant or polymer and propagating through the porous media and make the required reaction. In 2012, Miranda et al. [13] studied the stability and mobility of functionalized (hydroxylated, PEG and sulfonic acid) silica nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery applications, particularly at high salt concentration and high temperature. The results indicated that adsorption properties and salt solutions greatly influence the interfacial tension. This effect was found to be due to the difference in distribution of ions in solution, which modifies the hydration and electrostatic potential of those
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ions near the nanoparticle. The brine/ oil interfacial tension variation due to functionalized silica nanoparticles was also determined as a function of the terminal group hydrophobicity at 1% salt concentration (CaCl2 and NaCl), 300K and 0.1 MPa pressure. In April 2012, Ogolo et al. [14] investigated the performance of eight nano particles namely oxides of Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium, Iron, Zirconium, Nickel, Tin and Silicon for enhanced oil recovery. These nanoparticles were used to conduct EOR experiments under surface conditions. Distilled water, brine, ethanol and diesel were used as the dispersing media for the nanoparticles. Two sets of experiments were conducted. The first involved displacing the injected oil with the nanofluids. In the second case, the sands were soaked in nanofluids for 60 days before oil was injected into the system and displaced with low salinity brine. Generally, using nanofluids to displace injected oil produced a better result. Results obtained from the experiments indicate that Aluminum oxide and Silicon oxide are good agents for EOR. Aluminum oxide nanoparticle is good for oil recovery when used with distilled water and brine as dispersing agents. For the use of ethanol, Silane treated Silicon oxide gave the highest recovery in all the conducted experiments while hydrophobic Silicon oxide in ethanol also yielded good results. Aluminium oxide reduces oil viscosity while Silicon oxide changes rock wettability in addition to reduction of interfacial tension between oil and water caused by the presence of ethanol. For the use of diesel as a nanoparticle dispersing fluid, because diesel and crude oil are miscible, the actual crude oil recovery cannot be determined but the overall result with Aluminium, Nickel and Iron oxides appears good. Magnesium oxide and Zinc
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oxide dispersed in distilled water and brine cause permeability problems. Generally, distilled water lowers oil recovery. In June 2012, Mandal et al. [15] revealed that Nano - emulsions are a class of emulsions with a droplet size in the range of 50–500 nm and have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of its unique characteristics. Oil-in-water nanoemulsion which can be formed by high-energy emulsification techniques using specific surfactants can reduce oil-water interfacial tension (IFT) by 34- orders of magnitude. They studied the ability of such nano-emulsion to reduce the interfacial tension and understanding the mechanism of mobilization and displacement of entrapped oil blob by lowering interfacial tension both at the macroscopic and microscopic level. They investigated experimentally physicochemical properties and size distribution of the dispersed oil droplet in water phase. Then they carried a flooding experiments in a sand pack system to evaluate the effectiveness of the nano-emulsion as displacing fluid for enhanced oil recovery. Substantial additional recoveries, over conventional water flooding were obtained in the present investigation.
Silica Nano Particles Silica nanoparticles have been commonly used in EOR projects because of their low-cost fabrication and cost-effective surface modification. Therefore, in 2012, Metin et al. [16] performed a study for a comprehensive understanding of the rheological behavior of silica nanoparticles. They concluded that the viscosity of nanoparticle dispersions depends strongly on the particle concentration. In addition, during flow in permeable media, the variation of shear associated with complex pore morphology and the interactions
between the nanoparticles and tortuous flow channels can affect the viscosity of nanoparticle dispersion. In 2013, Salem and El-Diasty [2] presented an experimental work to compare between water flooding and nanofluid flooding for core plugs from an Egyptian oil field, moreover, they presented a complete review of all of the projects performed till 2012. As a result of using their nanofluid, more than 30% additional recovery factor has been achieved. In 2012, Shahrabadi1 et al. [17] investigated a special type of polysilicon nanoparticle (HLP, Hydrophobic and Lipophilic Polysilicon) as an EOR agent during different water injection scenarios. The water-wet sandstone core samples are employed. Injection of HLP nanoparticle dispersed in a carrier fluid can improve oil recovery through two mechanisms: reduction of interfacial tension and wettability alteration. Three scenarios of HLP nanofluid injections are applied. First, the nanofluid is injected after waterflooding at ultimate oil saturation. Second, 3 PV water injection is applied after the sequence of water and HLP nanofluid injections. Third, HLP nanofluid is injected from beginning. HLP nanofluid application lowers the oil-water interfacial tension by a factor of ten as well as changing the contact angle from 123° to 99°indicating less water wet condition, i.e. HLP nanofluid alters rock wettability from strongly water-wet to less water-wet state and reduces interfacial tension between oil and water. In all scenarios, the most of oil recovered through the first injected pore volume. In 2012. Roustaei et al. [18] investigated experimentally special type of Nanoparticles named Polysilicon ones which are very promising materials to be used in near future for enhanced oil recovery. There are three types of Polysilicon Nanoparticles which can be used according the reservoir
wettability conditions. They used hydrophobic and lipophilic polysilicon (HLP) and naturally wet polysilicon (NWP) as EOR agents in water-wet sandstone rocks. Both HLP and NWP Nano fluids improve oil recovery through two major mechanisms of interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration to less water-wet condition. Then concluded also that, NWP Nanoparticles have stronger impact on rock wettability while, HLP Nanoparticles have higher influence on reduction of oil-water interfacial tension. In 2012, Nguyen et al. [19] introduced the synthetic process and the evaluation results for surfactant/ polymer inorganic nano- composite specially designed for the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process in the high temperature and high brine-hardness offshore reservoirs. The results show that the nanocomposites produced IFT reduction and viscosity enhancement at critical concentration, high thermostability and salt-tolerance. These improved properties of core/shell NPs were suitable for producing high sweep volume and increasing crude oil displacement efficiency. The core flooding experiment was performed at 92o C on the fractured-granite core model and brine blend of 800 ppm of surfactants and 200 ppm of core-shell NPs was injected in 0.25 PV. After water flooding, the oil saturation was reduced into 30% and by the core-shell NPs injection, the oil was displaced in 6.2% additionally. Nowadays oil recovery mechanism using nanoparticles has been revealed by Wasan and Nikolov [20], Chengara et al. [21], and Elfresh et al. [22]. It is correlated to the fluids ability to spread along the surface of a substrate due to imbalance of the interfacial forces among glass surface (solid), oil phase and aqueous phase. They have investigated that dispersed nanoparticles in aqueous phase can
modify interfacial properties of the liquid-liquid system if their surface is modified by the presence of an ionic surfactant. It is created wedge film that will act to separate formation fluid such as oil, paraffin, water and gas from formation surface (Elfresh et al., 2012 [22]). Driven by the aqueous pressure of the bulk liquid, the nanofluid is able to spread along the surface as monolayer particles.Elfresh et al. al. [22] also investigated the associated surfactant with silica nanoparticles give an ability of nanofluid to act as wetting agent, demulsifier, surface tension reducers at the very smallest of contact angles that strongly enhances to remove fluid such as oil, paraffin and polymer residues and only made substrate water-wet.
Experiment work Material & Fluids Core Samples: in the present work, the experiments were carried out in Egyptian core plugs. Two sets of sandstones core plugs were used. The dimension of the first was 25.24 mm in diameter and 71.96 mm in length. The dimension of the second sample was 25.41 mm in diameter and 72.18 mm in length. The core plugs were cleaned using methanol through Soxhlet extractorapparatus at 6570- o C and heated in the oven at 70 o C for about 6 hoursin order to remove any solvent inside the sample and to have it 100% dry. The dry weight is measured (Wtd). Then using the saturator, the sample is fully saturated with formation water salinity. The saturated weight then measured (wt100% sat). By using these weights, one can calculated the porosity of the sample and compare it with what is measured using Helium Porosimeter. The permeabilities of the sample were measured using gas and liquid permeameter of at Core lab of theAmerican University in Cairo (AUC). For the first sample, the values of the
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porosity and permeability are 29.87% and 642.65 mDrespectively. For the second sample, the porosity and permeability are 30.75% and 575.82 mDrespectively. The dimensions and initial core plugs properties (porosity and permeability) are given in Table 1. Brine: the formation water obtained from the reservoir where the core sample was recovered. The salinity was measured and the equivalent NaCl salinity was prepared and used to saturate the core plugs. The salinity of the formation water was78,000 ppm. Another brine salinity used for secondary recovery as a water flooding. Oil: the oil used in this study is degassed oil. This oil is light oil and intermediate grade, the API of that oil is about 35o. The properties of oil are listed in Table 2. Nanofluid: the nano particles prepared for this study chemically are nano silica (SiO2) and aluminum oxides (Al2O3). Nanoparticle with average single particle size range2060- nm was used. It was produced by chemical reaction in the laboratory. Itconsists of silicon dioxide (SiO2) ≥ 99.8 %.It has specific surface area around 100150 m2/g. this powder was then put into distilled water and stirred until all nanopowder was completely dissolved into the water making Nanofluid with concentration 3-gm/liter (0.3% wt). The properties of the brine and the nanofluid is presented as shown in Table 3.
Experimental Setup In order to investigate the performance of the made nano particles, a water flooding runs were performed and considered as a abase run in order to determine the additional percentages achieved by usage of the nano particles. Figure1shows a schematic diagram of the flooding apparatus. Different scenarios are performed as follows:
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1. Water flooding scenario 2. Water flooding followed by nanofluid flooding as a tertiary recovery 3. Nanofluid flooding as a secondary recovery Before applying any scenario of these, the sandstone core plug from an oil field is used, the core cleaned and then dried. Porosity and permeability are measured before and after each run. Then the core is saturated with 78000 ppm formation water, then flooded with a mineral oil (sp.gr. 0.85) till reaching the residual water saturation to represent the reservoir (So and Swi). By reaching to this point, we will start execute each different scenarios separately. All of these runs are performed at ambient temperature at the core lab of the department of petroleum and energy engineering, American University in Cairo (AUC).
Experimentalplan As mentioned above, three scenarios for brine/nanofluid injections are considered. In the following, the results of each scenario will be discussed distinctly.
Brine fluid flooding as secondary recovery Twocore plugswere used in this scheme, the first one named “CORE #5”, and the second “CORE #6”. Those core plugs were fully saturated with brine using vacuum container. The drainage process was started by injecting synthetic oil with rate 30 mL/h until nomore producedbrine (3–4PV). The connate water saturation was established and measured. Until this stage, the cores are considered a part from the reservoir having connate water and oil saturated the rest of the cores. For each core, the brine is injected to displace the oil as a secondary recovery. This process continued beyond the
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breakthrough. The breakthrough time is monitored and recorded. The amount of water injected in this scenario is about 4 PV. Moreover, the values of residual oil saturation is monitored. The residual oil saturation is 20.9% for “CORE #5”, and 18.9 % for “CORE #6”.
Nanofluid flooding as tertiary recovery In sequence,after brine injection in both cores, certain amount of oil is produced and based on that volume, the recovery factor of brine injection is measured. Then, nanofluid is injected and the additional amount of oil is recorded. In this case. Nanofluid injection is considered as a tertiary recovery process.
Resultsand Discussions Brine fluid flooding as secondary recovery While injecting the brine to displace the oil from the core plugs, the volume of the displaced oil is monitored and plotted as shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3 for CORE #5 and CORE #6 respectively. Figure 2 is representing the recovery factor versus pore volume (PV) injected for CORE #5. The breakthrough is reached after injecting about 0.5144 PV and the recovery factor is calculated and found about 55.88%. Then, by injected more water additional quantity of oil is produced but by a slower rate at shown in Figure 2, and this additional oil measured until the no oil is recovered. This situation happened after injecting about 4.55 PV and final recovery factor is calculated by 71.32%. Figure 3 depicts the recovery factor versus pore volume (PV) injected for CORE #6. The breakthrough is reached after injecting about 0.55 PV and the recovery factor is calculated and found about 47.02%. Then, by injected more
water additional quantity of oil is produced but by a slower rate at shown in Figure 3, and this additional oil measured until the no oil is recovered. This situation happened after injecting about 4.12 PV and final recovery factor is calculated by 62.50%.
and #6 respectively. This 72.35% recovery factor of CORE #6 achieved after injecting about 11.67PV and the 63.45% of CORE #5 achieved after 8.89 PV injected pore volume.
Nanofluid flooding as a tertiary recovery
The target of this scenario is to try to mobilize additional oil from the cores by injecting nano fluid from the beginning without water flooding. The nano material used is nano silica prepared chemically with a size 2060 nm. The concentration of the nano fluids used is 3000 ppm (0.3% wt). The injection continued to about 5.16 PV for CORE #5 and to about 4.91 PV for CORE #6. The oil recovered from both cores are recorded and plotted as shown in Figures 6 and 7 for CORE #5 and CORE #6 respectively. For CORE #5, the recovered oil is about 4.75 cc, which represents about 69.85% while for CORE #6, the oil recovered after using nano fluid is 4.90 cc representing about 58.34%. By comparing these two experimental runs, it is found that the breakthrough time for the CORE#5 is higher than that of CORE #6 although the permeability of CORE#6 is higher than that of CORE#5. Regarding to the final recover factor after the secondary recovery were found about 69.85% and 58.33% for CORE #5 and #6 respectively. This 58.33 % recovery factor of CORE #6 achieved after injecting about 5.16 PV and the 69.85 % of CORE #5 achieved after 4.92 PV injected pore volume.
After waterflooding, almost all the remaining oil is immobile.The target of this scenario is to try to mobilize additional oil from the cores by injecting nano fluid after the water flooding.Presence of nanoparticles in porous media enhances oil recovery through two main mechanisms of interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration from water-wet to neutral-wet condition.The nano material used is nano silica prepared chemically with a size 2060- nm. The concentration of the nanofluids used is 3000 ppm (3 gm/Liter).The injection continued to about 11.67 PV for CORE #5 and to about 8.89 PV for CORE #6. The oil recovered from both cores are recorded and plotted as shown in Figures 4 and 5 for CORE #5 and CORE #6 respectively. For CORE #5, the additional recovered oil is about 0.36cc, which represents about 5.294% additional recovery factor. For CORE #6, the surplus oil recovered after using nano fluid is 0.27 cc representing about 3.214% additional recovery factor. This increase is attributed to so many factor such as decreasing the interfacial tension (IFT) and may be the wettability alteration. By comparing these two experimental runs, it is found that the breakthrough time for the CORE#5 is higher than that of CORE #6 although the permeability of CORE#6 is higher than that of CORE#5. Regarding to the final recover factor after the tertiary recovery were found about 72.35% and 63.45% for CORE #5
Nanofluid flooding as a secondary recovery
Comparisons By comparison, all of recovery stages, secondary and tertiary for all scenarios, in terms of recovery factors, it is observed experimentally that the ultimate recovery factors of water flooding is higher than those of nanofluid flooding as a secondary recovery approaches as shown in
Figure 8. By applying nano fluid flooding after water flooding, i.e. nanofluid as tertiary recovery, the recovery factor is higher than that of water flooding and subsequently better than using nanofluid as secondary recovery. The results of all scenarios are listed in Table 4. These results are very important and crucial for nanofluid application especially for the matured oil field. The surplus recovery factor achieved by using nanofluid flooding after the water flooding is about 5.29% (76.61% - 71.32%) for CORE #5 and about 3.214% (65.714% – 62.33%). This increase is attributed to interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability alteration. As a primary conclusion, applying nanofluid flooding after water flooding in all scenarios is better than applying it from the beginning. The additional recovery factor can be obtained based on this experimental work is ranging from 3% to 5%. This value is considered very good results in a large scale rather than the small sample used in this work. Considering these results, nanoparticles seem to be very promising to achieve this goal for typical oil reservoir conditions with hightemperature, pressure, pH and salt concentration.
Conclusions Several conclusions have been drawn from this experimental work as follows: 1. Nanotechnology has the potential to transform IOR mechanisms and processes, where, the results obtained from the experiments indicate that Silicon oxide (SiO2) is good agents for IOR. 2. Silicon oxide particles are particularly interesting as EOR agents as they constitute a natural part of the reservoir and thus pose no harm to the environment. 3. Silicon Oxide nanoparticles dispersed in brine has the tendency
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to improve oil recovery, as a result of IFT reduction and wettability alteration 4. Different scenarios have been tried to use the nanofluids for improving oil recovery, such as using them as a secondary and tertiary process. 5. As a tertiary, nanofluid-flooding reached additional oil recovery ranges from 3 to 5% onto the Egyptian core samples. 6. The nanofluid flooding as secondary is not effective compare to brine
flooding. Since the final recovery factor achieved by using the nanofluids was 58% that is less than that of water flooding.
Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledges the support of “Faculty Support Grants committee” at the American University in Cairo (AUC) for partially financing the project. Special thanks to Dr. Ahmed Ragab, Faculty of Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Suez University, and Eng. Marawan Moussa at AUC Core Lab. The author highly appreciate Prof. Ismail Mahgoubfor his valuable discussion and opinions, and the author wish to express his special thanks to Dean Prof. MohamedAbdelrehimBadr, Vice Dean Prof. Abuelela M. Abuelnaga, and Vice Dean Prof. MoustafaZidanat Faculty of Engineering at Future University at Egypt (FUE) for their encourage and support.
