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PATIENT MANAGEMENT ALGORITHMS

AGING

FIG. 464-5 Algorithm depicting assessment and management of falls in older patients 3428

FIG. 464-7 Algorithm depicting assessment and management of delirium in hospitalized older patients 3432

ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, RHEUMATOLOGY

FIG. 345-4 Algorithm for the diagnosis and management of rhinitis 2504

FIG. 349-2 Algorithm for diagnosis and initial therapy of systemic lupus erythematosus ...... 2519

FIG. 354-1 Treatment algorithm for Sjögren’s syndrome 2563

FIG. 355-2 Algorithm for the diagnosis or exclusion of axial spondyloarthritis 2568

FIG. 356-1 Algorithm for the approach to a patient with suspected diagnosis of vasculitis ............. 2577

FIG. 360-8 Proposed approach to management of patient with possible sarcoidosis 2605

FIG. 360-9 The management of acute sarcoidosis is based on level of symptoms and extent of organ involvement 2606

FIG. 360-10 Approach to chronic disease ............................. 2606

FIG. 363-1 Algorithm for the diagnosis of musculoskeletal complaints 2615

FIG. 363-2 Algorithm for consideration of the most common musculoskeletal conditions 2616

FIG. 363-6 Algorithmic approach to the use and interpretation of synovial fluid aspiration and analysis 2622

ALTERATIONS IN CIRCULATORY

AND RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS

FIG. 37-1 Clinical conditions in which a decrease in cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance cause arterial underfilling with resulting neurohumoral activation and renal sodium and water retention ................................ 238

FIG. 38-5 Differential diagnosis of a holosystolic murmur 245

CARDIOLOGY

FIG. 38-9 Strategy for evaluating heart murmurs ............. 248

FIG. 231-1 Approach to the evaluation of a heart murmur 1650

FIG. 244-6 Treatment algorithm for patients presenting with hemodynamically stable paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 1743

FIG. 254-18 Treatment algorithm for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 1795

FIG. 256-4 Management strategy for patients with aortic stenosis 1806

FIG. 257-1 Management of patients with aortic regurgitation 1812

FIG. 258-1 Management of rheumatic mitral stenosis .................................................................. 1816

FIG. 259-1 Management of mitral regurgitation 1820

FIG. 261-1 Management of tricuspid regurgitation 1825

FIG. 267-3 Evaluation of the patient with known or suspected ischemic heart disease ................. 1855

FIG. 267-4 Algorithm for management of a patient with ischemic heart disease 1863

FIG. 268-3 Algorithm for evaluation and management of patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome ............................................................. 1867

FIG. 269-5 Algorithm for assessment of need for implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator 1883

FIG. 467-1 Composite algorithm for cardiac risk assessment and stratification in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery 3448

CLINICAL GENETICS

FIG. 67-6 Algorithm for genetic testing in a family with cancer predisposition................................... 458

FIG. 457-2 Approach to genetic testing 3372

FIG. 472-9 Clinical and laboratory investigation of a suspected mitochondrial DNA disorder 3484

CORONARY AND PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE

FIG. 269-4 Reperfusion therapy for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction 1878

DISORDERS OF THE URINARY TRACT

FIG. 307-2 A typical algorithm for early posttransplant care of a kidney recipient 2130

EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL CARE

FIG. 293-2 Approach to the patient in shock 2025

FIG. 294-5 Algorithm for the initial management of ARDS 2034

FIG. 295-2 Algorithm to guide the daily approach to management of patients being considered for weaning off mechanical ventilation 2038

FIG. 298-2 Emergency management of patients with cardiogenic shock ................................................ 2055

FIG. 299-3A Algorithm for approach to cardiac arrest due to VT or VF (shockable rhythm) 2064

FIG. 299-3B Algorithm for approach to cardiac arrest due to bradyarrhythmias/asystole and pulseless electrical activity ................................. 2064

FIG. S4-1 General guidelines for treatment of radiation casualties

FIG. S4-2 Algorithm for evacuation in a multicasualty radiologic event

S4-4

S4-5

ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM

FIG. 372-1 Management of adult growth hormone deficiency 2668

FIG. 373-3 Management of prolactinoma 2677

FIG. 373-5 Management of acromegaly .............................. 2679

FIG. 373-6 Management of Cushing’s disease 2681

FIG. 373-7 Management of a nonfunctioning pituitary mass ...................................................... 2683

FIG. 376-2 Evaluation of hypothyroidism 2701

FIG. 377-2 Evaluation of thyrotoxicosis 2705

FIG. 378-4 Approach to the patient with a thyroid nodule ................................................................... 2718

FIG. 379-10 Management of the patient with suspected Cushing’s syndrome 2726

FIG. 379-12 Management of patients with suspected mineralocorticoid excess 2730

FIG. 379-13 Management of the patient with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass .............. 2732

FIG. 379-16 Management of the patient with suspected adrenal insufficiency 2737

FIG. 384-5 Evaluation of gynecomastia............................... 2780

FIG. 384-6 Evaluation of hypogonadism ............................ 2782

FIG. 387-2 Algorithm for the evaluation and differential diagnosis of hirsutism 2802

FIG. 388-4 Algorithm for menopausal symptom management 2809

FIG. 390-3 Algorithm for the evaluation and management of patients with erectile dysfunction 2819

FIG. 395-1 Treatment algorithm—chronic disease management model for primary care of patients with overweight and obesity 2846

FIG. 397-2 Essential elements in comprehensive care of type 2 diabetes 2865

FIG. 397-3 Glycemic management of type 2 diabetes 2869

FIG. 398-4 Screening for albuminuria 2878

FIG. 399-2 Hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in insulin-deficient diabetes 2885

FIG. 403-6 Algorithm for the evaluation of patients with hypercalcemia ............................................. 2934

FIG. 407-3 Algorithm for screening for HFE-associated hemochromatosis 2981

GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY

FIG. 40-2 Approach to the patient with dysphagia 252

FIG. 42-2 Algorithm for the management of acute diarrhea 262

FIG. 42-3 Algorithm for management of chronic diarrhea ................................................................... 266

