Medicina dello Sport
Sports Medicine Journal
Chief Editors | A. Parisi - G. Santilli
Official Journal of the Italian Federation of Sports Med icine & European Federation of Sports Med icine Associations www.sportsmedicinejournal.com
Supplement to Volume 79 | Number 1 | March 2026
Trimestrale - Poste Italiane SpA - Sped.Abb.Post. - Aut. n° Lo-No/01386/10.2025 - Periodico Roc - Fascicolo singolo € 40,00
ISSN 0025-7826
Indexed in BIOSIS Previews – EMBASE – SCOPUS – SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDED (SciSearch)
Exercise Prescription in Cardiology Consensus Document Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI) | Italian Society of Sports Cardiology (SIC Sport) In collaboration with: National Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) Italian Society of Cardiology (SIC)
Presentation.......................................................................................III List of abbreviations........................................................................ IV 1
Introduction.............................................................................. 1
1.1
The benefits of physical exercise in cardiology.............................. 3
1.2 Definitions of physical activity, physical exercise, prescription and administration.................................................... 5 1.3
Classification of motor activities................................................... 6
2
General principles of exercise prescription........................... 7
2.1 Initial assessment and cardiovascular risk stratification.................. 9 2.2 “Cardiorespiratory fitness”: methodology and direct (Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing) and indirect tests................. 11
3 Exercise prescription in patients with risk factors and/or cardiovascular diseases............... 37 3.1
Dyslipidemia............................................................................... 39
3.2
Arterial hypertension.................................................................. 42
3.3
Diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome................................. 45
3.4
Coronary artery disease.............................................................. 48
3.5
Valvular heart disease................................................................. 52
3.6
Cardiomyopathies...................................................................... 56
3.7
Arrhythmias and devices carriers................................................ 61
3.8
Congenital heart disease............................................................ 67
3.9
Heart failure and heart transplantation....................................... 73
2.3 Body composition and neuromuscular functional assessment: methodology and direct and indirect tests.................................. 16
3.10 Arterial disease of the lower limbs.............................................. 77
2.4
3.12 The prescription of physical exercise in post-acute cardiac patients and in patients awaiting cardiac surgery: prehabilitation..... 82
General principles and training programs.................................... 18
2.5 Physical activity and exercise in women and gender differences.............................................................. 24 2.6
Exercise prescription at different ages of life .............................. 27
2.7 Safety in the prescription and administration of structured physical exercise.................................................... 30
3.11 Cardio-oncology........................................................................ 79
4.
Organizational and medical-legal aspects.......................... 85
4.1 Prescription and administration of physical exercise: a multidisciplinary approach....................................................... 87 4.2
Informed consent ...................................................................... 89
4.3
Professional liability.................................................................... 94
Glossary.......................................................................................... 100