REFERENCES 1. Saggaf, M. M.: “A vision for Future Upstream Technologies”, Number 3, Journal of Petroleum Technology’, SPE-109323-MS, Saudi Arabia, 54,5598 – 94, March 2008. 2. Adel M. Salem, and Abdelrahman, I. E. : “Applications of Nanotechnology in the Oil and Gas Industry: Latest trends Worldwide and Future Challenges in Egypt”, SPE paper 164716, presented at the North Africa Technical Conference and exhibition held in Cairo, Egypt, 1517-, April 2013. 3. Nabhani, N.m and Tofighi, A.: “The Assessment of Health, Safety and Environmental Risks of Nanoparticles and How to Control Their Impacts,” SPE 127261, presented at the SPE International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 12–14, April 2010. 4. Kapusta, S., Balzano, L., and Riele , P. t. : “Nanotechnology Applications in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production,” IPTC 15152, presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference held in Bangkok, Thailand, 7–9 February 2012. 5. Kanj, M. Y., Funk, J.J., and Al-Yousif, Z.: “Nanofluid Coreflood Experiments in the ARAB-D,” SPE 126161, presented at the 2009 SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition held in AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia, 0911- May 2009. 6. Wang, L., Zhang, G.C., Ge, J.J., Li, G.H., Zhang, J.Q., and Ding, B.D.: “Preparation of MicrogelNanospheres and Their Application in EOR,” SPE 130357, presented at the CPS/SPE International Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition in China held in Beijing, China, 8–10 June 2010. 7. Skauge, T., Hetland, S., Spildo, K., and Skauge A. : “Nano-Sized Particles for EOR” SPE 129933, presented at the 2010 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 24–28 April 2010. 8. Yu, J. Berlin, J. M., Lu, W. , Zhang, L., Kan, A. T., Zhang, P., Walsh, E. E., Work, S. N., Chen, W., Tour, J. M., Wong, M. S., and Tomson, M, B. : “Transport Study of Nanoparticles for Oilfield Application,” SPE 131158, presented at the SPE International Conference on Oilfield Scale held in Aberdeen, United Kingdom, 26–27 May 2010. 9. Onyekonwu, M. O., and Ogolo, N. A.: “Investigating the Use of Nanoparticles in Enhancing Oil Recovery,” SPE 140744, presented at the 34th Annual SPE International Conference and Exhibition held in Tinapa – Calabar, Nigeria, 31 July–7 August 2010. 10. Kanj, M. Y., Rashid, H., and Giannelis, E. P.: “Industry First Field Trial of Reservoir Nanoagents,” SPE 142592, presented at the SPE Middle East Oil and Gas Show and Conference held in Manama, Bahrain, 25–28 September 2011. 11. FangdaQiu, F., and Mamora, D. : “Experimental Study of Solvent-Based Emulsion Injection to Enhance Heavy Oil Recovery in Alaska North Slope Area,” CSUG/SPE 136758, presented at the Canadian Unconventional Resources & International Petroleum Conference held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 19–21 October 2010. 12. Baez, J. L., Ruiz, M. P., Faria, J., Harwell, J. H., Shiau, B., and Resasco, D. E.: “Stabilization of Interfacially-Active-Nanohybrids/Polymer Suspensions and Transport through Porous Media,” SPE 154052, presented at the Eighteenth SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium held in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA, 14–18 April 2012 13. Miranda, C. R., de Lara, L. S., and Tonetto, B. C.: “Stability and Mobility of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications,” SPE 157033, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 14. Ogolo, N. A., Olafuyi, O.A., andOnyekonwu, M.O. : “Enhanced Oil Recovery using Nanoparticles,” SPE 160847, presented at the SPE Saudi Arabia Section Technical Symposium and Exhibition held in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 8–11 April 2012. 15. Mandal, A., Bera, A., Ojha, K., and Kumar, T.: “Characterization of Surfactant Stabilized Nanoemulsion and Its Use in Enhanced Oil Recovery,” SPE 155406, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 16. Metin, C. O., Bonnecaze,R. T., and Nguyen, Q. P. : “The Viscosity of Silica Nanoparticle Dispersions in Permeable Media,” SPE 157056, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 17. Shahrabadi, A., Bagherzadeh, H., Roustaei, A., and Golghanddashti, H.: “Experimental Investigation of HLP Nanofluid Potential to Enhance Oil Recovery: A Mechanistic Approach,” APE 156642, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 18. Roustaei, A., Moghadasi,J., Bagherzadeh, H., Shahrabadi, A.: “An Experimental Investigation of Polysilicon Nanoparticles' Recovery Efficiencies through Changes in Interfacial Tension and Wettability Alteration,” SPE 156976, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 19. Nguyen, P., Do, B. H., Pham, D., Nguyen, H., Dao, D.P., and Nguyen, B.: “Evaluation on the EOR Potential Capacity of the Synthesized Composite Silica-Core/ Polymer-Shell Nanoparticles Blended with Surfactant Systems for the HPHT Offshore Reservoir Conditions,” SPE 157127, presented at the SPE International Oilfield Nanotechnology Conference held in Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 12–14 June 2012. 20. Wasan, D.T., and Nikolov, A.D.: “Spreading of Nanofluids on Solids,” Nature 423, 156–159, 2003. 21. Chengara, A., Nikolov, A. Wasan, D.T., Trokhymchuck, A., and Henderson, D.: “Spreading of nanofluids driven by the structural disjoining pressure gradient”, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science (280), 2004. 22. P. Mc.Elfresh, Carla Olguin and D. Ector:“The Application of Nanoparticle Dispersions to Remove Paraffin and Polymer Filter Cake Damage”, SPE 151848, SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control , Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, 15–17 February 2012.
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Dr. Adel Moh. Salem
Ragabis a full time Assistant Professor at the Future University in Egypt (FUE),Faculty of Engineering & Technology, PetroleumEngineering Department. He was awarded a PhD in Petroleum Engineering in 2008 from Leoben University, Austria. With a B.Sc. and M. Sc. from Suez Canal University, Egypt. Prior to FUE, Dr. Adel served as a full-time Assistant Professor at American University in Cairo (AUC) for about four years and Suez Canal University for about three years, Petroleum Engineering Department. Dr. Adel has extensive industrial experience working in the western desert in Egypt for several years. Dr. Adel is an aged scholar with over 40 publications in areas such as EOR, characterization of Formation Damage, and Nanotechnology Applications in the oil industry for EOR and Smart Drilling Fluids, as well as oil shale, Well Testing, and Radial Drilling. Dr. Adel has international collaboration and experience with several universities in Europe such as NMR utilization in Bologna University-Italy and Simulation of multiphase flow under steady and transient conditions, in Leoben University-Austria.
Table 1: Dimensions and average petrophysical properties at initial condition Properties Dry weight,g Length, mm Diameter, mm Pore volume, cc Porosity, % Permeability, mD
CORE #5 67.47 71.96 25.24 10.73 29.87 642.65
Table 4: Recovery factors for all scenarios
CORE #6 67.97 72.18 25.41 11.26 30.75 575.82
Table 2: Mineral oil properties used in this study The Property Value Color yellowish-brown (Amber) Physical State liquid at ambient temperature pH N. A. Vapor Pressure less than 0.5 Pa at 20°C Initial Boiling Point above 280°C Solubility in Water Negligible Density 851 kg/m3 at 15ºC Flash Point 217ºC (COC) Flammable Limits Upper 10% (V/V (estimated value). Auto-Ignition Temperature above 320ºC Kinematic Viscosity 75 mm2/s at 40ºC Evaporation Rate Data N. A. Vapor Density (Air=1). Greater than 1 Pour Point -39ºC Table 3: Fluid properties Fluid Density, g/cm3 Brine, NaCl, 0.007 1.001 wt.% Nanofluid ,0.003wt. % 1.011 Synthetic Oil 0.803
Viscosity, pH cP 1.001 6.76
T, oC 25
1.009 2.9
25 25
6.25 NA
Core # CORE#5 CORE#6
WF 71.32 62.5
Nano Sec. Rec. 69.85 58.33
Nano Ter. Rec. 76.61 65.714
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the flooding apparatus
Figure 2: Recovery factor versus pore volume injected for CORE #5.
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Figure 3: Recovery factor versus pore volume injected for CORE #6.
Figure 4: Recovery factor vs. pore volume injected for CORE #5 after nanofluid as tertiary recovery.
Figure 5: Recovery factor vs. pore volume for CORE #6 after nanofluid as a tertiary recovery.
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Figure 6: Recovery factor vs. pore volume for CORE #5 after nanofluid as secondary recovery.
Figure 7: Recovery factor vs. pore volume for CORE #6 after nanofluidas secondary recovery.
Figure 8: Recovery factors for all scenarios
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Using Nanomaterials to optimize Mud Rheology at HPHT wells throughout experimental work By
Dr. Ahmed Nooh Faculty of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Egypt. E-mail: ahmednoah@aucegypt.edu
A
bstract
Significant quantities of hydrocarbon reserves are contained in high pressure high temperature reservoirs (HTHP). Development of these reserves will require drilling fluids with high heat capacities to withstand those conditions. Nanostructured materials exhibit many distinctive properties due to their small grain size and large specific surface. Experimental measurements of heat capacity at constant pressure indicate that the heat capacity values of those materials are frequently higher than those of coarsegrained materials. Therefore, this paper proposes the use of Nanocomposites as an additive in the drilling fluid to optimize its yield point. In this paper, the author proposing a solution to one of the most important challenges of the drilling fluids in HPHT wells; carrying the drill cuttings back to the surface for continuous circulation. Multiwall Carbon NANO (MWCNT) Nanocomposite have been proven as a suitable nano additive to WBM. The effects on different rheological parameters have been experimented under HPHT conditions.
Introduction Drilling fluids perform a variety of functions in rotary drilling. It carries
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cuttings from beneath the rotary bit, transports them up the annulus, and permits their separation at the surface, while cooling and cleaning the rotary bit at the same time. It reduces friction between the drill string and the sides of the borehole and maintains stability of uncased sections of the borehole. By forming a thin, low permeability filter cake which seals pores and other openings in the formations penetrated by the drill bit, drilling fluid also prevents unwanted influxes of formation fluids into the borehole from permeable rocks penetrated during drilling. Drilling fluids are typically classified according to their base material. They are classified as water-based muds and oil-based muds. In water-based muds, water is the continuous phase and solid particles are suspended in water or brine. Oil can be emulsified in the water, but the water is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds are exactly the opposite. Oil is the continuous phase and solid particles are suspended in oil, water or brine is emulsified in the oil. Another class of drilling fluids is pneumatic fluids in which drill cuttings are removed by a high velocity stream of air or natural gas. Nanotechnology refers to man-made, engineered structures between 1100nm in size that are controlled or manipulated at the atomic level. It has
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a number of applications in the Oil and Gas industry and especially in the drilling engineering discipline (Singh, Ahmed, 2010). These applications include, enhancing the stability against sedimentation, altering the wettability of the rocks, lubricating the drill string, reducing the drag effect, controlling corrosion of drill string, sensing gas, and also integrated in Measurement While Drilling tools. (Kong 2010) Nanotechnology application is capable of enhancing the additive characteristics and behavior by tuning particle properties at the Nanoscale (Gray 1980). The extreme conditions of HPHT wells cause the yield point of the drilling fluid to drop and hence fail to carry the cuttings to the surface. This has potential problems including, lost circulation, stuck pipe, blowouts and major negative effects on the economics. (Eliseev, 2006).
Nanomaterials Nanomaterials’ high area to volume ratio allows them to have a better interaction with the surrounding medium because of their high exposed surface area. This means that we can use less of a substance to achieve greater goals with a cost advantage. Also, the small size of the nanomaterials, enable them to membrane around the wellbore, get distributed evenly on
EMS Goals pores preventing problems like clay Theswelling, goals of EMS increase spurt lossare andtoloss of mud compliance and reduce wasteas into the formation. following Compliance is the ofactscience of Nanotechnology is a branch reaching and maintaining minimal and technology where the size particles legal standards. not studied. being It between 1 – 100By nm are compliant, companies fines, can be used to solvemay a lotface of problems government intervention or may not be associated with drilling engineering. able to operate. These nanomaterials can also eliminate Waste beyond use ofreduction additives, goes shale inhibitors, compliance to reduce environmental rheology modifiers and can be very impact. EMSduring helps clean-up to develop, easilyThe removed before implement, coordinate and completionmanage, operations. monitor environmental policies. Waste reduction begins at the design Nanocomposites phase through pollution prevention Polymers have been widely used as and waste minimization. At the end drilling fluid additives due to their of the life cycle, waste is reduced by unique structure and molecular shape. recycling Polymers are grafted onto carbon nanotubes to manufacture of carbon Key elements of an EMS nanotube/polymer nanocomposites. Ó Identification of Significant Adding nanoparticulates to a polymer Environmental Impacts - environmental matrix enhances its performance, to attributes of products, activities and a dramatic degree. The Nanoscale services and their effects on the dispersion in the composite can environment introduce new physical properties and Ó Development of Objectives and behaviors that fit a long list of drilling Targets - environmental goals for the fluid function enhancement. organization Ó Implementation - plans to meet Objective objectives and targets The objective of this paper to study Ó Training - instruction to isensure the effectiveness of Nanocomposites employees are aware and capable on maintaining a high yield point at of fulfilling their environmental HPHT conditions. Nanocomposites responsibilities also functionReview as fluid loss reducers. Ó Management Therefore, this project proposed a new approach of developing a cheaper, Steps to establishing and implementing safer, environmentally friendly and an EMS more efficient mud system that 1. Obtain commitment from top improves the yield point and cuts management. amounts of money. 2. down Definevastresponsibilities, appoint management
representative(s),
establish EMSwork steering committee, Aim of this
develop The main implementation aim of this studyplan, is to:and initial training on EMS. Óundertake Determine the rheological 3. Undertake an initial environmental parameters of the mud system at review HPHT(optional). conditions. 4. ÓIdentify aspects Study theenvironmental effect of Nanocomposites &onlegal & other requirements; the yield point efficiency of the determine mud system.significant aspects;
Óformulate Compare the fluid loss reduction environmental policy; by using Nanomaterials as a fluid loss establish environmental objectives, additive with an ordinary standard targets & programs. mud system. 5. Implementation & operation— develop documentation Ó Relate particle plugging ability to&the processes. impact of nanomaterials on fluid losses. 6. Develop processes for monitoring, measurement & corrective & Methodology preventive action. In this paper, the author proposing a 7. solution Developtoand onedeliver of theEMS mosttraining important within the organization. challenges of the drilling fluids in 8. HPHT Establish an internal program, wells; carryingaudit the drill cuttings including training; conduct back to the surface for continuous initial internal audit to evaluate circulation. conformityhave to requirements ISO as Polymers been widelyofused 14001, additives including because evaluation drilling of of their compliance. unique structure that makes them 9. able Follow up pores, internal audit the with to plug and stand high improvements to system. temperature and pressure conditions. 10.However, Conduct theinitial management properties of the mud review of EMS. can be further enhanced by using 11.Nanomaterials Implement improvements fromthe that can enable management review. drilling fluid to function better under
extreme conditions. A Therefore number ofarebenefits a «wellgoing of to use Carbon prepared and comprehensively Nanocomposites as a drilling fluid implemented additive to: EMS» have been identified. An EMS: Ó Maintain a high viscosity (yield 1. provides a framework for integration point) at HPHT conditions. of environmental management into Ó Provide higher efficiency in pore the company’s operations; plugging, and hence effectively 2. helps the company to identify and reduce fluid loss. reduce environmental impacts; Approach: 3. helps the company comply with 1.regulatory Use MWCNT-Polymer Nanocomposites requirements; as anthe additive to WBM 4. helps company to set to and optimize meet the yield point and improve its own environmental targets;carrying capacity. 5. helps the company to increase 2.control MeasureofRheology and and Fluidcosts. Loss of Mud. operations 3. Place mixture in HPHT simulator Measure Rheology Loss at By4.assisting companiesandtoFluid identify and HPHT manageconditions. their impacts on the environment, EMS have the potential to Mud control and reduce environmental Preparation degradation. The following laboratory experiment From company was the carried out at perspective, PetroServices an Drilling EMS also helps (PSDE). the company Engineering to 1.demonstrate to Preparing its commitment Carbon the environment to the company’s Nanocomposites solution: shareholders, customers and suppliers, Because the Carbon Nanocomposites andaretonotthesoluble local incommunity water, theyand have
regulatory authorities. Thisfirst should been dissolved in diesel before adding them to the mixture. help to satisfy community pressure for Few environmental grams of performance the Carbon improved Nanocomposites are measured and improve the company’s publicand added to a few millimeters of diesel. image, thereby improving access to The mixture is then heated to 70oC to capital and business opportunities, ensure that the CNC is fully dissolved. facilitating the issue of licenses and permits, helping the company gain Challenges and Limitations future access to new operational sites, Experimental and providing a competitive tendering Ó Availability of larger quantities of advantage. CNT samples Despite the benefits of the ISO series Material standards, there are aform number of Ó Material in fibrous limitations standards, Ó Using regarding viscofier these in liquid form particularly as regards the certification (dissolved CNT) process.First, developing countries Ó When mixture cools down, it forms lumps againdifficult to implement may find it more Composite not as soluble in water theÓEMS standards, companies from Ó Higher countries concentrations CNT, developing may notof have require higher temperature the resources to achieve certification, to dissolve in diesel (dieselnecessary evaporates and/or the infrastructure at 80oC) for certification may be absent. Just Ó Limited to OBM or WBM with oil as the implementation of EMS may content provide companies with a competitive Ó Full control over manipulation of advantage, so those companies from composite emerging economies that cannot afford to gain certification may be placed at a Conclusions competitive disadvantage in tendering Nanomaterials could be used as a forrheology projects. modifiers and can be very
easily removed during clean-up before EMS Mode operations. completion have been widely used as AnPolymers EMS follows a Plan-Do-Checkdrilling fluid Cycle. additives to their Act, or PDCA, Thedue diagram unique structure and molecular shape. shows the process of first developing Polymers are grafted onto carbon an environmental policy, planning the nanotubes to manufacture of carbon EMS, and then implementing it. The nanotube/polymer nanocomposites. process includes checking the Addingalso nano-particulates to a polymer system acting on The model to matrixandenhances its it.performance, is acontinuous because an is a dramatic degree. TheEMS Nanoscale dispersion in theimprovement composite incan process of continual introduce new physical which an organization is properties constantlyand behaviorsand thatrevising fit a longthe list system. of drilling reviewing fluid function enhancement. This is a model that can be used by a Throughout the experimental work wide range of organizations — from at Petroleum Research Institute and manufacturing facilities to service Petro services company, it was found industries to government agencies. that:A total mass of 350g of mud was
Petroleum Today
- September 2015
59
prepared to simulation 350 bbls. A gram represents 1 bbl/bbl in the actual case. Using CNT for twenty four hours, the Yield Point was not changes using the HPHT viscometerat. (Y.P Value was 5 CP before and after the experment). Also CNT Provide higher efficiency in pore plugging, and hence effectively reduce fluid loss. So, Nanofluids improve the fluid performance dramatically.