FIG. 42-4 Algorithm for the management of constipation 268

FIG. 44-1 Suggested algorithm for patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding based on endoscopic findings 274

FIG. 44-2 Suggested algorithm for patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding 275

FIG. 45-1 Evaluation of the patient with jaundice 278

FIG. 46-3 Algorithm for the diagnosis of ascites according to the serum-ascites albumin gradient 284

FIG. 317-12 Approach to selecting antibiotics for patients with H. pylori infection 2233

FIG. 317-13 Overview of new-onset dyspepsia 2235

FIG. 329-1 Algorithm for evaluation of abnormal liver tests 2336

FIG. 330-1 Algorithm for the evaluation of chronically abnormal liver tests ........................ 2339

FIG. 335-2 Treatment algorithm for alcoholic hepatitis 2401

FIG. 337-3 Management of recurrent variceal hemorrhage 2411

FIG. 337-5 Treatment of refractory ascites 2413

FIG. 340-1 A stepwise diagnostic approach to the patient with suspected chronic pancreatitis 2435

HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY

FIG. 59-17 The physiologic classification of anemia 391

FIG. 59-18 An approach to the differential diagnosis of patients with an elevated hemoglobin (possible polycythemia) 393

FIG. 70-2 Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of fever and neutropenia ................... 508

FIG. 71-2 Management of cancer patients with back pain 515

FIG. 71-4 Management of patients at high risk for the tumor lysis syndrome 520

FIG. 73-1 Evaluation of a patient with cervical adenopathy ............................................................. 534

FIG. 74-3 Algorithm for management of non-small-cell lung cancer 543

FIG. 74-5 Algorithm for management of small-cell lung cancer 545

FIG. 74-6A Algorithm for evaluation of solitary pulmonary nodule................................................. 548

FIG. 74-6B Algorithm for evaluation of solid pulmonary nodule 548

FIG. 74-6C Algorithm for evaluation of semisolid solid pulmonary nodule 548

FIG. 74-7 Management of recurrent small-cell lung cancer ............................................................ 553

FIG. 74-8 Approach to first-line therapy in a patient with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer 554

FIG. 78-8 Staging and treatment schedule for Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma proposed by the International Liver Cancer Association 589

FIG. 88-2 Treatment algorithm for adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of unknown primary 660

FIG. 88-3 Treatment algorithm for squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary 661

FIG. 94-3 Pathophysiology of sickle cell crisis ................... 692

FIG. 100-2 Algorithm for the therapy of newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia 746

FIG. 107-6 Treatment algorithm for multiple myeloma 800

FIG. 108-1 Algorithm for the diagnosis of amyloidosis and determination of type ................................... 805

FIG. 111-2 Algorithm for evaluating the thrombocytopenic patient 824

FIG. 114-1 Classification of antithrombotic drugs 844

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

FIG. 31-2 Algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of acute pharyngitis 216

FIG. 123-4 The diagnostic use of transesophageal and transtracheal echocardiography 927

FIG. 127-3 Algorithm for the management of patients with intraabdominal abscesses by percutaneous drainage 956

FIG. 128-1 Clinical algorithm for the approach to patients with community-acquired infectious diarrhea or bacterial food poisoning 961

FIG. 130-4 Diagnostic approach to urinary tract infection 972

FIG. 147-1 Clinical and pathologic progression of tetanus ................................................................... 1103

FIG. 158-1 Schematic of the relationships between colonization with Helicobacter pylori and diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract 1163

FIG. 158-2 Algorithm for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection ................................. 1165

FIG. 180-3 Algorithm for treatment of relapsing fever 1297

FIG. 181-2 Algorithm for the treatment of the various early or late manifestations of Lyme borreliosis 1302

FIG. 197-33 Algorithm for the acute HIV syndrome 1429

FIG. 197-37 Algorithm for the evaluation of diarrhea in a patient with HIV infection ......................... 1437

FIG. 203-6 Algorithm for rabies postexposure prophylaxis 1488

FIG. S5-1 Syndromic approach to the differential diagnosis of suspected infection in a veteran who has returned from a foreign war .............. S5-7

NEPHROLOGY

FIG. 48-1 Approach to the patient with azotemia 290

FIG. 48-2 Approach to the patient with hematuria 292

FIG. 48-3 Approach to the patient with proteinuria ......... 293

FIG. 48-4 Approach to the patient with polyuria 294

FIG. 49-5 The diagnostic approach to hyponatremia 298

FIG. 49-6 The diagnostic approach to hypernatremia 303

FIG. 49-7 The diagnostic approach to hypokalemia ......... 307

FIG. 49-8 The diagnostic approach to hyperkalemia 311

FIG. 307-2 A typical algorithm for early posttransplant care of a kidney recipient 2130

FIG. 310-1 Algorithm for the treatment of allergic and other immune-mediated acute interstitial nephritis 2158

FIG. 313-1 Diagnostic approach for urinary tract obstruction in unexplained renal failure 2175

NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

FIG. 133-1 The pathophysiology of the neurologic complications of bacterial meningitis ................ 999

FIG. 418-2 Evaluation of the adult patient with a seizure 3058

FIG. 418-5 Pharmacologic treatment of generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus in adults 3067

FIG. 419-1 Medical management of stroke and TIA 3069

FIG. 427-7 Treatment options for the management of Parkinson’s disease 3132

FIG. 436-4 Therapeutic decision-making for relapsing multiple sclerosis ............................... 3198

FIG. 438-1 Approach to the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies 3205

FIG. 440-2 Algorithm for the management of myasthenia gravis 3237

FIG. 441-1 Diagnostic evaluation of intermittent weakness ............................................................... 3241

FIG. 441-2 Diagnostic evaluation of persistent weakness 3241

FIG. 444-1 A guideline for the medical management of major depressive disorder 3270

PULMONOLOGY

FIG. 33-2 Possible algorithm for the evaluation of the patient with dyspnea 229

FIG. 35-1 Approach to the management of hemoptysis ............................................................. 233