The high thermal stability and enhanced thermal conductivity of the Nanofluids compared to base sample plays an important role in the formulation of the HPHT drilling. CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites are multifunctional as they have an effect on both the Yield point and the Fluid Loss. CNT-Polymer Nanocomposites are not effective in WBM unless there is a reasonable percentage of oil content
REFERENCES Ajayan PM, Schadler LS, Braun PV.Nanocomposite science and technology. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, GmbH & Co. KgaA; 2003. Ajayan PM, Stephan O, Colliex C, Trauth D. Aligned Carbon Nanotube arrays formed by cutting a polymer resin-nanotube composite. Science 1994;265:1212–4. Bhat, S., and Singh, P.: “Use of Nanorobots in Oil Industry”, 2nd prize at Student Paper Presentation Contest, SPE Mumbai Section, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, 2006. Bliznyuk VN, Singamaneni S, Sanford RL, Chiappetta D, Crooker B, Shibaev PV. Matrix mediated alignment of single wall carbon nanotubes in polymer composite films. Polymer 2006;47:3915–21. Buenrostro-Gonzalez, E., Lira-Galeana, C., Gil-Villegas, A., and Wu, J.: “Asphaltene Precipitation in Crude Oils: Theory and Experiments,” AIChE Journal, 50(10), 25522004 ,2570-. Chae HG, Liu J, Kumar S. Carbon nanotubes properties and applications. In: O’Connell MJ, editor. Carbon nanotube-enabled materials. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC; 2006. Chaudhury, M.K.: “Complex Fluids: Spread the Word about Nanofluids,” Nature 423(10), 131–132, 2003. Wasan, D.T., and Nikolov, A.D.: “Spreading of Nanofluids on Solids,” Nature 423, 156–159, 2003. Davis, H. T., Bodet, J. F., Scriven, L. E., and Miller, W. G.: Physics of Amphiphilic Layers, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987. Evdokimov, I. N., and Eliseev , N. Yu.: “Thermally Responsive Properties of Asphaltene Dispersions,” Energy & Fuels, 20(2), 682 -687, 2006. Evdokimov, I. N., Eliseev, N. Yu., and Eliseev, D. Yu.: “Rheological evidence of structural phase transitions in asphaltene-containing petroleum fluids,” Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 30(32001 ,211-199 ,(4-. Freed, D.: “Self-assembly of Asphaltenes: Enthalpy, entropy of depletion and dynamics at the Crossover,” Invited Paper at The 8th International Bologna Conference on Magnetic Resonance in Porous Media, 2006 - Bologna, Italy, 2006. Gawrys, K. L., Verruto, V., and Kilpatrick, P. K.: “On the Self Assembly of Asphaltenes to Form Nanoscale Aggregates” Proceedings of 79th ACS Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, Potsdam, NY, 2005. Gryshchuk O, Karger-Kocsis J, Thomann R, Konya Z, Kiricsi I. Multiwall carbon nanotube modified vinylester and vinylester-basedhybrid resins. Compos Part A 2006;37:1252–9. Ghose S, Watson KA, Delozier DM, Working DC, Siochi EJ, Connell JW. Incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes into high temperature resin using dry mixing techniques. Compos Part A 2006;37:465–75. Huang SM, Woodson M, Smalley RE, Liu J. Growth mechanism oforiented long single walled carbon nanotubes using fast-heating chemical vapor deposition process. Nano Lett 2004;4:1025–8. Jackson, G.: “Theory of closed-loop liquid-liquid immiscibility in mixtures of molecules with directional attractive forces,” Molecular Physics, 72, 3651991 ,1385. Jamal A, Ali R, Somayeh M. Preparation and characterization of linearlow density Polyethylene/Carbon nanotube Nanocomposites. J MacromolSci Part B: Phys 2007;46:877–89. Kostic, M. and Choi, S.U.S.: “Critical Issues and Application Potentials in Nanofluids Research,” Proceedings of MN2006. Kanagaraj S, Varanda FR, Zhil’tsova TV, Oliveira MSA, Simoes JAO. Mechanical properties of high density polyethylene. Li Y, Wang K, Wei J, Gu Z, Wang Z, Luo J, et al. Tensile properties of long aligned double-walled carbon nanotube strands. Carbon 2005;43:31–5.
60 Petroleum Today
- September 2015
The YP was maintained for nearly all the samples after tested at HPHT conditions (compared to reduction in case of no CNT) The Fluid Loss decreased after adding CNT Samples of double the concentration show better effect on fluid loss Samples of double the concentrations have lower yield points (higher polymer percentage).
Li L, Li CY, Ni C, Rong LX, Hsiao B. Structure and crystallization behavior of Nylon 66/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites at low carbon nanotube contents. Polymer 2007;48:3452–60. Lu JP. Elastic properties of CarbonNanotubes andNanoropes. Phys Rev Lett 1997;79:1297–300. Ma C, Zhang W, Zhu Y, Ji L, Zhang R, Koratkar N, et al. Alignment and dispersion of functionalized carbon nanotubes in polymer composites induced by an electric field. Carbon 2008;46:706–10. Moniruzzaman M, Winey KI. Polymer Nanocomposites containing Carbon Nanotubes. Macromolecules 2006;39:5194–205. Morales-Teyssier O, Sanchez-Valdes S, Ramos-de Valle LF.Effect of carbon nanofiber functionalization on the dispersion and physical and mechanical properties of polystyrene nanocomposites.Macromol Mater Eng 2006;291:1547–55. Mrozek RA, Kim BS, Holmberg VC, Taton TA. Homogeneous, coaxial liquid crystal domain growth from carbon nanotube seeds. Nano Lett 20Production: The Oil & Gas Review – 2005, p.669–3:1665;68.03-. Multifunctional Nanocomposites 2006, Honolulu, Hawaii, 2006. Drexler, K. E.: Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, Anchor Press/ Doubleday, New York, 1986. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties. The Royal Society &The Royal Academy of Engineering, UK, 2004. Narayanan, T and Kumar, A.: “Reentrant phase transitions in multicomponent liquid mixtures,” Physics Reports, 249(3), 135- 218, 1994. Nellensteyn, F.J.: ”The Colloidal Structure of Bitumens,” In: Dunstan, A.E.,(Ed.), The Science of Petroleum, Vol. 4, Oxford Univ. Press, London, 1938. p.27602763-. Roberts, C. J., Panagiotopoulos, A. Z., and Debenedetti, P. G.: “LiquidLiquid Immiscibility in Pure Fluids: Polyamorphism in Simulations of a Network-Forming Fluid,” Physical Review Letters, 77(21), 4386 - 4 3 89, 1996. Saito R, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS. Physical properties of carbon nanotubes. London: Imperial College Press; 1998. Sheu, EY and Mullins, OC (Eds.),:Asphaltenes Fundamentals and Applications, Plenum Press, New York. 1995. Syunyaev, Z.I., Syunyaev, R.Z., and Safieva, R.Z.: Neftjanyedispersnyesistemy, Chimija, Moscow, 1990. (In Russian). Sakhawat, S.: “Surfactants-Nanorobots in Enhanced Oil Recovery”, Proceedings of Regional Symposium on Chemical Engineering (RSCE 2004), Bangkok, Thailand, 2004. Pfeiffer, J. P., and Saal, R. N. J.: “Asphaltic Bitumen as a Colloid System”, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 44, 1391940 ,149-. Treacy MM, Ebessen TW, Gibson JM. Exceptionally high Young’smodulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes. Nature1996;381:678–80. Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS.Strength and breaking mechanism of MultiwalledCarbon Nanotubes under tensile load. Science 2000;287:637–40. Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS.Strength and breaking mechanism of MultiwalledCarbon Nanotubes under tensile load. Science 2000;287:637–40. Yu MF, Lourie O, Dyer MJ, Moloni K, Kelly TF, Ruoff RS.Strength and breaking mechanism of MultiwalledCarbon Nanotubes under tensile load. Science 2000;287:637–40. Zhao B, Hu H, Haddon RC. Synthesis and properties of a watersoluble single-walled carbon nanotube-poly(m-aminobenzene sulfonic acid) graft copolymer. AdvFunct Mater 2004;14: 71–6.
NAME: AHMED ZAKARIA NOAH EDUCATION: Associate.Prof at TheAmerican University in cairo PhD. in Petrophysics.Waseda and Menofia University, 2003. ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE: Faculty of Science and Engineering, The AmericanUniversity in Cairo (12010/9/ – Now, full time Ass.Prof of drilling, completion and workover). -Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, The BritishUniversity in Egypt (212010/9/1 – 2008/12/, full time lecturer and Ass. prof), Undergraduate Level: Oil well drilling, Advanced drilling Engineering, Horizontal drilling, Drilling fluids, Principles of Petroleum Geology, Well logging, core analysis, Development Geology, Completion and workover, Reservoir Rock properties, Reservoir Engineering. -Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo (Full time Researcher : (12008/12/-21 2005/12/) Faculty of Science, Menofia University, Egypt : (20032008-), Graduate Level:Method of Prospecting. And Well Logging
Composition
1
2
3
4
5
No CNT
0.1 CNT (5 hrs)
0.2 CNT (5 hrs)
0.1 CNT (24 hrs)
0.2 CNT (24 hrs)
Before PV Yield Point
RPM
After PV Yield Point
RPM
600
16
600
10
300
11
300
6
200
8
200
5
100
5
100
4
6
4
6
2
3
3
3
1
600
18
600
17
300
12
300
11
200
6
200
5
100
5
100
4
6
3
6
3
3
2
3
1
600
32
600
28
300
17
300
15
200
11
200
10
100
8
100
6
6
6
6
4
3
4
3
2
600
17
600
15
300
12
300
11
200
8
200
7
100
6
100
5
6
4
6
4
3
3
3
3
600
34
600
29
300
19
300
16
200
11
200
9
100
8
100
7
6
5
6
4
3
2
3
3
5
6
6
8
5
15
6
2
5
4
Fluid Loss (ml/30 mins)
4
2
14.3
6
5
13.7
6
2
13.5
4
5
13.6
13
3
13.3
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Industry At A Glance by Ali Ibrahim Table (1) World Crude oil Supply.* Supply (million barrels per day)
U.S (50states)
OECD(1)
North sea(2)
OPEC(3)
OPEC (4)
world
12.90 12.99 13.13 13.63 13.59 13.69 14.07 14.16 14.19 14.32 14.57 14.54 14.57 14.54 14.75
24.44 24.62 24.84 25.22 25.05 25.24 25.67 25.73 25.69 25.75 26.2 25.97 25.90 26.22 26.36
2.76 2.85 2.86 2.84 2.78 2.80 2.86 2.71 2.69 2.65 2.68 2.70 2.63 3.00 2.91
35.80 36.35 35.85 35.73 35.80 35.70 35.85 35.93 36.38 36.45 36.57 36.73 36.43 36.59 37.23
34.20 34.70 34.33 34.08 34.15 34.05 34.2 34.3 34.7 34.7 34.82 35.06 34.68 34.79 35.48
90.35 91.10 90.36 91.24 91.52 91.73 92.11 92.61 92.94 93.06 94.08 93.68 92.86 93.80 94.24
Jan.2014 February March April May June July August September October November December Jan.2015 February March Source EIA
* «Oil Supply» is defined as the production of crude oil (including lease condensate) Natural gas plant liquids, and other liquids, and refinery processing gain. NA = no data available (1) OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. (2) North Sea includes offshore supply from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and the United Kingdom (3) OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. (4) OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries doesn’t include Angola.
64 Petroleum Today
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Table (2)
Table (2) International petroleum consumption Million Barrels Per Day
World Proved Crude Oil Reserves, January 1, 2007 - January 1, 2012 Estimates (Billion Barrels) U.S (50 NonCanada Europe Japan OECD(1) States) OECD Region 2007 2008 2009 2010 April.2014 45.25 North America May 44.95 Central & South America June 45.61 Europe July 46.00 Eurasia August 45.95 Middle East September 46.13 Africa October 46.33 Asia & Oceania November 46.48 World Total December 46.88 Jan.2015 46.03 Source EIA February 47.04 March 45.93 April 45.15 May 45.77 Table (3) June 45.78
18.78 212.534 18.78 102.80 18.93 15.80 19.16 98.89 19.28 739.20 18.83 114.07 19.03 33.37 19.21 1,316.66 19.30 19.23 19.40 18.86 19.04 19.22 19.54
2.22 13.46 4.14 211.559 209.910 2.28 13.26 3.98 109.86 122.69 2.29 13.43 3.94 14.27 13.66 2.36 13.7 4.13 98.89 98.89 2.39 13.42 4.14 748.29 746.00 2.36 14.21 4.17 114.84 117.06 2.33 14.12 4.15 34.35 34.01 2.39 13.55 4.48 1,332.04 1,342.21 2.36 13.19 4.98 2.34 13.06 4.66 2.44 13.54 4.74 2.36 13.50 4.45 2.24 13.93 4.10 2.31 13.70 3.66 2.40 14.19 3.86
World crude oil production. ( Million Barrels Per day )
45.84 206.3 45.92 124.64 46.27 13.31 46.23 98.89 46.09 753.36 46.46 119.11 45.86 40.14 46.72 1355.74 46.12 45.78 46.08 46.19 47.77 47.82 48.07
China
Other Non
World
2011 -OECD 2012
11.30 17.53 91.08 208.901 210.52833 11.16 17.84 90.88 237.11 238.82 11.27 18.12 91.88 12.08 11.88 11.07 18.42 92.23 98.89 98.89 11.00 18.48 92.04 752.92 799.61 11.28 18.47 92.65 123.61 124.21 11.02 17.96 92.19 40.25 45.36 10.94 18.32 93.20 1473.76 1529.2983 10.62 18.02 93.00 10.71 18.01 91.90 10.52 18.24 93.12 10.55 18.34 92.12 11.43 18.88 92.92 11.26 18.09 92.60 11.40 18.99 93.86
Source EIA (1) OECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Persian North SudanIceland, Egypt Finland, France, Germany,Libya Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy,OPEC(1) Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands,World New Zealand, Gulf(2) Sea(3) Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Nov.2013 0.22 0.37 0.70 December 0.22 0.36 0.70 Table (3) Jan.2014 0.51 0.26 0.68 World Natural Gas Plant Liquid Production , Thousand Barrels Per Day February 0.38 0.26 0.67 March 0.23 0.27 Saudi 0.67 April Algeria Canada 0.21Mexico 0.26Arabia 0.67 Russia January.14 May 356 6430.23 354 0.26 1,519 0.67444 June 352 February 6200.24 328 0.26 1,601 0.66439 March July 355 6880.44 329 0.26 1,606 0.66452 AprilAugust 355 7600.53 330 0.26 1,625 0.66448 May 7120.79 320 0.26 1,620 0.65445 September350 JuneOctober 354 7190.98 318 0.26 1,619 0.65444 July 7000.62 330 0.26 1,650 0.65450 November369 August 6910.50 335 0.26 1,661 0.64455 December370 September 6940.35 334 0.25 1,645 0.64458 Jan.2015 378 October 380 699 333 1,678 459 SourceNovember EIA 360 630 335 1,601 480 1 OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, December 369 700 330 1,650 450 Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. January.15 360 750 350 1,640 450
28.98 21.38 2.86 69.2 28.88 21.03 2.98 68.8 29.76 21.84 2.76 68.6 30.04 22.09 2.85 69.1 29.53 21.89 2.86 69.1 United Persian 29.44 21.99 2.84 OPEC4 71.8World States1 Gulf 2 OAPEC3 29.51 22.03 2.78 3,28071.48,326 2,038 2,544 3,058 29.48 21.96 2.80 3,27571.58,519 2,175 2,670 3,112 2,395 2,695 3,249 29.79 21.80 2.86 3,335 69.468,386 2,388 2,696 3,121 29.93 21.74 2.71 3,414 72.228,395 2,390 2,690 3,014 30.32 21.90 2.69 3,420 72.538,390 2,385 2,692 3,111 3,415 30.34 21.70 2.65 72.688,395 2,410 2,700 3,115 32.27 21.63 2.68 3,424 71.768,402 2,419 2,703 3,115 32.42 21.98 2.70 3,428 74.898,404 2,398 2,705 3,120 32.18 21.78 2.63 3,425 73.758,407 2,401 2,701 3,121 3,427 8,408 2,175 2,670 3,112 3,275 8,574 Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, 2,410 2,700 3,115 3,424 8,457 2,409 2,712 3,151 3,455 8,526
2 The Persian Source EIAGulf countries are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Production from the Kuwait-Saudi Arabia Neutral Zone is included in Persian Gulf production. 1 U.S. geographic coverage is the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Excludes fuel ethanol blended into finished motor gasoline. 3 North Sea includes the United Kingdom Offshore, Norway, Denmark, Netherlands Offshore, and Germany Offshore. 2 The Persian Gulf countries are Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. 3 OAPEC: Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabi Arabia Syria, Tunisia, and the United Arab Emerates Emirates 4 OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
Petroleum Today
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65
Table ( 4 ) International Rotary Rig Count
August 2010 REGION
July 2010
% Change change from prior from month prior month 5 4 1 2 0 --0 --4 50 1 33 0 0
Land
Offshore
Total
Land
Offshore
Total
AFRICA ALGERIA ANGOLA LIBYA NIGERIA TUNISIA SUDAN
80 55 0 2 3 1 0
37 0 15 2 6 1 0
117 55 15 4 9 2 0
84 54 0 2 4 3 0
38 0 15 2 9 0 0
122 54 15 4 13 3 0
MIDDLE EAST ABU DHABI DUBAI EGYPT JORDAN KUWAIT OMAN PAKISTAN QATAR SAUDI ARABIA SYRIA
354 22 0 35 0 49 64 22 3 99 0
52 12 2 5 0 0 0 0 9 26 0
406 34 2 40 0 49 64 22 12 125 0
354 23 0 36 0 51 61 21 3 99 0
52 13 2 5 0 0 0 0 5 25 0
406 36 0 41 0 51 61 21 8 124 0
0 2 0 1 0 2 3 1 4 1 0
--5 0 2 0 2 5 4 30 2 0
YEMEN
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
EUROPE GERMANY ITALY ROMANIA TURKEY UNITED KINGDOM
74 3 4 10 29
46 0 1 2 1
120 3 5 12 30
75 4 3 11 31
53 0 0 2 1
128 4 3 13 32
8 1 2 1 2
7 30 40 12 7
0
15
15
1
19
20
5
30
LATIN AMERICA ARGENTINA BRAZIL COLOMBIA MEXICO VENEZUELA
260 105 20 24 33 52
63 1 23 1 34 3
323 106 43 25 67 55
275 109 20 30 34 59
65 1 24 1 34 3
340 110 44 31 68 62
17 1 1 6 1 7
5 1 3 22 3 12
ASIA PACIFIC AUSTRALIA CHINA OFFSHORE INDIA INDONESIA THAILAND
129 10 0 86 22 5
98 8 26 24 10 14
227 18 26 110 32 19
130 10 0 87 23 5
100 9 29 23 10 14
230 19 29 110 33 19
3 1 3 0 1 0
1 5 9 ---3 ----
Source Baker Hughes
66 Petroleum Today
- September 2015
Source EIA
Fig. ( 1 ) World Crude Oil Prices US $ per BBL Table (4) Egypt Rig Count per Area Feb-15 Mar-15 Apr-15 May-15
Fig. ( 2 ) Natural Gas Prices US $ Per MCF
Source EIA
9 Gulf of Suez Mediterranean 7 Sea Western 75 Desert Sinai 7 Eastern Desert 6 Delta 3 Total 107
June15
9
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
71
68
67
66
7 6 3 103
7 6 3 99
7 6 3 98
7 6 3 96
Source Petroleum Today
Fig. ( 3 ) Egypt Suez Blend Price (Dollars per Barrel) based on 33O API
Petroleum Today
- September 2015
67
Atlas Copco presents the next generation on-site nitrogen generators For further information please contact : Emad Fawzy : Regional Business Line ManagerIndustrial Air Division Mobile: +20 (0)122 2408866
September 2015, Cairo, EgyptAtlas Copco released the NGP+, the improved on-site nitrogen generator with PSA technology. This generator can simply be plugged in to an existing compressed air network and produces nitrogen with purities of up to 99,999%. Combined with Atlas Copco’s newest compressors, an on-site nitrogen installation with NGP+ can offer significant benefits compared to nitrogen in bulk or cylinders. On-site industrial gas generators offer a more sustainable and costefficient solution than gas delivered in cylinders or bulk liquid supply, which require transport, handling and resulting administration. A nitrogen generator such as the NGP+ simply plugs into an existing compressed air installation and offers an independent, reliable and flexible supply of nitrogen. Atlas Copco already offers a wide range of on-site gas solutions, but its new NGP+ sets new standards in efficiency. Bert Derom, Vice-president Marketing, comments: “An on-site nitrogen installation with NGP+ will dramatically increase our customer’s productivity and lower their energy
consumption. The NGP+ is a pressure swing adsorption generator of the newest generation and when integrated in an energy-efficient compressed air network, it uses 50% less energy than the installations currently standard in the industry”.