FIG. 273-3 How to decide whether diagnostic imaging is needed 1911

FIG. 273-6 Imaging tests to diagnose DVT and PE ........... 1913

FIG. 273-7 Acute management of pulmonary thromboembolism 1914

FIG. 288-1 Approach to the diagnosis of pleural effusions 2007

SYSTEMIC CONDITIONS

FIG. 17-1 Structured approach to patients with fever of unknown origin 119

FIG. 21-3 An algorithm for the initial workup of a patient with weakness 137

FIG. 30-2 An algorithm for the approach to hearing loss ........................................................................... 201

FIG. 57-1 Algorithm for the diagnosis of a patient with photosensitivity 378

FIG. 386-2 Algorithm for evaluation of amenorrhea 2796

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE

Editors of Previous Editions

T. R. Harrison

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

W. R. Resnick

Editor, Editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

M. M. Wintrobe

Editor, Editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 6, 7

G. W. Thorn

Editor, Editions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

Editor-in-Chief, Edition 8

R. D. Adams

Editor, Editions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

P. B. Beeson

Editor, Editions 1, 2

I. L. Bennett, Jr.

Editor, Editions 3, 4, 5, 6

E. Braunwald

Editor, Editions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 11, 15

K. J. Isselbacher

Editor, Editions 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 9, 13

R. G. Petersdorf

Editor, Editions 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12

Editor-in-Chief, Edition 10

J. D. Wilson

Editor, Editions 9, 10, 11, 13, 14

Editor-in-Chief, Edition 12

J. B. Martin

Editor, Editions 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

A. S. Fauci

Editor, Editions 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 14, 17

R. Root

Editor, Edition 12

D. L. Kasper

Editor, Editions 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20

Editor-in-Chief, Editions 16, 19

S. L. Hauser

Editor, Editions 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20

D. L. Longo

Editor, Editions 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20

Editor-in-Chief, Edition 18

J. L. Jameson

Editor, Editions 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

Editor-in-Chief, Edition 20

J. Loscalzo

Editor, Editions 17, 18, 19, 20

PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 20th Edition

Editors

J. Larry Jameson, MD, PhD

Robert G. Dunlop Professor of Medicine; Dean, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine; Executive Vice President, University of Pennsylvania for the Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Dennis L. Kasper, MD

William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts

Dan L. Longo, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Anthony S. Fauci, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Stephen L. Hauser, MD

Robert A. Fishman Distinguished Professor, Department of Neurology; Director, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California

Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD

Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chairman, Department of Medicine; Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

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Cover Illustration

Beginning with the 6th edition, the cover of Harrison’s has included an image of a bright light—a patient’s perception of being examined with an ophthalmoscope. This allegorical symbol of Harrison’s is a reminder of how the light of knowledge empowers physicians to better diagnose and treat diseases that ultimately afflict all of humankind.

Author Disclosure Policy: McGraw-Hill and the Harrison’s Editorial Board requires all contributors to disclose to the Editors and the Publisher any potential financial or professional conflicts that would raise the possibility of distorting the preparation of a Harrison’s chapter.

Savio John, Daniel S.

Kathleen E. Corey, Lawrence S. Friedman

SECTION 7  Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function

47 Dysuria, Bladder Pain, and the Interstitial Cystitis/ Bladder Pain Syndrome ....................................

John W. Warren

48 Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities .............................

David B. Mount

49

David B. Mount

Sundeep Khosla

Thomas D. DuBose, Jr.

SECTION 8  Alterations in the Skin

52 Approach to the Patient with a Skin Disorder .................

Kim B. Yancey, Thomas J. Lawley

53 Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne, and Other Common Skin Disorders ............................... 329

Leslie P. Lawley, Calvin O. McCall, Thomas J. Lawley

54 Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease .........................

Jean L. Bolognia, Irwin M. Braverman

55 Immunologically Mediated Skin Diseases ...................... 355

Kim B. Yancey, Thomas J. Lawley

56 Cutaneous Drug Reactions ............................................ 362

Robert G. Micheletti, Misha Rosenbach, Bruce U. Wintroub, Kanade Shinkai

57 Photosensitivity and Other Reactions to Light ............... 372

Alexander G. Marneros, David R. Bickers

SECTION 9  Hematologic Alterations

58 Interpreting Peripheral Blood Smears............................. 379 Dan L. Longo

59 Anemia and Polycythemia .............................................. 385

John W. Adamson, Dan L. Longo

60 Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes ..................... 394

Steven M. Holland, John I. Gallin

61 Bleeding and Thrombosis............................................... 404

Barbara A. Konkle

62 Enlargement of Lymph Nodes and Spleen ...................... 411

Dan L. Longo PART 3 Pharmacology

63

Dan M. Roden

PART 4 Oncology and Hematology

SECTION 1  Neoplastic Disorders

65 Approach to the Patient with Cancer .............................. 435 Dan L. Longo

66 Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer 443

Jennifer M. Croswell, Otis W. Brawley, Barnett S. Kramer

67 Cancer Genetics 452

Fred Bunz, Bert Vogelstein

68 Cancer Cell Biology 461

Jeffrey W. Clark, Dan L. Longo

69

viii

Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis.............................................. 668

Josep Dalmau, Myrna R. Rosenfeld

91 Late Consequences of Cancer and Its Treatment 674

Carl E. Freter, Dan L. Longo

SECTION 2  Hematopoietic Disorders

92 Hematopoietic Stem Cells.............................................. 679

David T. Scadden, Dan L. Longo

93 Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias ... 683

John W. Adamson

94 Disorders of Hemoglobin ............................................... 690

Edward J. Benz, Jr.