Pressure Swing Adsorption for the highest purity The NGP+ works with PSA (Pressure Swing Adsorption) technology: carbon molecular sieves (CMS) that adsorb oxygen molecules from compressed air. By using CMS of the highest quality and perfect tuning to the compressed air network, the NGP+ adsorbs more oxygen for the same input of compressed air. Its sensors and monitoring features ensure reliability, optimal performance and energyefficiency. The NGP+ also comes with extensive features to easily adjust the nitrogen purity and pressure as well as remote monitoring. The NGP+ is available in flows from 1.6 to 172 l/s.
Full range of on-site gas solutions The NGP+ complements a full range of on-site gas solutions, including both nitrogen and oxygen generators. In
nitrogen generators, both membrane and PSA technology are available and in both technologies, Atlas Copco offers low-investment entry models as well as high-end models that ensure the lowest energy cost. Especially for laser cutting and bottle filling applications, Atlas Copco will also launch a complete package with compressors, air treatment and nitrogen generators that delivers nitrogen at 350 bar.
Atlas Copco Equipment Egypt Atlas Copco Equipment Egypt P.O. Box 520 El Obour market Cairo, Egypt
Visitors Adress : Phone: +202 4481 4417 / 4481 4208 El Obour city 1st Ind. zone- part 7 +202 4481 4270 / 4481 4431 block 13024 Cairo, Egypt Fax: +202 4481 4341
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- September 2015
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يقوميقوم والنفط. والنفط. الغازالغاز خمازن خمازن من من مقربة مقربة علىعلى �ادة��ادة ع� ع خمتارة خمتارة منطقة منطقة �اف�اف با�ستك�س � با�ستك�س � واملهند�سون واملهند�سون العلم �العل�اءم ��اء أر�ضأر�ض �ات�نم ��س�نخ ��س�ورخ �ال�ور ال �ات�م � درا�س �عي�ةن �عين درا�س ��ة �الل�الل م ��نم �خ ��ن خ � يبداأيبداأ مب�سر ًا مب�سر ًا املوق ��ع بداق ��ع بدا املو القيا�سات.إذافاماإذا ما القيا�سات .فا واأخ �واأ�ذخ ��ذ الياب�سة الياب�سة علىعلى تكونتكون املنا�قط ��ق املناط � هذههذه وبع�ض وبع�ض �ب��.ب. التنقي التنقي � املحيط. املحيط. يكونامل �يف ا�اءمل �يف�اءاأعيفما�أع�اقم ��اق يكون يف معظمه ��ا معظمه ��ا لك � ل�نك ��ن إىل اإىل البئر البئر ا من من الغازالغاز يتدفق يتدفق الغاز، الغاز، علىعلى العثور العثور وعندوعند ال�سخمة. ال�سخمة. أنابيبأنابيب خطوط ال خطوط ال إىل اإىل ومنه ومنه ا أر�ضأر�ض �سطح ال �سطح ال عن عن الغازالغاز ف�سلف�سل البحري�ميت ��م البحري يت � إنتاجإنتاج من�سا �ل�ة ال من�س ��ة ويف ويف ثقيلةثقيلة (هيدروكربونات (هيدروكربونات امل�ساحب له امل�ساحب له املتكثف املتكثف الغازالغاز ا�ستقرار ا�ستقرار حال ��ة املكثفاتحايفل ��ة املكثفات يف و�س ��ع ويتمس ��ع ويتم و� �سائل)��ة ) �سائل ��ة املرتبطة به املرتبطة به �ات��ات املكثف املكثف � املعال �مع�ج مع املعال ��ج الغازالغاز قبل ن�لق ��ل قبل نق � �سطح�سطح حتتحتت أنابيبأنابيب خالل�طخ �ا�ط ا خالل خ � من من ال�سا�لح ��ل ال�ساح � اإىل اإىل الغازالغاز مل�سن ��ع مل�سن ��ع املغذي املغذي هو� ال�ازغ ��از وي�س�حب �هو�ح الغ وي�سب � البح �الب�ر،ح ��ر، الربي. الربي. امل�سال امل�سال الطبيعي الطبيعي النقل النقل �سهولة �سهولة أجلأجل من امن ا إ�سالة إ�سالة اال اال �دمه ��افيهال�غ�ا� ال�ازغ �يف�از يف �دم� في ي�ستخ ي�ستخ � �دول��يالت ��ي �دول الت بالن�سبلل� ��ة لل � بالن�سب ��ة خطوط خطوط خاللخالل نقل� ال�ازغ ��از نقل الغ �ون ��ون املحلية يك املحلية يك � �واق�واق الأ�سا �لأ�س � وهووهو واقت�ساد،ي ��ا ، واقت�سادي ��ا فنيافنيا للتطبي ��ق للتطبي ��ق �ب ��لقاب ��ل أنابيل �أناب�بي �قاب ال ا الرو�سي الرو�سي الطبي�يع ��ي الطبيع � الغازالغاز لنقللنقل �دم��دم امل�ستخ امل�ستخ � اخلي �اخل�اري ��ار الكندي الكندي الغازالغاز نقلنقل وكذلك وكذلك أوروبية ، أوروبية ، أ�سواق ال أ�سواق ال اإىل الإىل ال وعندوعند أمريك�ة،ي ��ة، أمريكي � املتحدة ال املتحدة ال �ات��ات الولي الولي � �واق�واق إىل �اأ�س � اإىل ااأ�س كما كما أنابيبأنابيب �وط ال �وط ال خاللط �خط � خالل خ الغازالغاز ا�ستحالن �ق ��ة ن�لق ��ل ا�ستحال ��ة أ�سواقأ�سواق حيثاالأن ال حيث اأن الدول الدول لبع�ض لبع�ض بالن�سبة بالن�سبة احلال احلال هو هو إ�سالةإ�سالة يعترب ا يعترب ا الكيلومرتات الكيلومرتات آلفآلف بعد ابعد ا علىعلى الرئي�سية الرئي�سية �سهولة. �سهولة. أكرثاأكرث لنقل لنقل ا أمثلأمثل احلل ال احلل ال الغاز هو الغاز هو
إىلاغ�إىل���ازغ����از وجتز���هاأتا����ه وجتزاأت� الثقيل����ة الثقيل����ة ���ات���ات الهيدروكربون� الهيدروكربون� يقوميقوم حيثحيث امل�سنع ، امل�سنع ، ���ات���ات ومكثف� ومكثف� امل�سال امل�سال البرتول البرتول إنتاجي إنتاجي خط ا خط ا يف كل الرئي�سيكل الرئي�سي يف ���راري ���راري احل�احل� املبادل املبادل ال�سفر ال�سفر حتتحتت درجة درجة 150150 نحونحو إىلاإىل الغاز الغاز ا بتربي����د بتربي����د ويقوم ويقوم املختلط املختلط التربيد التربيد نظامنظام با�ستخدام با�ستخدام وذلك وذلك العملية. العملية. هذههذه إ�سالته يف إ�سالته يف با با درج��ة درج��ة 162162 عن��د عن��د وال�س��حن وال�س��حن التخزي��ن التخزي��ن ال�سفر ال�سفر حتت حتت حرارة حرارة وو�سولها وو�سولها احلرارة احلرارة انخفا�ض انخفا�ض وعندوعند النهاية، النهاية، ويفويف ���ر���،ميت�ا���مإزال�ا���ةإزال����ة ال�سف� يت� ال�سف����ر، حت����ت حت����ت درج����ة درج����ة إىل162 إىل162 ا ا الطبيعي الطبيعي الغ����از �سخ����از �سخ الغ يتميتم ���مث����م من ث�من ���ني���،ني، النيرتوج� النيرتوج� جاهز ًا جاهز ًا وي�سبح وي�سبح التخزين التخزين �سهاريج �سهاريج امل�سالأحدلأحد امل�سال ل لنقللنقل خ�سي�س ًا خ�سي�س ًا �سمم����ت �سمم����ت ناقالت ناقالت علىعلى لتحميله لتحميله امل�سال. امل�سال. الطبيعي الطبيعي الغازالغاز �سماكته �سماكته تبلغتبلغ إ�سمنتي إ�سمنتي جدار ا جدار ا ال�سهاريج ال�سهاريج من من ولكلولكل من من داخلي����ة داخلي����ة بطان����ة بطان����ة ���وي���ىعل����ى ���وي عل� يحت�يحت� واح����د واح����د م����رتم����رت حرارة حرارة علىعلى للمحافظة للمحافظة متام����ا متام����ا املعزول املعزول احلديد احلديد ال�سفر ال�سفر حتتحتت �سيلزية �سيلزية 160درج����ة 160درج����ة امل�سال امل�سال الغ����از الغ����از ال�سفر) ، ال�سفر) ، حتتحتت فهرنهايتية فهرنهايتية درجة درجة (260 (260
خط��وط خط��وط امل�س��ال يف امل�س��ال يف الطبيع��ي الطبيع��ي الغ��از الغ��از إنت��اج إنت��اج ا ا إ�سالة إ�سالة اال اال غازغاز إىل اإىل لتحويله لتحويله ا إ�سالةإ�سالة �وط ال �وط ال الغازخيفط �خط � الغاز يف يتدفق يتدفق معاجلة معاجلة �دة ��دة هو �وح إنتاج وح إنتاج هو م�سال� .و�طخ �ال�ط ال م�سال .وخ طبي�يع ��ي طبيع � وتوربينات وتوربينات ال�سغط، ال�سغط، آلياتآليات املجمع ا املجمع ا وي�سم وي�سم م�ستقلة، م�ستقلة، متقاطعة متقاطعة أنابيا �أناب�بي ��ب �وط ا�وط أوعي �وخ�ةط �وخط � �ات)أوع،ويا ��ة �ات) ،وا (عنف � (عنف � الطبيعي الطبيعي إىل� ال�ازغ ��از إىل االغ وحتوال ��ه وحتول ��ه ت�سي �الغ�ل� ال�ازغ ��از والت �ت�س�يي ��ل والت ��ي العملية العملية من�ذهه ��ذه من ه � أوىللأوىل املرحلة ا املرحلة ال �الل�الل �ال� .وخ � �ال .وخ امل�س �امل�س � الكربيت الكربيت مركبات مركبات ال�سوائب – ال�سوائب – من من الغازالغاز تنقيةتنقية يتم يتم امل�س��الإىلاإىل امل�س��ال ا الغاز الغاز إعادة إعادة التغويز(ا التغويز(ا إعادة إعادة مراحل .ا ا مراحل. واملاء-على واملاء-على الكربون الكربون أك�سيدأك�سيد ثاين ا ثاين ا –– للت�سليم للت�سليم ا�ستعداد ًا ا�ستعداد ًا الغازية) الغازية) احلالة احلالة نقلنقل يتميتم ال�سترياد ال�سترياد جه����ة جه����ة إىلاإىل الغاز الغاز ا و�سول و�سول عندعند الثانوية الثانوية املنتجات املنتجات ف�سل ف�سل الربوبان بوا�سطة بوا�سطة الغ����از تربيد����از تربيد الغ يتميتم وفيما���دبع����د وفيما بع� إعادةإعادة ال�ساح�وا���ل وا ال�ساح����ل ���رب����رب امل�سال ع امل�سال ع� الطبيع����ي الطبيع����ي الغ����از الربوبان الغ����از املختلط����ة.يت����ميت����مف�س����ل التربي����داملختلط����ة. وعملي����ةالتربي����د وعملي����ة من من الغازية، الغازية، احلالة احلالة إىلاإىل إعادتا����ه إعادت����ه مبعنى ا مبعنى ا تغويزه ف�س����ل تغويزه
امل�سال امل�سال الطبيع����ي الطبيع����ي الغ����از ت�سخني����از ت�سخني الغ ���ادة���ادة ���الل اإع� ���الل اإع� خ� خ� م�سنع م�سنع ويرتبط ويرتبط الغازية. الغازية. حالت����ه حالت����ه إىلاإىل يعود يعود ا حتىحتى ���وط���وط وخط�وخط� التخزي����ن التخزي����ن مبراف����ق مبراف����ق التغوي����ز التغوي����ز ���ادة���ادة اإع� اإع� للتوزيع، للتوزيع، الغاز���دمع����د الغاز مع� ي�سبح ي�سبح وبعده����ا وبعده����ا ���ب���،ب، أنابي�أنابي� ال ال العمل العمل ���ال����ال جم�جم املف�سل�يف���ة يف املف�سل����ة الطاق����ة الطاق����ة باعتباره����ا باعتباره����ا الكربى الكربى ���واق���واق أ�س�لأ�س� املنزلي�يف���ةاليف ا املنزلي����ة ���ات���ات وال�ستخدام� وال�ستخدام� العامل. العامل. حولحول الغاز الغاز قيا�س قيا�س يتميتم كيف كيف الغازالطبيعي الغازالطبيعي �سناعة �سناعة علىعلى ���ون����ون القائم القائم� ي�ستخدم ي�ستخدم كنتكنت على اإن على اإن الغاز���ا ًءبن����ا ًء الغاز بن� لقيا�ض لقيا�ض ���دة����دة مقايي�ض ع مقايي�ض ع� امل�سال اأو امل�سال اأو الطبيعي الطبيعي الغ����از حجم����از حجم الغ بقيا�ض بقيا�ض ترغ����ب ترغ����ب غازية غازية حالته حالته لتحديد لتحديد الطاقة ،اأو الطاقة ،اأو حمتوى حمتوى لقيا�ض لقيا�ض �سائلة.. �سائلة.. اأم اأم الثانوية الثانوية املنتجات املنتجات من من �سل�سلة �سل�سلة �سطح �سطح حتتحتت من من الطبيعي الطبيعي الغ����از ا�ستخراج����از ا�ستخراج الغ عندعند من من عددعدد مزيج���نم����ن مزيج م� عنعن ���ارة���ارة ���ون عب� ���ون� عب� ���ر ،يك البح�يك� البح����ر، ���ون����ون ���اد� ًة���ام�تك����ا تك ���ي���ادع� ًة م والت�ع� والت����ي الطبيعي����ة الطبيعي����ة ���ات���ات املركب� املركب� الت�سييل، الت�سييل، عملي����ة عملي����ة وخالل وخالل قليلة���د ًاج����.د ًا. قليلة ج� ���ات���ات بكمي�بكمي� للكمللكم ونتيج����ة ونتيج����ة ���رى���.رى. ���اتأخا�لأخ� ���ات ال املكون� املكون� ف�س����ل ف�س����ل يت����ميت����م أ�سبحت أ�سبحت إنتاجا����ه ا إنتاج����ه يتم ايتم ا ���ذي���ذي الغاز ال� الغاز ال� الهائ�م����ل���نم����ن الهائ����ل نقومنقوم حيثحيث قيم����ة قيم����ة ذاتذات الثانوية الثانوية ���ات���ات املنتج� املنتج� ���ذه����ذه ه� ه وت�سمل وت�سمل خمتلفة خمتلفة أ�سواق أ�سواق إىلااإىل ا و�سحنها و�سحنها ا مبعاجلتها مبعاجلتها والهيليوم. والهيليوم. الكربيت الكربيت امل�سال، امل�سال، البرتول البرتول غازغاز
20152015 Petroleum Today Today - September - September 1515Petroleum
مــا هــو الغـاز الطبيعـي امل�ســال ؟
اأ�س��بح الغاز الطبيعي امل�س��ال الوقود املف�س��ل ملرافق الطاقة حول العامل نظر ًا مليزة االحرتاق النظيف وقلة انبعاث ثاين اأك�سيد الكربون لكل وحدة من وحدات الطاقة ،باالإ�سافة اإىل كفاءته العالية عند ا�ستخدامه لتوليد الكهرباء. ما هو الغاز الطبيعي امل�سال؟ الغ ��از الطبيعي امل�سال هو غ ��از طبيعي مت تربيده اإىل 161درج ��ة مئوي ��ة حت ��ت ال�سف ��ر .يتك ��ون الغاز الطبيعي ب�سكل اأ�سا�س ��ي من امليثان ،ون�سب قليل ��ة م ��ن هيدروكربون ��ات اأخ ��رى مث ��ل الإيثان والربوبان والبيوتان ،كم ��ا يحتوي اأي�س ًا على املاء وث ��اين اأك�سيد الكربون والنيرتوج ��ني والأك�سجني وبع�ض مركب ��ات الكربيت .ويتم اإزالة معظم هذه املركب ��ات الإ�سافية خالل عملي ��ة الإ�سالة ،حيث يتك ��ون الغ ��از املتبقي ب�س ��كل رئي�سي م ��ن امليثان 14
- September 2015
وكميات قليلة فقط من هيدروكربونات اأخرى. يف حالة الغازالطبيعي ال�سائلة ،يتم تقلي�ض حجم الغاز الطبيعي امل�س ��ال اإىل ما يقارب 600/1من حجمه مقارنة بحالته الغازية ،وهذا ي�سهل عملية تخزينه ونقله باأم ��ان وب�سكل موثوق جلميع اأركان الك ��رة الأر�سية .الغاز الطبيع ��ي امل�سال هو �سائل ع ��دمي اللون والرائح ��ة غري م�سبب للت� �اآكل وغري �سام ويتم تخزينه ونقله يف �سغط جوي يتوافق مع درج ��ة غليانه .مما يعن ��ي اأن درجة حرارته تبقى ثابتة طاملا مت املحافظة عليه حتت �سغط ثابت.