95 Megaloblastic Anemias .................................................. 698 A. Victor Hoffbrand

96 Hemolytic Anemias ....................................................... 708

Lucio Luzzatto

97 Anemia Due to Acute Blood Loss 723

Dan L. Longo

98 Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Including Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplasia 723

Neal S. Young

99 Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms 733

Jerry L. Spivak

100 Acute Myeloid Leukemia 739

William Blum, Clara D. Bloomfield

101 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 748

Hagop Kantarjian, Jorge Cortes

102 Acute Lymphoid Leukemia .............................................. 757

Dieter Hoelzer

103 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia .................................... 763

Jennifer A. Woyach, John C. Byrd

104 Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ........................................... 769

Caron A. Jacobson, Dan L. Longo

105 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma .................................................... 780

Caron A. Jacobson, Dan L. Longo

106 Less Common Hematologic Malignancies ..................... 783

Ayalew Tefferi, Dan L. Longo

107 Plasma Cell Disorders .................................................... 793

Nikhil C. Munshi, Dan L. Longo, Kenneth C. Anderson

108 Amyloidosis ................................................................... 803

John L. Berk, Vaishali Sanchorawala

109 Transfusion Biology and Therapy ................................... 809

Jeffery S. Dzieczkowski, Pierre Tiberghien, Kenneth C. Anderson

110 Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ............................... 816

Frederick R. Appelbaum

SECTION 3  Disorders of Hemostasis

111 Disorders of Platelets and Vessel Wall ............................. 822

Barbara A. Konkle

112 Coagulation Disorders ................................................... 830

Valder R. Arruda, Katherine A. High

113 Arterial and Venous Thrombosis .................................... 839

Jane E. Freedman, Joseph Loscalzo

114 Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Drugs ....... 843

Jeffrey I. Weitz

PART 5 Infectious Diseases

SECTION 1  Basic Considerations in Infectious Diseases

115 Approach to the Patient with an Infectious Disease......... 859

Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper

116 Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis.......... 866

Gerald B. Pier

117 Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile Patient........ 877

Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper

118 Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use ...................... 884

Nancy Messonnier, Anne Schuchat, Lisa A. Jackson

119 Health Recommendations for International Travel ......... 892

Jay S. Keystone, Phyllis E. Kozarsky

120 Climate Change and Infectious Disease.......................... 900

Aaron S. Bernstein

SECTION 2  Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections

121 Pneumonia .................................................................... 908

Lionel A. Mandell, Richard Wunderink

122 Lung Abscess ................................................................. 919

Rebecca M. Baron, Miriam Baron Barshak

123 Infective Endocarditis .................................................... 921

Adolf W. Karchmer

124 Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues ............ 933

Dennis L. Stevens

939

Osteomyelitis ................................................................. 944

Werner Zimmerli

127 Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses ....................... 952

Miriam Baron Barshak, Dennis L. Kasper

128 Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning ............................................... 959

Richelle C. Charles, Stephen B. Calderwood, Regina C. LaRocque

129 Clostridium difficile Infection, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis ............................................ 964

Dale N. Gerding, Stuart Johnson

130 Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis, and Prostatitis ................................................................ 968

Kalpana Gupta, Barbara W. Trautner

131 Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Clinical Approach.................................................... 976

Jeanne M. Marrazzo, King K. Holmes 132 Encephalitis ................................................................... 991

Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler 133 Acute Meningitis ........................................................... 998

Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler 134 Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis 1007

Walter J. Koroshetz, Michael R. Wilson, Avindra Nath

135 Brain Abscess and Empyema 1013

Karen L. Roos, Kenneth L. Tyler

136 Infectious Complications of Bites 1019

Sandeep S. Jubbal, Florencia Pereyra, Lawrence C. Madoff

SECTION 3  Clinical Syndromes: Health

Care–Associated Infections

137 Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities 1022

Robert A. Weinstein

138 Infections in Transplant Recipients 1030

Robert W. Finberg, Joyce D. Fingeroth

SECTION 4  Therapy for Bacterial Diseases

139 Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections ........ 1042

David C. Hooper, Erica S. Shenoy, Christy A. Varughese

140 Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents................ 1057

David C. Hooper

SECTION 5  Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria

141 Pneumococcal Infections.............................................. 1062

David Goldblatt, Katherine L. O’Brien

142 Staphylococcal Infections ............................................. 1071

Franklin D. Lowy

143 Streptococcal Infections ............................................... 1081

Michael R. Wessels

144 Enterococcal Infections ................................................ 1089

Cesar A. Arias, Barbara E. Murray

145 Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections ......... 1095

William R. Bishai, John R. Murphy

146 Listeria monocytogenes Infections .............................. 1100

Elizabeth L. Hohmann, Daniel A. Portnoy

147 Tetanus ........................................................................ 1102

C. Louise Thwaites, Lam Minh Yen

148 Botulism ...................................................................... 1105

Agam K. Rao, Susan Maslanka

149 Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial Infections ............ 1109

Amy E. Bryant, Dennis L. Stevens

SECTION 6  Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria

150 Meningococcal Infections 1114

Andrew J. Pollard

151 Gonococcal Infections ................................................. 1122

Sanjay Ram, Peter A. Rice

152 Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections ....................... 1129

Timothy F. Murphy

153 Infections Due to the HACEK Group and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria........................ 1134

Tamar F. Barlam, Dennis L. Kasper

154 Legionella Infections ................................................... 1137

Victor L. Yu, M. Luisa Pedro-Botet, Yusen E. Lin

155 Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections .................... 1142

Karina A. Top, Scott A. Halperin

156 Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli ...... 1146

Thomas A. Russo, James R. Johnson

157 Acinetobacter Infections .............................................. 1158

Rossana Rosa, L. Silvia Munoz-Price

158 Helicobacter pylori Infections ...................................... 1162

John C. Atherton, Martin J. Blaser

159 Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Species .................................... 1167

Reuben Ramphal

160 Salmonellosis ............................................................... 1173

David A. Pegues, Samuel I. Miller

161 Shigellosis 1180

Philippe J. Sansonetti, Jean Bergounioux

162 Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related Organisms 1184

Beth D. Kirkpatrick, Martin J. Blaser

163 Cholera and Other Vibrioses 1186

Matthew K. Waldor, Edward T. Ryan

Nicholas J. Beeching

165 Tularemia .................................................................... 1196

Jeannine M. Petersen, Paul S. Mead

166 Plague and Other Yersinia Infections........................... 1200

Michael B. Prentice

Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch

........................................................................ 1209 Michael Giladi, Moshe Ephros

Donovanosis ................................................................ 1214 Nigel O’Farrell

SECTION 7  Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

Nocardiosis

K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper

Leptospirosis

Jir ˇi F. P. Wagenaar, Marga G. A. Goris

Allen C. Steere

David H. Walker, J. Stephen Dumler, Lucas S. Blanton,

x 183 Infections Due to Mycoplasmas ................................... 1313

R. Doug Hardy

184 Chlamydial Infections 1316

Charlotte A. Gaydos, Thomas C. Quinn

SECTION 11  Viral Diseases: General Considerations

185 Medical Virology ......................................................... 1325

Fred Wang, Elliott Kieff

186 Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding Antiretroviral Drugs .......................................................................... 1334

Lindsey R. Baden

SECTION 12  Infections Due to DNA Viruses

187 Herpes Simplex Virus Infections .................................. 1345

Lawrence Corey

188 Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections.................................. 1354

Richard J. Whitley

189 Epstein-Barr V irus Infections, Including Infectious Mononucleosis ............................................................ 1358

Jeffrey I. Cohen

190 Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8 ........................................................... 1361

Camille Nelson Kotton, Martin S. Hirsch

191 Molluscum Contagiosum, Monkeypox, and Other Poxvirus Infections 1366

Fred Wang

192 Parvovirus Infections 1367

Kevin E. Brown

193 Human Papillomavirus Infections 1370

Darron R. Brown, Aaron Ermel

SECTION 13  Infections Due to DNA and RNA Respiratory Vir uses

194 Common Viral Respiratory Infections .......................... 1375

James E. Crowe, Jr.

195 Influenza ..................................................................... 1382

Peter F. Wright

SECTION 14  Infections Due to Human Immunodeficiency Vir us and Other Human Retroviruses

196 The Human Retroviruses ............................................. 1388

Dan L. Longo, Anthony S. Fauci

197 Human Immunodeficienc y Virus Disease: AIDS and Related Disorders ........................................ 1393

Anthony S. Fauci, Gregory K. Folkers, H. Clifford Lane

SECTION 15  Infections Due to RNA Viruses

198 Viral Gastroenteritis .................................................... 1463

Umesh D. Parashar, Roger I. Glass

199 Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections ...... 1468

Jeffrey I. Cohen

200 Measles (Rubeola)........................................................ 1474

Kaitlin Rainwater-Lovett, William J. Moss

201 Rubella (German Measles) ........................................... 1478

Laura A. Zimmerman, Susan E. Reef

202 Mumps ........................................................................ 1481

Steven A. Rubin

203 Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections 1484

Alan C. Jackson

204 Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections 1489

Jens H. Kuhn, Rémi N. Charrel

205 Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections 1509

Jens H. Kuhn

SECTION 16  Fungal Infections

206 Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections .............. 1515

John E. Edwards, Jr.

207 Histoplasmosis............................................................. 1518

Chadi A. Hage, L. Joseph Wheat

208 Coccidioidomycosis 1521

Neil M. Ampel

209 Blastomycosis 1524

S. Travis King, Rathel L. Nolan, III

210 Cryptococcosis 1526

Arturo Casadevall

211 Candidiasis 1529

John E. Edwards, Jr.

212 Aspergillosis ................................................................ 1532

David W. Denning

213 Mucormycosis.............................................................. 1537

Brad Spellberg, Ashraf S. Ibrahim

214 Superficial Mycoses and Less Common Systemic Mycoses ........................................................ 1541

Carol A. Kauffman

215 Pneumocystis Infections .............................................. 1547

Alison Morris, Henry Masur

SECTION 17  Protozoal and Helminthic Infections: General Considerations

216 Introduction to Parasitic Infections .............................. 1551

Sharon L. Reed, Charles E. Davis

217 Agents Used to Treat Parasitic Infections ...................... 1556

Thomas A. Moore

SECTION 18  Protozoal Infections

218 Amebiasis and Infection with Free-Living Amebae ....... 1568

Rosa M. Andrade, Sharon L. Reed

219 Malaria ........................................................................ 1575

Nicholas J. White, Elizabeth A. Ashley

220 Babesiosis .................................................................... 1590

Edouard Vannier, Peter J. Krause

221 Leishmaniasis .............................................................. 1594

Shyam Sundar

222 Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis ............... 1601

François Chappuis, Yves Jackson

223 Toxoplasma Infections ................................................. 1609

Kami Kim

224 Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis 1615

Peter F. Weller

SECTION 19  Helminthic Infections

225 Introduction to Helminthic Infections.......................... 1620

Peter F. Weller

226 Trichinellosis and Other Tissue Nematode Infections ... 1621

Peter F. Weller

227 Intestinal Nematode Infections 1625

Peter F. Weller, Thomas B. Nutman

228 Filarial and Related Infections 1629

Thomas B. Nutman, Peter F. Weller

229 Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections 1635

Birgitte Jyding Vennervald

230 Cestode Infections 1641

A. Clinton White, Jr., Peter F. Weller

PART 6 Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

SECTION 1  Introduction to Cardiovascular Disorders

231 Approach to the Patient with Possible Cardiovascular Disease ................................................ 1649

Joseph Loscalzo

232 Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System .................. 1651

Joseph Loscalzo, Peter Libby, Calum A. MacRae

233 Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease ...................... 1662

Thomas A. Gaziano, J. Michael Gaziano

SECTION 2  Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders

234 Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System ..... 1666

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

235 Electrocardiography ..................................................... 1675

Ary L. Goldberger

236 Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography, Nuclear Cardiology, and Magnetic Resonance/ Computed Tomography Imaging.................................. 1683

Marcelo F. Di Carli, Raymond Y. Kwong, Scott D. Solomon

237 Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography ................................................ 1709

Jane A. Leopold, David P. Faxon

SECTION 3  Disorders of Rhythm

238 Principles of Electrophysiology..................................... 1716

David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli

239 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Sinoatrial Node ............................................................ 1722

David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli

240 The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Atrioventricular Node .................................................. 1727

David D. Spragg, Gordon F. Tomaselli

241 Approach to Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias .......... 1733

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

242 Physiologic and Nonphysiologic Sinus Tachycardia....... 1735

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

243 Focal Atrial Tachycardia ............................................... 1736

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

244 Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias .................... 1739