Petroleum Today
ولأن الغاز الطبيعي عدمي اللون والرائحة والطعم، ي�ساف اإليه مرك ��ب كيميائي يطلق عليه مركابنت ( ي�سب ��ه الكربيت يف رائحت ��ه) قبل عملية التوزيع لإعطائة رائحة مميزة غري حمببة (ت�سبه البي�ض الفا�سد) وذلك كعن�سر اأمان ي�سمح التعرف عليه يف الهواء يف حالة حدوث ت�سرب. كيف نح�سل على الغاز الطبيعي؟ يب ��داأ البحث عن الغاز الطبيع ��ي من خالل علماء اجليولوجي ��ا لتحديد اأن ��واع ال�سخ ��ور التي توجد
بتــــــروبل بتــــــروبل ك�شركة ك�شركة 19781978 لعاملعام رقم 16 رقم 16 القانون القانون مبوجب مبوجب أ�ش�شت أ�ش�شت تا تا العامة العامة امل�شرية امل�شرية الهيئةالهيئة كل من بنيمن بني كل م�شرية م�شرية م�شاهمة م�شاهمة امل�شري امل�شري �تي ��ت الدوليةي �للز الدولية للز �وك� �-وك - و�شر اأكي� ��ة اأي و�شرك ��ة �رتول�رتول للب � للب � اخلم�شينات اخلم�شينات م�شرتك�داأب �من�د �اأ�ذمن ��ذ م�شرتك ب � �اون�اون �رة تع � وه � و�يهث�م ��ي ث�رةم �تع � واحلكومة واحلكومة العربي ��ة العربي ��ة م�ش ��ر م�ش ��ر جمهورية جمهورية حكومت ��ى حكومت ��ى ب ��نيب ��ني الغازالغاز وحقول وحقول ب�شيناء ب�شيناء الزيت الزيت إدارة �ح�ولق ��ول إدارة حق إيطالية ل إيطالية ل ال ال قد بداأ ال�شركةبداأ ال�شركة قد �اط��اط وكان� ن�ش وكان ن�ش ما�شي. ما�شي. الطبي�يعب�ا�يأبوباأبو الطبيع � والتيوالتي للبرتول للبرتول أهليةأهلية ال�شركة ال ال�شركة ال ا�شما�شم حتتحتت 19531953 عامعام للبرتول للبرتول ال�شرقية ال�شرقية ال�شركة ال�شركة إىل اإىل 1957 1957ا عدلتع �يف�امع ��ام عدلت يف باعيم يف باعيم يف �رتول�رتول �شركة ب � �شركة ب � احلايل احلايل ا�شمها ا�شمها �ذت�ذت ثم اأخثم� اأخ � رئا�شة رئا�شة ح�شنح�شن عاطف عاطف املهند�س املهند�س ويتووىل ويتووىل . 1978 . 1978 ع ��امع ��ام احلاىل احلاىل الدارة الدارة جمل�س جمل�س املا�شي املا�شي �ال� ال�امع ��ام �ال الع ال�شركة خ � ال�شركة خ � �اجت ��اج �ايل ان �ايل� انت � بل ��غبل �اج�غم �اجم وغازوغاز خامخام �تي ��ت متكايفء �وز متكايفء وزي برميل برميل �فل ��ف 350اأ 350األ � �وايل�وايل ح� ح� مليارمليار عليعلي ا�شتثماراتي ��دتزي ��د ا�شتثمارات تز حيث�شمت��خ�ش ��خ حيث مت طبيع �طبي�يع ��ي املا�شي . املا�شي . العامالعام خالخال دولردولر م�شرم�شر الغاز فى الغاز فى إنتاجإنتاج على30%من %امن ا على 30 ال�شركة ال�شركة ت�شتحوذ ت�شتحوذ
حقولحقول واثننيمن %من واثنني % اجلمي ��ل اجلمي ��ل منطقة منطقة منه ��امنه ��28ا28%من %من إنتاجها إنتاجها �ادة� ا�ادة ا على زي على زي � تعملتعمل �ا��".ا". الدلت �الدلت ما�شى فى ما�شى فى اأب ��واأب ��و يوميا فى يوميا فى الغازالغاز مكعبة من مكعبة من قدمقدم مليارمليار 1.51.5 إىل اإىل لي�شل لي�شل ا حاليا. حاليا. يوميايوميا قدمقدم مليارمليار 1.11.1 نحونحو 2016-2015من 2016-2015من املتو�شط املتو�شط البحرالبحر لبرتوبل�ىف ��ى لبرتوبل ف � التابعة التابعة الغازالغاز آباراآبار تق ��عت اق ��ع كيلومرتا كيلومرتا 225225 نحونحو تبعدتبعد اجلميل��ىالت ��ى اجلميل الت منطقة منطقة قبالةقبالة امل�شتخرج امل�شتخرج الغازالغاز نقل نقل ويجرى ويجرى القاهرة. القاهرة. �شرقى �شرقى �شمال�شمال أنابيبأنابيب خطوط ا خطوط ا بوا�شطة بوا�شطة لبرتوبل لبرتوبل البحرية البحرية �ارب ��ار منب �الآ من الآ ف�شلف�شل يجرىيجرى حيثحيث اجلميل اجلميل املعاجلة�ىف ��ى املعاجلة ف � حمطة حمطة اإىل اإىل إىل اإىل و�ش �الغ�خ� ال�ازغا��از �اتش ��خ �ات �و� املتكثف املتكثف � �راج�راج وا�شتخ � وا�شتخ � �بئ ��ب ال�شوا ال�شوائ � إيجا�س. إيجا�س. ب�شركة ا ب�شركة ا اخلا�شة اخلا�شة القومية القومية ال�شبكة ال�شبكة املا�شية املا�شية املالي ��ة املالي ��ة ال�شنةال�شنة �ال�ال ال�شركة� خ � ال�شركة خ �ارات�ارات ا�شتثم � ا�شتثم � مليونامليونا 888888 دولره ��امننه �ح�ا� ن�وح ��و دولر من �اري ��ار � 1.095مل 1.095ملي بلغ � بل�تغ ��ت 1.030 1.030 ل�شتثمار ل�شتثمار برتوب ��ل برتوب ��ل تخطط تخطط اينى��اكم ��ا اينى كم ح�ش ��ة ح�ش ��ة 2016-2015 2016-2015 املالي ��ة املالي ��ة ال�شن ��ة ال�شن ��ة �ال�ال دولر خ � دولر خ � �اري ��ار ملي �مل وقد وقد دولر. دولر. �وني ��ون �864مل 864ملي �اركه ��افياهإي�ن�ا� اإي�ىن �بن�ىح �بن�وح ��و �ارك في ت�ش � ت�ش � الغازالغاز إنتاجإنتاج �دةي �ل�دة ل جدي �جد آباراآبار ت�شع ات�شع بحفربحفر ال�شركة ال�شركة قام �قا�تم ��ت
واحدواحد برىبرى بينها بئر بينها بئر من من املا�شية املا�شية املاليةاملالية ال�شنةال�شنة خالخال بحرية. بحرية. آباراآبار والباقى والباقى ا التجارى التجارى �فش ��ف الك�ش �الك� برتوبلخ �موؤ�راخ ��را برتوبل موؤ �شرك ��ة �شرك ��ة وحق�تق ��ت وحقق � منطقة منطقة )2فى غرب فى غرب )2 �شمال�شمال نيدوك ��و نيدوك ��و للغاز ( للغاز ( اجلديد اجلديد حالياحاليا واجلارى واجلارى الربي ��ة الربي ��ة النيلالنيل بدلتابدلتا ابوما�شى ابوما�شى �رب�رب غ� غ� مبجرد مبجرد إنتاجإنتاج خريطة ال خريطة ال علىعلى لو�شعه لو�شعه اجله �اجل�وده ��ود تكثيف تكثيف البئرالبئر �طب ��ط الازمة �لر الازمة لرب �اجت ��اج خطوطت �الن خطوط الن النت�اءه �م ��اء�نم ��ن النته � البئرالبئر أداءاأداء متابعة متابعة ا و�شيتم و�شيتم احلالية احلالية النتاج النتاج �ات�ات بت�شهي � بت�شهي � املنطقة، املنطقة، لتنمية لتنمية امل�شتقبلية امل�شتقبلية اخلطة اخلطة لتحديد لتحديد كثبكثب عن عن طبقةطبقة وجودوجود اجلدي �عن�د عن اجلدي ��د الك�شف الك�شف تقييمتقييم نتائ ��ج وت�شريئ ��ج وت�شري نتا م�شبق ًا م�شبق ًا �اجت �من�اجه ��امنه ��ا حامللل�غ�ة� لل�ازغ �مل�ازيت �مل�ميت �الن�مت �الن حامل ��ة �دةي ��دة جدي �جد الطبقة الطبقة �داد��داد ال�شيزمى� امت ال�شيزمى امت امل�ش ��ح �اتش ��ح �ات �امل� أو�ش�تح �بيا�تن �بيان أو�شاح � وا و ي�شلي�شل املتوقع قد املتوقع قد الحتياطى الحتياطى كيلو�رتم �وا�رتأن واأن كيلو م � بحواىل 10 بحواىل 10 كبري واأن كبري واأن احتياطى احتياطى وهو وهو مكعب�ازغ ��از مكعب غ � مرت مرت �اري ��ار �15مل اإىل ا15إىلملي آبارلآبار عدد�نما�ل�ن ا عدد م � حلف ��ر خمططف ��ر خمطط حل برنامج��لعم ��ل برنامج عم �اك ��اك هن � هن للمنطقة. للمنطقة. كاملةكاملة تنميةتنمية لعمللعمل 10بئر ترتاوحبنيما 8بني––108بئر ترتاوح ما
20152015 Petroleum Today Today - September - September 1313Petroleum
نتائـج وم�صروعات �أكـرب �صركتي برتول م�صرية خــــــالـدة خال ��دة للب ��رول( ،بالإجنليزي ��ة: )Petroleum Coه ��ي �إح ��دى �ش ��ركات قط ��اع �لب ��رول �مل�ش ��ري ،و�لت ��ي تاأ�ش�ش ��ت ع ��ام 1985 ك�شرك ��ة م�شاهمة م�شرية ،ومتتد مناطق �متياز �ل�شرك ��ة يف مناط ��ق خال ��دة و�شمبتك ��و و�لق�ش ��ر وكالب�ش ��ة وخ ��ري وغريه ��ا وه ��ذة �ملناط ��ق تقع جميعه ��ا يف جن ��وب مر�ش ��ى مط ��روح .ويت ��وىل �ملهند� ��س حمم ��د عبد�لعظي ��م رئا�ش ��ة جمل� ��س �لد�رة �حلاىل Khalda
نتائج اعمال ال�شركة "ال�شركة تنتج % 22من جملة الإنتاج املحلى من الزي ��ت اخلام والغاز الطبيعى ،حيث ي�شل الإنتاج اليوم ��ى من حق ��ول ال�شرك ��ة اإىل 900مليون قدم مكع ��ب غ ��از ،و 155األ ��ف برمي ��ل م ��ن الزي ��ت"، وجنح ��ت ال�شركة خ ��ال ال�شن ��ة املالي ��ة /2014 2015ف ��ى حتقيق 20ك�شفا برتولي ��ا بن�شبة جناح جت ��اوزت ،% 70حيث مت اختبار 16بئرا كانت 12 بئرا منها للزي ��ت ،و 4للغاز وكان اإجمايل معدلت الختب ��ارات الأولية ح ��واىل 30األ ��ف برميل زيت ومتكثفات بالإ�شافة اإىل 83مليون قدم مكعب من الغازيوميا. جنح ��ت اأي�شا ف ��ى حتقيق عدد م ��ن الكت�شافات املهم ��ة منها ك�شف بتاح 1اأعط ��ى اإنتاجية قدرها 7317برميل زيت يومي ��ا و 6،7مليون قدم مكعب غازم ��ن خ ��زان ال�شف ��ا باحلق ��ل الق ��دمي ،وك�شف بريني� ��س 1واأعط ��ى اإنتاجية قدره ��ا 5176برميل زيت خ ��ام و 1،4مليون قدم مكع ��ب غازمن خزان علم البوي ��ب ، 3و ك�شف تاجنو 1واأعطى اإنتاجية قدرها 20مليون ق ��دم مكعب غاز و 2320برميل متكثفات يوميا من خ ��زان ال�شفا العلوى ،وك�شف 12
- September 2015
با�شيفي ��ك 1يف منطقة امتي ��از اأبوالغراديق ،حيث اأعط ��ى اإنتاجية قدرها 26مليون قدم مكعب غازو 1412برميل متكثف ��ات يوميا من خزان البحرية ال�شفلىونتيج ��ة لأن�شط ��ة ال�شتك�ش ��اف والتنمية، زادت احتياطي ��ات ال�شركة مبق ��دار 60.6مليون برميل زيت خام ومتكثف ��ات بن�شبة تعوي�س %116 و 577بلي ��ون قدم مكعب من الغاز الطبيعي بن�شبة تعوي�س تقدر ب� .%166 خطط العام اجلديد بالن�شب ��ة للخط ��ة املقرتح ��ة لل�شنة املالي ��ة 2015 �، 2016 /شيق ��وم ال�شري ��ك ب�ش ��خ ا�شتثم ��ارات تق ��در بنح ��و 979ملي ��ون دولر منه ��ا 333مليون دولركم�شاري ��ف ت�شغيلي ��ة ،حي ��ث تق ��وم ال�شركة بحفر 10اآبار ا�شتك�شافية منها بئر مبنطقة �شمال قطارة وبئرين ف ��ى منطقة يدما العلم ،كما قامت ال�شركة بحفر 92بئرا بغر�س زيادة اإنتاج ال�شركة من خ ��ال تنمي ��ة الحتياطي ��ات املوؤك ��دة وتاأكيد الحتياطيات املحتملة واملمكنة ،وت�شمل هذه الآبار 74بئ ��را منتج ��ة للزيت اخلام و 15بئ ��را لتح�شني كف ��اءة حق ��ن املياه و 3اآب ��ار منتجة للغ ��از ،كما مت تنفي ��ذ 156عملي ��ة اإع ��ادة اإكمال منه ��ا 80عملية بحق ��ول الزيت ت�شتمل على 38بئرا حلقن املياه و8 عمليات بحق ��ول الغازالطبيع ��ي و 30عملية هجر موؤق ��ت ،بالإ�شافة اإيل ا�شتكم ��ال حفر واإكمال 28 بئرا ا�شتك�شافية. وق ��د اأ�شف ��رت هذه العملي ��ات جمتمعة ع ��ن ن�شبة حتقيق عالية %102بالن�شبة للزيت اخلام و %115 للمتكثف ��ات و %147بوتاج ��از مم ��ا يحق ��ق %105 كن�شب ��ة حتقيق بالن�شبة للزي ��ت اخلام و املتكثفات و %98للغاز الطبيعي.
Petroleum Today
امل�شروعات وف ��ى جمال امل�شروعات يج ��ري تنفيذ العديد من امل�شروع ��ات الهادفة لتعظيم الإنتاجية من اأهمها م�شروع حمطة �شواغط الق�شر با�شتثمارات 310 ملي ��ون دولر ،و تنمي ��ة حقل هي ��درا با�شتثمارات 50ملي ��ون دولر ،كذل ��ك مت و�شع � 6شواغط غاز لإنتاج الغ ��از ذوال�شغط املنخف�س موزعة كالتايل � 4شواغط يف حمطة كاب�شة ب�شعة 20مليون قدم مكع ��ب ،و� 2شواغ ��ط مبحط ��ة اأبوالغراديق ب�شعة 20مليون ق ��دم مكعب و�شاغ ��ط مبحطة اأمربكة ب�شع ��ة 3ملي ��ون قدم مكع ��ب ،كما تق ��وم ال�شركة حالي ��ا باإن�شاء حمطة �شواغ ��ط مبنطقتي هايدرا وطارق لتمكني احلقول من الإنتاج مع النخفا�س يف �شغط اخل ��زان ،كذلك عمل الدرا�شات الفنية واملالية لإعادة و�شع اأح ��د ال�شواغط الحتياطية للم�شنعني الثالث والرابع مبنطقة ال�شام ليكون �شاغط احتياطي للم�شنعني الأول والثاين ،وعمل تو�شعة مبحط ��ة كاب�شة لت�شل طاقة املعاجلة بها اإىل 50األ ��ف برمي ��ل يوميا بدل م ��ن 40األف و30 ملي ��ون ق ��دم مكعب غ ��از طبيع ��ي كذل ��ك للتغلب على الزيادة الإنتاجي ��ة للمياه لت�شل اإىل 85األف برميل يوميا.