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

245 Common Atrial F lutter, Macroreentrant, and Multifocal Atrial Tachycardias ............................... 1743

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

246 Atrial Fibrillation......................................................... 1746

Gregory F. Michaud, William G. Stevenson

247 Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias 1750

Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson

248 Premature Ventricular Beats, Non-Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia, and Idioventricular Rhythm 1755

Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson

249 Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia 1757

Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson

250 Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation 1759

Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson

251 Electrical Storm and Incessant VT 1762

Roy M. John, William G. Stevenson

SECTION 4  Disorders of the Heart

252 Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis..................................................................... 1763

Douglas L. Mann, Murali Chakinala

253 Heart Failure: Management ......................................... 1769

Mandeep R. Mehra

254 Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis 1779

Neal K. Lakdawala, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Joseph Loscalzo

255 Cardiac Transplantation and Prolonged Assisted Circulation 1797

Mandeep R. Mehra

256 Aortic Valve Disease 1802

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

257 Aortic Regurgitation 1809

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo 258 Mitral Stenosis 1813

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

259 Mitral Regurgitation .................................................... 1818

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

260 Mitral Valve Prolapse ................................................... 1821

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

261 Tricuspid Valve Disease ................................................ 1823

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

262 Pulmonic Valve Disease................................................ 1826

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

263 Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease.................. 1827

Patrick T. O’Gara, Joseph Loscalzo

264 Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult ......................... 1829

Anne Marie Valente, Michael J. Landzberg

265 Pericardial Disease ....................................................... 1841

Eugene Braunwald

266 Atrial Myxoma and Other Cardiac Tumors................... 1847

Eric H. Awtry

SECTION 5  Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease

267 Ischemic Heart Disease 1850

Elliott M. Antman, Joseph Loscalzo

268 Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (Non-ST-Segment Elevation

Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina) 1866

Robert P. Giugliano, Christopher P. Cannon, Eugene Braunwald

269 ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction .............. 1872

Elliott M. Antman, Joseph Loscalzo

270 Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and Other Interventional Procedures 1885

David P. Faxon, Deepak L. Bhatt

271 Hypertensive Vascular Disease 1890

Theodore A. Kotchen

272 Renovascular Disease 1906

Stephen C. Textor

273 Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism 1910

Samuel Z. Goldhaber

274 Diseases of the Aorta 1917

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

275 Arterial Diseases of the Extremities .............................. 1923

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

276 Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema .................. 1930

Mark A. Creager, Joseph Loscalzo

277 Pulmonary Hypertension ............................................. 1935

Aaron B. Waxman, Joseph Loscalzo

PART 7 Disorders of the Respiratory System

SECTION 1  Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders

278 Approach to the Patient with Disease of the Respiratory System ...................................................... 1943

Patricia A. Kritek, Bruce D. Levy

279 Disturbances of Respiratory Function .......................... 1945

Edward T. Naureckas, Julian Solway

280 Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease .............. 1951

Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, Augustine M. K. Choi

SECTION 2  Diseases of the Respiratory System

281 Asthma ........................................................................ 1957

Peter J. Barnes

282 Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia ......................................... 1970

Praveen Akuthota, Michael E. Wechsler

283 Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease ........... 1976

John R. Balmes

284 Bronchiectasis .............................................................. 1983

Rebecca M. Baron, Miriam Baron Barshak

285 Cystic Fibrosis ............................................................. 1986

Eric J. Sorscher

286 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ...................... 1990

Edwin K. Silverman, James D. Crapo, Barry J. Make

287 Interstitial Lung Disease .............................................. 1999

Gary M. Hunninghake, Ivan O. Rosas

288 Disorders of the Pleura................................................. 2006

Richard W. Light

289 Disorders of the Mediastinum 2009

Richard W. Light

290 Disorders of Ventilation 2010

John F. McConville, Julian Solway, Babak Mokhlesi

291 Sleep Apnea 2013

Andrew Wellman, Susan Redline

292 Lung Transplantation 2018

Elbert P. Trulock, III

PART 8 Critical Care Medicine

SECTION 1  Respiratory Critical Care

293 Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness ................. 2023

John P. Kress, Jesse B. Hall

294 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome .......................... 2030

Rebecca M. Baron, Bruce D. Levy

295 Mechanical Ventilatory Support ................................... 2035

Bartolome R. Celli

SECTION 2  Shock and Cardiac Arrest

296 Approach to the Patient with Shock ............................. 2039

Anthony F. Massaro

297 Sepsis and Septic Shock ............................................... 2044

Christopher W. Seymour, Derek C. Angus

298 Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Edema ................... 2052

David H. Ingbar, Holger Thiele

299 Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death.............................................................. 2059

Christine M. Albert, William G. Stevenson

SECTION 3  Neurologic Critical Care

300 Coma........................................................................... 2068

S. Andrew Josephson, Allan H. Ropper, Stephen L. Hauser

301 Severe Acute Encephalopathies and Critical Care Weakness ................................................ 2074

J. Claude Hemphill, III, Wade S. Smith, S. Andrew Josephson, Daryl R. Gress

302 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage .......................................... 2084

J. Claude Hemphill, III, Wade S. Smith, Daryl R. Gress

PART 9 Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

303 Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney ............... 2089

Alfred L. George, Jr., Eric G. Neilson

304 Acute Kidney Injury ..................................................... 2099

Sushrut S. Waikar, Joseph V. Bonventre

305 Chronic Kidney Disease ............................................... 2111

Joanne M. Bargman, Karl L. Skorecki

306 Dialysis in the Treatment of Renal Failure .................... 2121

Kathleen D. Liu, Glenn M. Chertow

307 Transplantation in the Treatment of Renal Failure ........ 2126

Jamil Azzi, Edgar L. Milford, Mohamed H. Sayegh, Anil Chandraker

308 Glomerular Diseases .................................................... 2132

Julia B. Lewis, Eric G. Neilson

309 Polycystic Kidney Disease and Other Inherited Disorders of Tubule Growth and Development ............. 2150

Jing Zhou, Martin R. Pollak

310 Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney 2157

Laurence H. Beck, Jr., David J. Salant

311 Vascular Injury to the Kidney 2164

Ronald S. Go, Nelson Leung

312 Nephrolithiasis 2168

Gary C. Curhan

313 Urinary Tract Obstruction 2173

Julian L. Seifter

SECTION 1  Disorders of the Alimentary Tract

314 Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease .. 2177

William L. Hasler, Chung Owyang

315 Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ......................................... 2182