النفقات الراأ�سمالية بنحو اأك��ر من 100مليار دوالر عن طريق تاأجيل اأو اإلغاء امل�سروعات االأكر تعقيدا ،التي حتتاج اإىل راأ�ض مال �سخم.
ه���ل ن���واج���ه ����ص���ن���وات م���ن ال��ن��ف��ط الرخي�ض؟
فى حتليل ن�سرتة وكالة رويرتز لالنباء عن م�ستقبل ا�سعار البرتول او�سح التحليل اأن اأ�سعار النفط �ستظل منخف�سة ل�سنوات قادمة وهو ما يكبح جماح الت�سخم وي�ساهم يف دعم النمو العاملي. فالتحليل يذكر ان العقود االآجلة للنفط اخلام يف اأ�سواق ال�سلع االأولية الكربى مثل بور�ستي نيويورك التجارية واإنرتكونتيننتال تظهر اأن اأ�سعار النفط خلم�ض �سنوات قادمة انهارت يف االأ�سهر املا�سية كما اأن اأ�سعار النفط يف عقود الت�سليم يف امل�ستقبل عادة ما تكون اأكر ا�ستقرارا من االأ�سعار املتقلبة على االأم��د الق�سري وتتما�سك حتى عندما تنهار ال�سوق الفورية لكن الهبوط احلاد االأخري يف اأ�سعار اخلام يبدو خمتلفا. فاأ�سعار جميع العقود االآج�ل��ة ال�سهرية ل�سنوات ق��ادم��ة وامل �ع��روف��ة اأي �� �س��ا "مبنحنى" االأ� �س �ع��ار امل�ستقبلية تراجعت ب�سكل حاد. وم��ن جهتها ق��ال��ت امريتا �سني حمللة ��س�وؤون النفط لدى اإنرجي اأ�سبكت�ض ال�ست�سارات الطاقة "يظهر املنحنى اأن االأ�سعار �ستظل منخف�سة لبع�ض الوقت". 10
- September 2015
واالأ� �س �ع��ار امل�ستقبلية لي�ست توقعات ن�ظ��را الأن ال�سيولة تتجه اإىل االنخفا�ض يف العقود الطويلة االأجل .لكنها موؤ�سرات جيدة على املعنويات الأنها �سوق ي��راه��ن فيها امل�ساربون على االأ��س�ع��ار يف امل�ستقبل وتتيح اأي�سا لكبار املنتجني وامل�ستهلكني التحوط لالأن�سطة امل�ستقبلية. ويقول حمللون اإن منحنى االأ�سعار امل�ستقبلية يظهر اأن االنهيار احلايل يف اأ�سعار النفط �سي�ستمر لفرتة نظرا الأنه حدث بفعل تخمة كبرية يف املعرو�ض من املرجح اأن ت�ستمر. ونبهت الوكالة اىل ان اأ�سعار النفط انهارت على م��دى ال�ع��ام املا�سي م��ع قيام ال�سعودية ومنتجني اآخرين يف منظمة اأوبك بزيادة االإنتاج للحفاظ على ح�ستهم يف ال�سوق يف مواجهة مناف�سني مثل منتجي النفط ال�سخري يف ال��والي��ات املتحدة وهبط �سعر خ��ام القيا�ض العاملي مزيج برنت اإىل نحو 45دوالرا للربميل يف يناير كانون الثاين من اأكر من 115دوالرا قبل ذلك بنحو �ستة اأ�سهر. وت��اب�ع��ت اأن االأ� �س �ع��ار ارت�ف�ع��ت ب�ع��د ذل��ك لكنها تراجعت اإىل م�ستويات مل ت�سل اإليها منذ اأن بداأت االأزمة املالية والركود الطويل يف .2009-2008 ومع انخفا�ض االأ�سعار يلجاأ كثري من املنتجني اإىل التحوط الإنتاجهم يف امل�ستقبل من خالل امل�ستقات وبيع عقود اآجلة للنفط الذي �سي�سخوه يف 2016 و 2017وما بعدها.
Petroleum Today
و�ساعد ذلك يف دفع االأ�سعار االآجلة للرتاجع مع انهيار االأ�سعار الفورية وهو ما خف�ض بدوره منحنى االأ�سعار امل�ستقبلية باأكمله. ومتا�سكت العقود االآجلة يف 2009-2008اإىل حد كبري ومت ت��داول العقود االآج�ل��ة للخام االأمريكي خلم�ض �سنوات قادمة اأعلى 30دوالرا من االأ�سعار الفورية وهو ما اأبقى املنحنى امل�ستقبلي يف اجتاه نزويل حاد. واالآن ف �اإن ه��ذا املنحنى اأق��ل ان �ح��دارا بكثري مع تقل�ض الهام�ض يف عقود اخلم�ض �سنوات القادمة اإىل اأقل من 20دوالرا كما تر�سم اأ�سواق امل�ستقات االأخ� ��رى � �س��ورة مم��اث�ل��ة ح�ي��ث انخف�ست عقود اخليارات -التي تعطي احلق يف بيع النفط عند م�ستوى معني يف امل�ستقبل -اإىل 35دوالرا للربميل ب��ل و 30دوالرا للخام االأم��ري �ك��ي و"تظهر تلك االأ�سواق اأن االأ�سعار لن تتعافى يف اأي وقت قريب".
نظرة خمتلفة
ولكن هناك بع�ض وجهات النظر املختلفة حول هذا االمر حيث اأفاد اخلبري االقت�سادي لدى بنك "كريدي �سوي�ض" "جان �ستيوارت" يف حوار لوكالة "بلومربج" اأن هناك اأ�سبابا �ستدفع خام برنت" لالرتفاع نحو 71دوالرا للربميل بنهاية العام اجلاري. وم��ن ه��ذه االأ�سباب اأن معدالت ا إالن�ت��اج ب��داأت يف الرتاجع بالفعل رغم كونها قرب م�ستويات قيا�سية، ولكن ال�سوؤال يكمن يف مدى ت�سارع هذا االنخفا�ض، ويتوقع "�ستيوارت" تراجع االإن�ت��اج يف الواليات املتحدة اأدنى 9ماليني برميل يومي ًا مقارن ًة مبعدله احلايل عند 9.6مليون برميل. وال���س�ب��ب ال �ث��اين يكمن يف ت��زاي��د ال�ط�ل��ب حيث �سريتفع يف االأ� �س��واق النا�سئة وم��ن ال�سني ،اأما ال�سبب الثالث ،فيتمثل يف اأن اأوروبا بداأت تتعافى اقت�سادي ًا للمرة االأوىل يف خم�ض �سنوات ،وبالتايل من دون �سغوط اأوروب �ي��ة� ،سوف يتزايد الطلب ب�سكل جيد. ويعتمد اخلبري االقت�سادي يف توقعاته على تنامي الطلب من االأ�سواق النا�سئة – رغم كونه قرب اأدنى م�ستوياته – ولكن يجب االأخذ يف االعتبار اأن ارت �ف��اع االأ� �س �ع��ار ��س��وف ي��زي��د م��ن اأن�سطة ال�سركات االإنتاجية ،كما جتاهل "�ستيوارت" تباطوؤ النمو االقت�سادي يف ال�سني والركود يف االأ�سواق النا�سئة.
ريا اإىل اأن التعامل مع حلني تعايف االأ�سعار ،م�س ً واقع هبوط اأ�سعار النفط قرب م�ستوى 50دوال ًرا لن يكون ً �سهال. واأ�ساف اأن االأولولية خلف�ض االإنفاق يف امليزانية، والتعامل طب ًقا للظروف اخلا�سة بكل موؤ�س�سة، موؤكدً ا اأن ال�سركات ال تفكر يف النمو حال ًيا واإمنا ت�سعى للبقاء يف ال�سوق .
�صركات النفط ومعركة البقاء
اإجراءات غري كافية؟
ورغم اتخاذ ال�سركات الجراءات خف�ض التكاليف ي�ق��ول "روبرتو كومينوتو" مدير اال�ستثمار يف �سركة اال�ستثمارات ال�سوي�سرية "جي اإيه اإم" :اإن ال�سركات تقوم بخف�ض التكاليف على �سعيدين العمليات الت�سغيلية واالإنفاق الراأ�سمايل اإال اأن هذا قد ال يكون كاف ًيا مطالبا ب�سرورة وجود تغريات هيكلية يف الطريقة الت�سغيلية ال�ت��ي تنتهجها ال�سركات النفطية الكربى بعد �سنوات من العوائد املرتاجعة بفعل ارتفاع التكاليف. واأ�سار التقرير الذي ن�سرته ال�سحيفة اإىل اأنه وف ًقا لالأ�سعار احلالية لن تتمكن ال�سركات النفطية ال �ك��ربى م��ن تغطية نفقات اإن �ت��اج اخل ��ام ودف��ع توزيعات نقدية مل�ساهميها م�سيفة ان��ه بالرغم من التوقعات الكبرية ب�ساأن تعايف اأ�سعار النفط خالل ال�سنوات املقبلة ومع ميل �سركات النفط اإىل االهتمام بالروؤية طويلة االأجل ً بدال من التغريات اليومية اإال اأن امل�ستويات املنخف�سة احلالية ت�سري اإىل خماطر ا�ستمرار ال�سغوط يف ال�سوق لفرتة اأطول مما كان متوق ًعا. وق��ال��ت ان م��ن � �س �اأن ه��ذه امل�خ��اط��ر اأن تدفع �سركات النفط االأوروبية مثل "بي بي" ،و"�سل"، واالأمريكية مثل "�سيفرون" ،و"اإك�سون موبيل" اإىل مزيد من االإج ��راءات ال�سارمة وم��ا زالت ال�سركات النفطية تركز على خف�ض التكاليف والنفقات الراأ�سمالية وهي االإجراءات التي تقول
املوؤ�س�سات اإن فوائدها �سوف تبداأ يف الظهور بحلول نهاية العام اجلاري.
تدابري اأكرث �صرامة
ويرى التقرير اأن ال�سركات االأمريكية اأثبتت مرونة اأكر من املتوقع ،بعد اأن متكنت من اإيجاد طرق خلف�ض تكاليف التنقيب ،مع اإعادة �سياغة برامج التحوط ،واالأ�سهم ال�سادرة ،لتعزيز ميزانيتها العمومية ،اإال اأن ال�سغوط م�ستمرة يف التزايد. ويقول "ديفيد تامريون" املحلل يف �سركة "ويلز ف��ارج��و ل� �الأوراق املالية"ح�سبما ج��اء يف تقرير ال�سحيفة :اإن �سناعة النفط حتتاج اإىل "هزة" م�س ًريا اإىل اأن ال�سوق بحاجة لغياب بع�ض املنتجني، مع قدرة الكثري من ال�سركات على التما�سك اأمام ال�سغوط الهبوطية لل�سوق بدعم املقر�سني. بينما قال "اآل ووكر" الرئي�ض التنفيذي ل�سركة "اأنادراكو بيرتوليم" االأمريكية :اإنه لي�ض متاأكدا من ق��درة �سركته ،وال�سناعة ككل على حت�سني هوام�ض الربح ال�سرورية للعودة اإىل منط النمو. وتعتقد "وول �سرتيت جورنال" اأن احتمالية اتخاذ مزيد من االإجراءات الرامية خلف�ض اأكر �سرامة يف النفقات ت�سري اإىل خطورة الو�سع يف �سناعة النفط العاملية. واأو�� �س ��ح "فا�سل غيط" امل �ح �ل��ل يف �سركة "اأوبنهامير" اأن �سركات النفط تتعامل مع الو�سع على االأج��ل الق�سري ب� ً �دال من االنتظار
كل ذلك يدفع �سركات النفط الكربى اىل خو�ض "معركة بقاء" عرب اإجراء عمليات خف�ض لعمليات الت�سغيل والنفقات والعمالة وتعليق م�ساريع النفط "عايل التكلفة" يف املياه العميقة وبع�ض اآب��ار النفط ال�سخري حتى تتمكن من البقاء والتاأقلم مع البيئة ال�سعرية اجلديدة للطاقة. ويقدر خمت�سون اأن تلك ال�سركات جلاأت كرد فعل يف العام اجلاري اإىل تخفي�ض النفقات الراأ�سمالية باأكر من 100مليار دوالر عن طريق تاأجيل اأو اإلغاء امل�سروعات االأك��ر تعقيدا التي حتتاج اإىل راأ�ض مال �سخم. وق��ال كلوديو دي�سكالزى رئي�ض �سركة "اينى" االإي�ط��ال�ي��ة العمالقة للنفط اإن ��ه م��ع انخفا�ض اأ� �س �ع��ار ال�ن�ف��ط ط��رح��ت ال �ع��دي��د م��ن االآل �ي��ات املختلفة ملواجهة ظ��روف ال�سوق ويف مقدمتها خف�ض االإنتاج من اأجل دعم اأ�سعار النفط ،ولكن التقديرات االقت�سادية ت�سري لعدم جدوى ذلك يف �سوء وفرة املعرو�ض ،حيث ميكن تعوي�ض اخلف�ض ب�سهولة من اإنتاج النفط ال�سخري الزيتي الذي يت�سم بت�سارع عملية االإنتاج. واأ� �س��اف دي�سكالزي -يف تقرير دوري ملنظمة ال��دول امل�سدرة للبرتول "اأوبك" -اأن��ه يجب اأن ن�ك��ون على قناعة ب �اأن اأ��س�ع��ار النفط اخل��ام ال ت�سري يف خط بياين م�ستقيم ،بل متعرج مبعنى انخفا�سات وارتفاعات متعاقبة ومن املتوقع يف �سوء التغريات ال�سوقية اأن ي�سجل خ��ام برنت القيا�سي م�ستويات منخف�سة اأق��ل بكثري عن ال�سنوات اخلم�ض املا�سية. واأ�سار دي�سكالزي اإىل اأنه عندما حدث انخفا�ض اأ�سعار النفط ك��ان وا�سحا للجميع اأن �سناعة النفط يجب اأن حتل بع�ض م�ساكلها من اأجل تعزيز وتطوير م�ستويات االأداء الفت ًا اإىل اأن �سركات النفط جلاأت كرد فعل يف العام اجلاري اإىل خف�ض
- September 2015
Petroleum Today
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قوة الدوالر االأمريكي مب��ا اأن النفط اخل��ام م�سعر ب��ال��دوالر االأمريكي فال �سك اأن قوة الدوالر االأمريكي توؤثر �سلب ًا على اأ��س�ع��ار النفط وذل��ك بحكم االإرت �ب��اط العك�سي الذي يربط الدوالر باأ�سعار النفط ومع غياب اأي تطورات من جهة منظمة اأوبك يف الفرتة االأخرية ك��ان اإرت�ف��اع ال��دوالر االأمريكي كفيل يف تخفي�ض اأ�سعار النفط لت�سل اىل اأدن��ى م�ستوياتها منذ اأ�سهر كما اأن توقعات ال�سيا�سة النقدية االأمريكية كانت ال�سبب املبا�سر الإرت�ف��اع ال��دوالر االأمريكي حيث يرتقب ال�سوق توقيت رفع اأ�سعار الفائدة من قبل االإحتياطي الفدرايل االأمريكي حيث اأن روؤية وتوقعات ال�سوق بقيام االإحتياطي الفدرايل برفع اأ�سعار الفائدة يف القريب االأجل من �ساأنه اأن يدعم الدوالر االأمريكي وي�سغط ب�سكل غري مبا�سر على النفط اخلام. وب��ال��رغ��م م��ن االأ��س�ب��اب ال�ت��ي ذك��رن��اه��ا ،تبقى �سيا�سة منظمة االأوب��ك لها التاأثري االأك��رب على اأ�سعار النفط الن عدم تخفي�ض االإنتاج اليومي يلقي بثقله على اال�سعار حيث اأن املعرو�ض يزيد عن الطلب العاملي حوايل 3ماليني برميل ناهيك عن عودة اإيران اىل ال�سوق وبالتايل زيادة اإ�سافية على حجم االإنتاج اليومي.
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- September 2015
هل خف�ض التكاليف ل�صركات البرتول يكفي النقاذ ال�صناعة ؟
م��ن جانبها ق��ام��ت ال���س��رك��ات بخف�ض كبري فى التكاليف اخلا�سة بعملية االن�ت��اج ملواجهة هذا االن�ه�ي��ار ف��ى اال��س�ع��ار وف��ى ه��ذا االط ��ار ن�سرت �سحيفة "وول �سرتيت جورنال" تقريرا اأ�سار اإىل اإمكانية قيام ال�سركات بخف�ض اأكرب يف امل�سروفات مع هبوط االأ�سعار فقد بداأت �سركة "بي بي" الربيطانية العمالقة يف جتربة م�سروعات جديدة للربحية حول م�ستوى 60 دوالرا للربميل ً بدال من 80دوالرا يف العام املا�سي كما جتري �سركة "رويال دات�ض �سل" جتارب على م�سروعات بربحية عند م�ستوى 50دوال ًرا للربميل بالرغم من توقعاتها الأ�سعار ت��رتاوح بني 70اإىل 110دوالرات للربميل. وكانت �سركة "توتال" الفرن�سية قد اأعلنت خالل العام اجل��اري اأنها خف�ست نقطة التعادل ل�سعر النفط ب�اأك��ر م��ن الثلث ،لت�سل اإىل 70دوال ًرا للربميل من 110دوالرات يف العام املا�سي. واأ�سار التقرير اإىل اأنه يف اإطار ظروف اأخرى كانت هذه التخفي�سات �ستبدو �سارمة للغاية مع تقلي�ض امل�سروفات مبليارات الدوالرات بد ًءا من التنقيب اإىل امل�سروعات الهند�سية ومعدات البناء واآالت احلفر.
Petroleum Today
خ�صائر واإلغاء وظائف
بكل تاكيد فان االنخفا�ض الكبري يف اأ�سعار النفط ت�سبب يف تراجع االإي ��رادات الف�سلية لل�سركات النفطية الكربى فرنى ان �سركة "بي بي" �سجلت خ�سائر مم��ا دف��ع امل��دي��ري��ن التنفيذيني الإع��الن ا�ستمرار عمليات خف�ض النفقات مع توا�سل هبوط اأ�سعار اخلام كما اأعلنت �سركتا "�سل" و"�سيفرون" اإلغاء وظائف. ويف هذا ال�سياق قال رئي�ض جمل�ض اإدارة �سركة "�سل" :اإنه ال وجود لتوقعات جازمة يف ال�سركة لكن االإدارة تخطط النكما�ض م�ستمر لفرتات طويلة معل ًنا خف�ض 6500وظيفة واأ��س��اف "بن فان بريدن" اأن �سركته متتلك م�ستويات اأخرى يف حال �سهدت الظروف االقت�سادية الكلية مزيدً ا من التدهور. ويف �سياق ذي �سلة اأو�سحت �سحيفة "وول �سرتيت جورنال" اأن الرتكيز على امل�سروعات منخف�سة التكلفة والعائدات املرتفعة �سوف ي�ساعد ال�سركات اإىل حد ما لكن على املوؤ�س�سات النفطية اأن تعتمد ا ً أي�سا على هبوط التكلفة اخلا�سة بكل مراحل االإن �ت��اج ب ��د ًءا م��ن من�سات احل�ف��ز اإىل خطوط االأنانبيب ،وحت�سني الكفاءة ،من اأجل التعامل مع هبوط االأ�سعار.
اأ�سعــار النفـط اأ�سباب متعددة وتوقعات خمتلفة و�سركات تخو�ض معاركها من اجل البقاء
تعددت اأ�سباب تدهور اأ�سعار النفط و�سط توقعات ت�سري اىل مزيد من التدهور وتوقعات اأخرى تتنباأ بعودة اال�سعار اىل االرتفاع مع نهاية العام اجلاري ,االمر الذي دفع �سركات النفط الكربى اىل اتخاذ جمموعة من التدابري التي ت�سمن تخفي�ض التكاليف وامل�سروفات يف اإطار خو�ض معارك من اأجل اال�ستمرار ولي�ض خافيا على اأحد اأن اأ�سعار النفط فقدت نحو %60من قيمتها يف العام اجلاري مقارنة باأعلى م�ستوياتها يف العام املا�سي والذي بلغ 114دوالراً يف 2014 ويقول حمللون اإن منحنى االأ�سعار امل�ستقبلية يظهر اأن االنهيار احلايل يف اأ�سعار النفط �سي�ستمر لفرتة نظرا حلدوث تخمة كبرية يف املعرو�ض من املرجح اأن ت�ستمر واليكم اأكرث االأ�سباب التي اأدت اإىل هذا االنخفا�ض.
عودة ايران
االنخفا�ض ال�سديد يف اأ�سعار النفط يقف وراءه العديد من اال�سباب والتي تت�سمن االإتفاق النووي االإي ��راين ال��ذي مت توقيعه يف 14يوليو املا�سي والذي من �ساأنه اإزالة العقوبات الدولية عن اإيران وهو ما عك�سته ت�سريحات وزير النفط االإيراين بيغن زنغنه يف وقت �سابق من اأن اإيران تنوي زيادة انتاجها اليومي مبقدار 500األ��ف برميل يومي ًا فور رفع العقوبات ومن ثم مليون برميل خالل االأ�سهر املقبلة م�سيفا اأن اإي��ران ت�سعى للرجوع
اىل م �� �س �ت��وي��ات انتاجها ال�سابق اأي ح��وايل 4ماليني برميل يومي ًا وهو ما يعني اأن زي��ادة اإي��ران الإنتاجها �سيوؤدي اىل زي��ادة يف االإنتاج العاملي و�سط ثبات يف الطلب العاملي وياأتي ذلك بعدما هبط االإنتاج االإي��راين من 4ماليني برميل يومي ًا اىل حوايل مليون برميل يومي ًا بعد العقوبات التي ُفر�ست عليها.
ط��ف��رة االن��ت��اج ب��ال��والي��ات املتحدة االأمريكية
اال�سباب ت�سمن اأي�سا زي��ادة اإن�ت��اج النفط يف ال��والي��ات املتحدة مب��ا يزيد ع��ن اأرب�ع��ة ماليني برميل يوميا خ��الل ال�سنوات اخلم�ض املا�سية بف�سل التقنيات اجل��دي��دة ال�ستخراج النفط ال�سخري مثل "التك�سري" ليقل�ض ذلك مبيعات اأوبك كما ي�سهد قطاع الطاقة يف اأمريكا ال�سمالية ط�ف��رة حقيقية م��ا ي�سهم يف زي ��ادة اإم���دادات النفط العاملي ويف الوقت ذاته فاإن اأعمال النفط
وال�غ��از يف ن��ورث داك��وت��ا وتك�سا�ض واأوكالهوما ولويزيانا واأماكن اأخرى قد �سهدت تو�سعات يف الغاز ال�سخري.
الركود العاملي وال�صني
الركود االإقت�سادي وخا�س ًة يف ال�سني التي هي حمرك اأ�سا�سي لالإقت�ساد العاملي كان له اأي�سا تاأثري مبا�سر على اأ�سعار النفط فرتاجع طلبات امل�سانع وخا�سة ال�سادرات كانت تاأثريها �سلب ًا على النفط حيث انخف�ست ال���س��ادرات ح��وايل %8.3ب�سبب ال�سعف على ال�سلع ال�سينية كما تراجع موؤ�سر اأ�سعار املنتجني اىل %5.4الذي يعد اأدنى م�ستوى منذ اأكتوبر 2009واإ�ساف ًة اىل ذلك ت�سري التوقعات اىل اإحتمال ت�سجيل ال�سني معدل النمو االأدن��ى منذ �سنني عديدة لي�سل اىل %7اأو حتى اأدنى من ذلك وكلها عوامل تزيد من التاأثري ال�سلبي على النفط اخلام.
- September 2015
Petroleum Today
7
www.petroleum-today.com أول بوابة الكرتونية شاملة لقطاع البرتول احدث املنتجات وتطبيقتها فى قطاع البرتول
حورارت وحتقيقات وتقارير صحفية
متابعة اخبارية يومية لقطاع البرتول احمللى والعاملى
مقاالت علمية
تصفح وحتميل اجمللة جمانا
دليل شامل لشركات البرتول
احصائيات ومؤشرات اقتصادية
بيكر هي�ز تطرح تكن�ل�جيا حديثة لتقييم االإ�شمنت امل�شتخدم يف اآبار النفط والغاز اأعلنت �سركة "بيكر هيوز" ( )BHI.Nاالأمريكية طرح خدمة جتارية حديثة حتت ا�سم "IntegrityeXplorer
" لتقييم االإ�سمنت امل�ستخدم لتبطني اآبار النفط والغاز. واأفادت ال�سركة اأن هذه اخلدمة تعتمد على تقنية كهرومغناطي�سية �سوتية ت�سمح مل�سغلي اآبار النفط والغاز بتقييم مبا�سر لروابط االإ�سمنت امل�ستخدم حتت اأي ظروف ،وذلك بد ًال من التقنيات امل�ستخدمة حالي ًا والتي تفتقر الدقة. وذكر نائب رئي�س جمل�س اإدارة ال�سركة "ماريانو جارجويلو" يف بيان ر�سمي – عرب موقعها االإلكرتوين: "انطالق ًا من دورنا الريادي يف االإبداع واالبتكار ،ندرك اأن تطبيق تكنولوجيا االأم�س على التحديات احلالية رمبا ال يجدي نفع ًا ،ومن ثم متكن باحثو ال�سركة من ابتكار خدمة حديثة تواجه حتديات مل يت�سن جتاوزها �سابق ًا بهدف حتقيق الكفاءة والدقة وحت�سني االإنتاج".
الك�يت تطرح مناق�شة لتط�ير 4حق�ل تعتزم �سركة نفط الكويت طرح مناق�سة م�سروع لتطوير 4من حقول النفط والغاز اجلورا�سية، و�سيتم تق�سيم امل�سروع اىل 3حزم وفقا للمناطق الواقعة فيها هذه احلقول ،وهي غربي الرو�ستني، و�سرقي الرو�ستني ،وال�سابرية وام نقا وان كال من هذه احلقول ال� � 4ستبلغ طاقته 40األف برميل من النفط املكافئ. و�سي�سمح ل�سركات املقاوالت املعنية بامل�سروع فقط بالفوز مبجموعة واحدة من املجموعات ال� ،3التي تبلغ امليزانية االإجمالية املقدرة لها 1.17مليار دوالر. من جهة ثانية وقعت �سركة نفط الكويت عقد ًا مع �سركة «جي بي» ال�سينية لتنفيذ م�سح زلزايل متطور جلون الكويت بقيمة 365مليون دوالر .وقدمت �سركة «بي جي بي» ال�سينية اقل العرو�س املالية لتنفيذ امل�سروع ،فيما قدمت ال�سركة الفرن�سية �سي جي جي عر�سا بقيمة 476.3مليون دوالر.
العراق ت�شعى الإنتاج تريلي�ين قدم مكعب من الغاز ي�مي ًا اأعلن ��ت وزارة النف ��ط العراقي ��ة عزمها ال�ستثم ��ار الغاز امل�ساح ��ب م ��ن خ ��الل �س ��ركات وطني ��ة ،بالتع ��اون مع �سركت ��ي «�سل» ،و»مت�سوبي�سي» .فيما بينت اأن اإنتاج الغاز مرتبط بزيادة االإنتاج النفطي. وقال الناطق با�سم ال ��وزارة ،عا�سم جهاد ،اإن «الوزارة تعم ��ل على ا�ستثم ��ار الغاز امل�ساحب م ��ن خالل «�سركة غاز الب�س ��رة» بالتعاون م ��ع �سركت ��ي مت�سوبي�سي و�سل؛ الأن �سناعة الغاز مع ّق ��دة وحتتاج اإىل ا�ستثمارات كبرية وتكنولوجيا متقدمة». ً واأ�س ��اف اأن «مت�سوبي�سي �ساركت �سابقا يف بناء من�ساآت �سركة غاز اجلنوب» ،موؤكد ًا اأن «مه ّمة ال�سركات ا�ستثمار الغ ��از من ثالثة حقول يف الب�سرة ،والهدف هو الو�سول بع ��د ع ��ام 2018اإىل اإنتاج تريليوين ق ��دم مكعبة يومي ًا، وطلبنا من ال�سركات الت ��ي فازت يف جوالت الرتاخي�س ا�ستثم ��ار الغاز امل�ساحب ،وجتميعه ،وت�سليمه اإىل وزارة النفط ،وبالتايل �ستكون لدينا كميات جيدة». وبح�س ��ب بي ��ان ال ��وزارة قال "جه ��اد" اإن االإنت ��اج و�سل اإىل 650ملي ��ون ق ��دم مكعب ��ة يومي� � ًا بالن�سب ��ة ل�سرك ��ة غ ��از اجلنوب ،وكلم ��ا تنامى هذا اجلان ��ب ازداد جتهيز
حمط ��ات الطاق ��ة الكهربائي ��ة .عملي ��ة ا�ستثم ��ار الغاز ب ��داأت بالتنامي مع زيادة معدّالت اإنت ��اج النفط ..لدينا نوع ��ني من الغاز ا ُ حلر املوج ��ود يف باطن االأر�س كحقول عكاز ،واملن�سورية ،وحقل ال�سيبة ،وهذه احلقول مُنحت من خ ��الل جولة تراخي� ��س ل�سركات عاملي ��ة لتطويرها وا�ستخراج الغاز وت�سديره». ّ واأ�س ��ار اإىل اأن «ظ ��روف احل�س ��ار واحل ��روب عطل ��ت اال�ستثمار يف هذا اجلانب ،ويت ��م ا�ستثماره لكن جزئي ًا، ولي�س بامل�ستويات املطلوبة» واو�س ��ح اأن «ال ��وزارة كان ��ت تن ��وي االإع ��الن ع ��ن جولة تراخي� ��س اإال اأن الظ ��روف احلالي ��ة اأجل ��ت املو�س ��وع ويف نيتن ��ا اإع ��الن الرق ��ع اال�ستك�سافي ��ة ذات الرتاكيب الهايدروكاربونية الغازية للتناف�س.
اإيني تعلن ك�شفا للغاز الطبيعي ي�شل اإىل 15مليار مرت مكعب يف الدلتا مب�شر قال ��ت وزارة الب ��رتول امل�سري ��ة اإن �سرك ��ة اإين ��ي االإيطالي ��ة حققت ك�سفا للغاز ت�س ��ل احتياطياته اإىل 15مليار مرت مكعب م ��ن الغاز واملتكثفات يف منطقة الدلتا يف م�سر. حتق ��ق الك�سف اجلديد يف منطقة امتي ��از اأبو ما�سي الغربي ��ة عل ��ى بع ��د 120كيلوم ��رتا �سم ��ال �سرق ��ي االإ�سكندري ��ة .ومتتل ��ك اإين ��ي من خ ��الل �سركتها يف م�س ��ر ايوك اإيني 75باملئة م ��ن منطقة امتياز غرب اأب ��و ما�سي بينما متتلك بي.بي الربيطانية ح�سة 25 باملئ ��ة .وحقق ��ت اإيني الك�سف على عم ��ق 3600مرت. وت�س ��ري التقدي ��رات االأولي ��ة اإىل وج ��ود احتياطي ��ات ت�س ��ل اإىل 15ملي ��ار م ��رت مكعب من الغ ��از الطبيعي واملتكثف ��ات امل�ساحب ��ة وفق بي ��ان ال ��وزارة نقال عن ال�سرك ��ة .ووقعت وزارة الب ��رتول اتفاقا للتنقيب عن الطاق ��ة بقيمة ملياري دوالر مع اإين ��ي يف يونيو .ويف وقت �ساب ��ق من هذا ال�سهر رفعت م�سر ال�سعر الذي تدفع ��ه الإين ��ي واإدي�سون مقاب ��ل اإنتاجهما م ��ن الغاز الطبيعي يف البالد. ومتث ��ل االتفاق ��ات حماولة م ��ن ال�سلط ��ات امل�سرية لتح�س ��ني ال�س ��روط لل�س ��ركات االأجنبي ��ة العامل ��ة يف جمال النف ��ط والغاز اأم ��ال يف ت�سجي ��ع اال�ستثمار يف هذا املجال يف م�سر من خالل اأ�سعار اأكرث تناف�سية. وتعمل اإيني يف م�سر منذ اأكرث من 60عاما من خالل �سركة ايوك التابعة لها. وتعد اإين ��ي اأحد املنتجني الرئي�سيني للطاقة يف م�سر حيث يبلغ حجم انتاجها اليومي نحو 180األف برميل من املكافئ النفطي.
- September 2015
Petroleum Today
5
هاليبريت�ن 500 :ملي�ن دوالر لتم�يل اأن�شطة تنقيب يف اآبار قدمية قال ��ت �سركة "هاليبريت ��ون" االأمريكية ( )HAL.Nاإنها متكنت من تاأمني 500ملي ��ون دوالر لتمويل اأن�سطة تنقيب عن النفط يف اآبار قدمية. وتع ��د ه ��ذه اخلطوة هي االأوىل التي تتخذها �سركة رئي�سية للطاق ��ة ،يف الوقت الذي ترتاجع فيه العديد من ال�س ��ركات االأخ ��رى عن حفر اآبار جديدة .ورمبا يدعم هذا التمويل ت�سريع وترية اأن�سطة التنقيب من جانب "هاليبريت ��ون" ،وفق� � ًا ملا ذكره كبري املحللني لدى �سركة "روب دي�ساي" "اإدوارد جونز" .كانت ال�سركة االأمريكية قد اأعلنت يف وقت �سابق انخفا�س اأرباحها الف�سلية بن�سبة %93اإىل 53مليون دوالر خالل الربع ال�سنوي الثاين ،كما تراجع اإجمايل االإيرادات بن�سبة %26.5اإىل 5.92مليار دوالر.