Louis Michel Wong Kee Song, Mark Topazian

316 Diseases of the Esophagus ............................................ 2209

Peter J. Kahrilas, Ikuo Hirano

317 Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders .................. 2220

John Del Valle

318 Disorders of Absorption ............................................... 2244

Henry J. Binder

319 Inflammatory Bowel Disease ........................................ 2258

Sonia Friedman, Richard S. Blumberg

320 Irritable Bowel Syndrome ............................................. 2276

Chung Owyang

321 Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal Disorders ..................................................................... 2283

Rizwan Ahmed, Susan L. Gearhart

322 Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency ................................. 2291

Satinderjit Locham, Mahmoud Malas

323 Acute Intestinal Obstruction ........................................ 2294

Danny O. Jacobs

324 Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis ............................... 2298

Danny O. Jacobs

SECTION 2  Nutrition

325 Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment ........... 2303

Johanna Dwyer

326 Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess ........ 2309

Paolo M. Suter, Robert M. Russell

327 Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment .................... 2319

Gordon L. Jensen

328 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition .................................. 2324

L. John Hoffer, Bruce R. Bistrian, David F. Driscoll

SECTION 3  Liver and Biliary Tract Disease

329 Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease .................. 2332

Marc G. Ghany, Jay H. Hoofnagle

330 Evaluation of Liver Function ........................................ 2338

Daniel S. Pratt

331 The Hyperbilirubinemias ............................................. 2342

Allan W. Wolkoff

332 Acute Viral Hepatitis ................................................... 2347

Jules L. Dienstag

333 Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis ............................... 2366

William M. Lee, Jules L. Dienstag

334 Chronic Hepatitis ........................................................ 2375

Jules L. Dienstag

335 Alcoholic Liver Disease 2399

Mark E. Mailliard, Michael F. Sorrell

336 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis 2401

Manal F. Abdelmalek, Anna Mae Diehl

337 Cirrhosis and Its Complications ...................................

Bruce R. Bacon

338 Liver Transplantation 2414

Raymond T. Chung, Jules L. Dienstag

339 Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile D ucts 2422

Norton J. Greenberger, Gustav Paumgartner

SECTION 4  Disorders of the Pancreas

340 Approach to the Patient with Pancreatic Disease........... 2433

Darwin L. Conwell, Norton J. Greenberger, Peter A. Banks

341 Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis .................................... 2437

Darwin L. Conwell, Peter A. Banks, Norton J. Greenberger

PART 11 Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders

SECTION 1 The Immune System in Health and Disease

342 Introduction to the Immune System ............................. 2451

Barton F. Haynes, Kelly A. Soderberg, Anthony S. Fauci

343 The Major Histocompatibility

360 Sarcoidosis ................................................................... 2600

Robert P. Baughman, Elyse E. Lower

361 IgG4-Related Disease 2607

John H. Stone

362 Familial Mediterranean Fever and Other Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases 2610

Daniel L. Kastner

SECTION 3  Disorders of the Joints and Adjacent Tissues

363 Approach to Articular and Musculoskeletal Disorders ..................................................................... 2614

John J. Cush

364 Osteoarthritis .............................................................. 2624

David T. Felson, Tuhina Neogi

365 Gout and Other Crystal-Associated Arthropathies ....... 2631

H. Ralph Schumacher, Lan X. Chen

366 Fibromyalgia................................................................ 2636

Leslie J. Crofford

367 Arthritis Associated with Systemic Disease, and Other Arthritides ......................................................... 2639

Carol A. Langford, Brian F. Mandell

368 Periarticular Disorders of the Extremities ..................... 2646

Carol A. Langford

PART 12 Endocrinology and Metabolism

SECTION 1  Endocrinology

369 Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders ....... 2649

J. Larry Jameson

370 Mechanisms of Hormone Action 2653

J. Larry Jameson

371 Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones 2659

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

372 Hypopituitarism 2664

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

373 Pituitary Tumor Syndromes ......................................... 2670

Shlomo Melmed, J. Larry Jameson

374 Disorders of the Neurohypophysis ................................ 2684

Gary L. Robertson

375 Thyroid Gland Physiology and Testing......................... 2692

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

376 Hypothyroidism ........................................................... 2698

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

377 Hyperthyroidism.......................................................... 2703

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

378 Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer .............. 2710

J. Larry Jameson, Susan J. Mandel, Anthony P. Weetman

379 Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex ................................... 2719

Wiebke Arlt

380 Pheochromocytoma ..................................................... 2739

Hartmut P. H. Neumann

381 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia ...................................... 2746

R. V. Thakker

382 Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes ....................... 2756

Peter A. Gottlieb, Aaron W. Michels

SECTION 2  Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine

383 Disorders of Sex Development 2760

John C. Achermann, J. Larry Jameson

384 Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System 2769

Shalender Bhasin, J. Larry Jameson

385 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System 2787

Janet E. Hall

386 Menstrual Disorders and Pelvic Pain 2794

Janet E. Hall

387 Hirsutism 2799

David A. Ehrmann

388 Menopause and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy .... 2803

JoAnn E. Manson, Shari S. Bassuk

389 Infertility and Contraception ....................................... 2810

Janet E. Hall

390 Sexual Dysfunction ...................................................... 2816

Kevin T. McVary

391 Women’s Health........................................................... 2823

Andrea Dunaif

392 Men’s Health ............................................................... 2828

Shalender Bhasin, Shehzad Basaria

393 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Health ......................................................................... 2835

Baligh R. Yehia, Harvey J. Makadon

SECTION 3  Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome

394 Pathobiology of Obesity 2837

Jeffrey S. Flier, Eleftheria Maratos-Flier

395 Evaluation and Management of Obesity 2843

Robert F. Kushner

396 Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification, and Pathophysiology 2850