انتاج عمان من النفط يتجاوز ملي�ن برميل ي�ميا الول مرة
احلك�مة االأمريكية متنح �شـل امل�افقة النهائية على التنقيب يف مياه اأال�شكا منحت احلكوم ��ة االأمريكية املوافق ��ة النهائية ل�سركة "روي ��ال دات�س �س ��ل" ،مل�سروع للتنقي ��ب اال�ستك�سايف يف مي ��اه اأال�سكا ،يف خط ��وة متثل انتكا�س ��ة جلماعات احلفاظ على البيئة املعار�سة للم�سروع. واأعل ��ن مكت ��ب ال�سالم ��ة والبيئ ��ة االأمريك ��ي ،من ��ح موافقته النهائية على قيام �سركة "�سل" بالتنقيب عن النفط يف مياه اأال�سكا. وتعت ��رب عملية احلف ��ر اجلارية بالفع ��ل يف اأال�سكا من خالل ت�سريح موؤقت االأوىل من نوعها منذ عام 2012 حينم ��ا مت الب ��دء يف م�س ��روع للتنقي ��ب ع ��ن اخلام يف القطب ال�سمايل. وق ��ال "مدي ��ر مكت ��ب ال�سالم ��ة االأمريكي ��ة "بري ��ان �سالرين ��و" اإن اأن�سط ��ة التنقي ��ب تتم باأعل ��ى م�ستويات ال�سالم ��ة وحماية البيئة ،ومعاي ��ري اال�ستجابة حلاالت الطوارئ. وكانت منظمة حماية البيئة قد اأبدت احتجاجات قوية عل ��ى عملي ��ة احلفر يف مياه اأال�س ��كا ،حيث قامت مبنع خروج احلف ��ارات البحرية التابعة لل�سركة من مواطئ ال�ساحل الغربي. 4
- September 2015
ذكرت وزارة النفط والغاز العمانية يف تقريرها ال�سهري اأن انتاج النفط واملكثفات جتاوز مليون برميل يوميا يف يوليو الأول مرة يف تاريخ ال�سلطنة .وتعمل عمان على رفع انتاج النفط رغم تخمة املعرو�س التي دفعت اأ�سعار اخلام للهبوط وتتطلع دول اخلليج العربية لتعوي�س انخفا�س اإيرادات النفط .وذكرت الوزارة على موقعها على �سبكة االنرتنت "حققت ال�سلطنة والأول مرة يف تاريخ �سناعة النفط العمانية ،رقما قيا�سيا جديدا يف معدل االنتاج اليومي من النفط اخلام واملكثفات النفطية خالل �سهر يوليو 2015حيث جتاوز معدل االنتاج اليومي خالل �سهر يوليو حاجز املليون برميل الأول مرة وبلغ مليونا والفا وواحد وثمانون برميال ".وزاد اجمايل االنتاج 0.5يف املئة اإىل 894األف و 156برميال من اخلام و 106االف و 926برميال من املكثفات. وقال �سامل نا�سر العويف وكيل وزارة النفط والغاز اإن زيادة االنتاج ترجع ب�سفة ا�سا�سية النخفا�س اأعمال ال�سيانة املقررة م�ستبعدا املتوقع بلوغ نف�س امل�ستوى من االنتاج يف اأغ�سط�س .وبلغت �سادرات اخلام خالل ال�سهر املا�سي 796الفا و 977برميال يوميا وذهبت جميع ال�سحنات اإىل ال�سوق اال�سيوية.
اعــالن نتائج املزايدة العامليــة ل�شركة جنــ�ب ال�ادى القاب�شة للبرتول تلق ��ى املهند�س �سريف اإ�سماعيل وزير البرتول وال ��رثوة املعدنية تقريرا من اجليولوجى اأبوبكر اإبراهيم رئي�س �سرك ��ة جنوب الوادى القاب�سة للبرتول ح ��ول نتائج املزايدة العاملي��ة للبحث عن البرتول والغاز والتى طرحتها ال�سرك ��ة ف ��ى نهاية عام 2014فى 10قطاعات مبناطق مياه خليج ال�سوي�س وال�سحراء ال�سرقية و�سرق وغرب النيل مبنطقتى النقرة وكوم اأمبو. واأو�سح التقرير اأنه مت تلقى 7عرو�س ل� 5قطاعات بحث مب�ساحة اإجمالية تبلغ حواىل 2ر 23األف كم 2وبن�سبة %50من قطاعات البحث املطروحة باملزايدة باإجماىل اإ�ستثمارات يبلغ حدها االأدنى نحو 3ر 100مليون دوالر و منح توقيع بنحو 7ر 3مليون دوالر حلفر 16بئرا ا�ستك�سافية للبحث عن البرتول والغاز واأو�س ��ح رئي� ��س �سركة جنوب الوادى القاب�س ��ة للبرتول اأن نتائج املزايدة �سملت ف ��وز ائتالف �سركتى با�سفك االأماراتية وهيب�سك�س املاليزية بقطاع رقم ( )2جنوب �سرق راأ�س الع�س بخليج ال�سوي�س على م�ساحة 68كم2 بالتزام ��ات حدها االأدنى 68ملي ��ون دوالر ومنحة توقيع 2مليون دوالر حلفر 5اآب ��ار ا�ستك�سافية ،وفوز �سركة ترايدن ��ت للب ��رتول امل�سرية بقطاع رقم (� )6سمال غرب طائر البح ��ر بخليج ال�سوي�س على م�ساحة 191كم2 بالتزام ��ات حدها االأدنى 5ر 4مليون دوالر ومنحة توقيع 500األف دوالر حلفر 6اآبار ا�ستك�سافية ،وفوز �سركة ك ��ريون جماوي� ��س بقطاع رقم (� )4سم ��ال جماوي�س بخليج ال�سوي�س على م�ساح ��ة 194كم 2بالتزامات حدها االأدنى 5ر 23مليون دوالر ومنحة توقيع مليون دوالر حلفر بئرين ا�ستك�سافيني ،وفوز ائتالف �سركتى اآى بى ار االأمريكية مل�سادر الطاقة املحدودة وميدتريا للطاقة بقطاعني مبنطقة كوم اأمبو وهما القطاع رقم (� )7سمال الربكة على م�ساحة 11860كم 2بالتزامات حدها االأدنى 85ر1مليون دوالر ومنحة توقيع 100األف دوالر دوالر حلف ��ر بئ ��ر ا�ستك�سافى واحد ،والقطاع رق ��م ( )8جنوب الربكة على م�ساحة 10900ك ��م 2بالتزامات حدها االأدنى 45ر 2مليون دوالر ومنحة توقيع 100األف دوالر حلفر بئرين ا�ستك�سافيني .
Petroleum Today
جابك� 3.3 :ملي�ن برميل زيت زيادة فى االإنتاج ال�شن�ى ق ��ال املهند� ��س عاب ��د ع ��ز الرج ��ال رئي� ��س �سركة "جابكو" للبرتول ،اإن "ال�سركة جنحت يف ا�ستعادة 16من�سة بحرية لكى ي�سبح اإجماىل املن�سات 78 من�س ��ة ثم اإع ��ادة اإنتاج 66بئرا كان ��ت مغلقة مما اأدى اإىل ا�ستع ��ادة حوايل 21األف برميل زيت يوميا " ،م�سيفا اأن ذلك مت بعد اإجناز عمليات االإ�سالح الالزمة للمن�سات البحرية واالآبار وعدد 9خطوط رئي�سية باالإ�سافة اإىل اخلطوط الداخلية ح�سب ما ذكرت جريدة التحرير امل�سرية . واأ�س ��ار عزالرجال اأن متو�سط اإنتاج املتكثفات يقدر بح ��واىل 688برميل يومي ��ا ،وكانت هذه الزيادة يف كميات اإنتاج البوتاجاز واملتكثفات ناجتة من كميات الغازات املنتجة من حقول بدرى� ،سدق واإدفو ،مما اأدى اإىل تعظي ��م اإنتاج البوتاجاز من م�سنع غازات
راأ� ��س �سق ��ري وكذل ��ك تعظي ��م الربوب ��ان املنتج من ال�سركة امل�سرية البحرينية مل�ستقات الغاز. واأ�س ��اف اأن ال�سرك ��ة حقق ��ت اإجن ��ازا وا�سح ��ا باإ�ساف ��ة م ��ا يق ��در ب�ح ��وايل 10،6ملي ��ون برميل زي ��ت لالإحتياطيات املوؤك ��دة وهو ما ميثل % 40من اإجم ��اىل اإنتاج ال�سركة خ ��الل العام احلاىل ،حيث مت اإ�ساف ��ة 2،4ملي ��ون برميل زي ��ت وهو ما يعادل اإنت ��اج اأوىل حواىل 25األف برميل زيت يوميا وذلك نتيج ��ة اأن�سط ��ة التنمية واإ�سالح االآب ��ار التي قامت به ��ا ال�سرك ��ة ،كما جنح ��ت ال�سرك ��ة يف تنمية نحو 3.8ملي ��ون برمي ��ل من االحتياطي ��ات غري املنماة من الزيت اخلام خالل هذا العام . و يف جمال عمليات اإ�سالح االآبار اأو�سح عزالرجال اأن ال�سرك ��ة قام ��ت بتنفي ��ذ 78عملي ��ة اإ�س ��الح
با�ستخ ��دام اأجهزة احلف ��ر اأو بدونها خ ��الل العام امل ��ايل نتج عنها زي ��ادة يف االإنت ��اج ال�سنوي قدرها ح ��وايل 3.3مالي ��ني برمي ��ل زيت مبتو�س ��ط اإنتاج يوم ��ي يق ��در بح ��وايل 9اآل ��ف برمي ��ل زي ��ت يوميا كمتو�سط على مدار العام.
ثالثة م�شـروعـات جـديـدة تـنـفـذها �شـركـة اأنــربــك
اأرامك� تنجح فى تعزيز قدرات اإنتاج حقل منيفة البرتويل اإىل 900األف برميل
جنح ��ت �سركة اأرامك ��و يف تعزيز قدرات اإنتاج حقل منيف ��ة البرتويل املغمور يف مياه اخللي ��ج العربي �سمال اجلبيل و�سو ًال للطاق ��ة االإنتاجية الكاملة لتبلغ 900 األ ��ف برمي ��ل يف اليوم م ��ن الزيت العربي الثقي ��ل ،اإىل جانب اإنت ��اج 120مليون ق ��دم قيا�سية مكعب ��ة يف اليوم من الغ ��از امل�ساحب التي يتم نقل ��ه للمعاجلة يف معم ��ل الغاز يف اخلر�ساني ��ة التابع الأرامكو كغاز مرافق لقي ��م للمدن ال�سناعية للم�ساعدة يف دعم التنوع االقت�سادي ،اإ�سافة اإىل اإنتاج 65000برميل يف اليوم من املكثفات الهيدروكربونية. ويدع ��م ه ��ذا احلقل ال ��ذي يعد خام� ��س اأكرب حق ��ل نفطي يف الع ��امل على وجه اخل�سو�س م�سفاة �سركة ينبع اأرامكو �سينوبك للتكرير (يا�سرف) اأحد م�سايف اأرامك ��و التي ت�س ��ل طاقتها اإىل 400األ ��ف برميل يف اليوم ،والتي ب ��داأ ت�سغيلها اأواخ ��ر ع ��ام ،2014وجنحت بت�سلي ��م اأول �سحنة من وقود الدي ��زل النظيف يف منت�س ��ف يناير ،2015وهي م�سفاة حتوي ��ل كامل تقع يف مدينة ينبع ال�سناعية على ال�ساحل الغربي من اململكة ،اأقيمت من خالل م�سروع م�سرتك مع �سينوبك، اأك ��رب �سركات التكرير يف قارة اآ�سي ��ا ،وبت�سميم يتيح لها معاجلة الزيت العربي الثقيل من اإنتاج حقل منيفة العمالق.
خالل اجلمعية العامة العادية ل�سركة اأنربك العتماد نتائج االأعمال خالل العام املاىل 2015/2014اأو�سح الكيميائى اأحمد ابوالروح رئي�س ال�سركة اأنها جنحت فى زيادة معدالت انتاجها لتبلغ نحو 913األف طن من البنزين عاىل االأوكتني و 32األف طن من البوتاجاز والربوبان ،و بلغ حجم املبيعات حواىل 2ر6مليار جنيه . واأ�ساف اأن هناك 3م�سروعات جديدة تنفذها ال�سركة فى مقدمتها م�سروع اإن�ساء وحدتى حت�سني النافتا والتن�سيط امل�ستمر للعامل امل�ساعد بهدف م�ساعفة الطاقة االإنتاجية من البنزين عاىل االأوكتني بواقع 850 األف طن �سنوي ًا ت�ساف اإىل االإنتاج احلاىل لل�سركة باالإ�سافة اإىل 10اآالف طن بوتاجاز و 35األف طن �سنوي ًا هيدروجني ،واأ�ساف اأن امل�سروع تبلغ تكلفته اال�ستثمارية نحو 300مليون دوالر وتنفذه �سركة اإنبى كمقاول عام للم�سروع ومن املخطط دخوله حيز الت�سغيل منت�سف عام . 2018 واأو�سح اأب��وال��روح اأن امل�سروع الثانى الإنتاج االأمونيا بطاقة 150األف طن �سنوي ًا والتى تدخل فى �سناعة االأ�سمدة ويقوم على اال�ستفادة من الهيدروجني املنتج من م�سروع وحدتى حت�سني النافتا حيث مت توقيع اتفاقية الدعم الفنى للم�سروع مع �سركة اأبو قري لالأ�سمدة ، واأ�ساف اأن امل�سروع الثالث ي�سمل اإن�ساء وح��دة ا�ستخال�س البنزول يهدف لتحقيق قيمة م�سافة عالية من خالل اإنتاج 42الف طن �سنوي ًا من البنزول عرب ا�ستخال�سه من مادة الريفورمات بوحدة حت�سني النافتا للم�ساهمة فى اإنتاج بنزين 95طبق ًا للموا�سفات القيا�سية وتوفري البنزول كمادة منف�سلة تدخل فى العديد من ال�سناعات . - September 2015
Petroleum Today
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ال�شي�شي ي�ؤكد :م�شر ملتزمة ب�شداد م�شتحقات �شركات البرتول والغـاز
اأ�ستقبل الرئي�س عبد الفتاح ال�سي�سي ،هيلج لوند ،الرئي�س التنفيذي ملجموعة الغاز الربيطانية "بريت�س جاز" ،وذلك بح�سور املهند�س �سريف اإ�سماعيل وزير البرتول والرثوة املعدنية. وقال ال�سفري عالء يو�سف املتحدث الر�سمي با�سم رئا�سة اجلمهورية اإن الرئي�س اأ�سا ًد بالتعاون القائم بني ال�سركة ووزارة البرتول امل�سرية ،واأثنى على ن�ساط ال�سركة وحجم اأعمالها يف م�سر يف جمال البحث والتنقيب عن الغاز.
وهناأ لوند الرئي�س على افتتاح قناة ال�سوي�س اجلديدة ،م�سريا اإىل اأنها توؤرخ حلقبة جديدة يف تاريخ التعاون بني م�سر وخمتلف دول العامل ،كما اأ�ساد مبواقف القيادة ال�سيا�سية امل�سرية وباجلهود امل�سرية املبذولة يف مكافحة االإرهاب ،والتي ال تهدف اإىل حتقيق االأمن واال�ستقرار يف م�سر فقط بل تنعك�س اآثارها االإيجابية على العامل باأ�سره. و ِا�ستعر�س لوند تاريخ ال�سركة يف م�سر على مدار 25عام ًا بحجم ا�ستثمارات بلغ 14مليار دوالر ،مو�سح ًا اأن ال�سركة ا�ستثمرت يف م�سر منذ عام 2011وحتى االآن حوايل 4مليارات ون�سف املليار دوالر ،عالو ًة على رغبتها يف زيادة ا�ستثماراتها يف م�سر ،اأخذ ًا يف االعتبار موقعها اجلغرايف املتميز الذي ميكنها من اأن تكون حمور ًا اإقليمي ًا لنقل واإمداد الغاز والبرتول. ورح��ب الرئي�س برغبة ال�سركة الربيطانية يف زي��ادة ا�ستثماراتها يف م�سر، منوه ًا اإىل اأن م�سر ملتزمة ب�سداد م�ستحقات �سركات البرتول والغاز العاملة على اأرا�سيها ،حيث �سددت بالفعل ثالثة مليارات دوالر خالل العامني املا�سيني، موؤكد ًا عزم احلكومة موا�سلة �سداد م�ستحقات تلك ال�سركات. ولفت الرئي�س اإىل اأن م�سر مل تتخلف يوم ًا عن �سداد التزاماتها الدولية ،واأنها ت�سعى يف املرحلة الراهنة لزيادة وجذب اال�ستثمارات مبا ي�ساهم يف حتقيق النمو والتقدم االقت�سادي وتوفري مزيد من فر�س العمل وت�سغيل ال�سباب.
بقيمة 3.5مليار دوالر م�شروعات جديدة مبنطقة خليج ال�ش�ي�س مع االمارات �سهد املهند�س �سريف اإ�سماعيل وزير البرتول والرثوة املعدنية توقيع مذكرة تفاه ��م ب ��ني �سركة جن ��وب الوادى القاب�س ��ة للبرتول و�سرك ��ة امناء العني االإماراتية للتطوي ��ر واالأ�ستثمار من اأجل البدء ف ��ى الدرا�سات االقت�سادية الالزم ��ة الإقام ��ة حزمة م ��ن امل�سروع ��ات اجلدي ��دة لتنمية منطق ��ة خليج ال�سوي�س با�ستثمارات اإماراتية تقدر بحواىل 5ر 3مليار دوالر وفى مقدمتها م�س ��روع لتولي ��د الطاقة الكهربائي ��ة باإ�ستخ ��دام الطاق ��ة ال�سم�سية وطاقة الرياح اأوالفحم النظيف وحمطة لتحلي ��ة املياه ومنطقة �سناعية لل�سركات املتخ�س�س ��ة لتعظيم القيمة امل�سافة من اخلام ��ات التعدينية املتوافرة فى خليج ال�سوي�س والبحر االأحمر . وقع مذكرة التفاهم اجليولوجى اأبوبكر اإبراهيم رئي�س �سركة جنوب الوادى القاب�سة للبرتول والدكتور �سامل الكعبى رئي�س �سركة " اإمناء العني واأو�سح رئي�س �سركة جنوب الوادى القاب�سة للبرتول اأن اجلانب االأماراتى ابدى اهتمامه باال�ستثمار فى ه ��ذه امل�سروعات بعد االنتهاء من الدرا�سات االإقت�سادي ��ة ،وانه مت االتفاق على تكوين �سركة م�سرتكة بني �سركة جنوب 2
- September 2015
Petroleum Today
وال�سرك ��ة االماراتي ��ة مبج ��رد انتهاء الدرا�س ��ات للبدء ف ��ى التنفيذ الفعلى وال�سيم ��ا اأن امل�سروعات تعد متطلب� � ًا اأ�سا�سيا فى تلبي ��ة احتياجات التنمية وتعزيز القيمة امل�سافة من املوارد الطبيعية وم ��ن جانب ��ه اأكد رئي� ��س �سركة " اإمناء الع ��ني " االأماراتي ��ة حر�س �سركته عل ��ى التوجه لالأ�ستثمار فى م�سر فى الف ��رتة احلالية انطالقا مما ت�سهده من طفرة اقت�سادي ��ة حقيقية ومقومات للنجاح االإ�ستثمارى وفر�س القامة م�سروعات ذات جدوى اقت�سادية مرتفعة.