Alvin C. Powers, Kevin D. Niswender, Carmella Evans-Molina

397 Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies 2859

Alvin C. Powers, Kevin D. Niswender, Michael R. Rickels

398 Diabetes Mellitus: Complications 2875

Alvin C. Powers, John M. Stafford, Michael R. Rickels

399 Hypoglycemia 2883

Philip E.Cryer, Stephen N. Davis

400 Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism........................... 2889

Daniel J. Rader, Sekar Kathiresan

401 The Metabolic Syndrome ............................................. 2903

Robert H. Eckel

SECTION 4  Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

402 Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease .................................................................. 2909

F. Richard Bringhurst, Marie B. Demay, Henry M. Kronenberg

403 Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland and Calcium Homeostasis ................................................................ 2921

John T. Potts, Jr., Harald W. Jüppner

404 Osteoporosis ................................................................ 2942

Robert Lindsay, Felicia Cosman

405 Paget’s Disease and Other Dysplasias of Bone .............. 2959

Murray J. Favus, Tamara J. Vokes

SECTION 5  Disorders of Intermediary Metabolism

406 Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue..................... 2967

Darwin J. Prockop, John F. Bateman

407 Hemochromatosis ........................................................ 2977

Lawrie W. Powell

408 Wilson’s Disease .......................................................... 2982

George J. Brewer

409 The Porphyrias ............................................................ 2984

Robert J. Desnick, Manisha Balwani

410 Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism .......... 2997

John N. Mecchella, Christopher M. Burns

411 Lysosomal Storage Diseases 3003

Robert J. Hopkin, Gregory A. Grabowski

412 Glycogen Storage Diseases and Other Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism 3009

Priya S. Kishnani, Yuan-Tsong Chen

413 Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults 3015

Nicola Longo

414 Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport 3020

Nicola Longo

PART 13 Neurologic Disorders

SECTION 1  Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders

415 Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease ......... 3025

Daniel H. Lowenstein, Joseph B. Martin, Stephen L. Hauser

416 Neuroimaging in Neurologic Disorders ........................ 3030

William P. Dillon

417 Pathobiology of Neurologic Diseases ............................ 3039

Stephen L. Hauser, Arnold R. Kriegstein, Stanley B. Prusiner

SECTION 2  Diseases of the Central Nervous System

418 Seizures and Epilepsy ................................................... 3050

Daniel H. Lowenstein

419 Cerebrovascular Diseases ............................................. 3068

Wade S. Smith, S. Claiborne Johnston, J. Claude Hemphill, III

420 Ischemic Stroke ........................................................... 3079

Wade S. Smith, S. Claiborne Johnston, J. Claude Hemphill, III

421 Intracranial Hemorrhage.............................................. 3091

Wade S. Smith, J. Claude Hemphill, III, S. Claiborne Johnston

422 Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders ........ 3096

Peter J. Goadsby

423 Alzheimer’s Disease ..................................................... 3108

William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

424 Frontotemporal Dementia ........................................... 3115

William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

425 Vascular Dementia ....................................................... 3118

Joel Kramer, William W. Seeley, Bruce L. Miller

426 Dementia with Lewy Bodies......................................... 3119

William W. Seeley, Caroline M. Tanner, Bruce L. Miller

427 Parkinson’s Disease ...................................................... 3120

C. Warren Olanow, Christine Klein, Anthony H. V. Schapira

428 Tremor, Chorea, and Other Movement Disorders......... 3132

C. Warren Olanow, Christine Klein, Jose A. Obeso

429 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases .......................................................... 3141

Robert H. Brown, Jr.

430 Prion Diseases 3148

Stanley B. Prusiner, Bruce L. Miller

431 Ataxic Disorders 3154

Roger N. Rosenberg

432 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System 3158

Christopher H. Gibbons, John W. Engstrom

433 Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders 3166

M. Flint Beal, Stephen L. Hauser

434 Diseases of the Spinal Cord 3172

Stephen L. Hauser

435 Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries ........... 3183

Geoffrey T. Manley, Stephen L. Hauser, Michael McCrea

436 Multiple Sc lerosis ........................................................ 3188

Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser 437 Neuromyelitis Optica ................................................... 3202

Bruce A. C. Cree, Stephen L. Hauser

Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Other Immune-Mediated

L. Hauser, Anthony A. Amato

A. Amato, Robert H. Brown, Jr.

Gijs Bleijenberg, Jos W. M. van der Meer

xvi

451 Disorders Caused by Venomous Snakebites and Marine Animal Exposures ............................................ 3313

Charles Lei, Kirsten B. Hornbeak, Paul S. Auerbach, Robert L. Norris

452 Ectoparasite Infestations and Arthropod Injuries ......... 3324

Richard J. Pollack, Scott A. Norton

PART 15 Disorders Associated with Environmental Exposures

453 Altitude Illness 3333

Buddha Basnyat, Geoffrey Tabin

454 Hypothermia and Peripheral Cold Injuries 3338

Daniel F. Danzl

455 Heat-Related Illnesses ................................................. 3343

Daniel F. Danzl

PART 16 Genes, the Environment, and Disease

456 Principles of Human Genetics ...................................... 3347

J. Larry Jameson, Peter Kopp

457 The Practice of Genetics in Clinical Medicine 3369

Susan M. Domchek, J. Larry Jameson, Susan Miesfeldt

458 Gene and Cell Based Therapy in Clinical Medicine 3375

Katherine A. High, Malcolm K. Brenner

459 The Human Microbiome 3379

Neeraj K. Surana, Dennis L. Kasper

PART 17 Global Medicine

460 Global Issues in Medicine ............................................ 3391

Joseph J. Rhatigan, Paul Farmer

461 Worldwide Changes in Patterns of Infectious Disease ........................................................................ 3401

George W. Rutherford, Jaime Sepulveda

462 Primary Care and Global Health .................................. 3404

Tim Evans, Kumanan Rasanathan

PART 18 Aging

463 The Biology of Aging ................................................... 3413

Rafael de Cabo, David G. Le Couteur

464 Clinical Problems Associated with the Aging Process .... 3420

Joseph G. Ouslander, Bernardo Reyes

PART 19 Consultative Medicine

465 Approach to Medical Consultation ............................... 3439

Jack Ende, Jeffrey Berns

466 Medical Disorders D uring Pregnancy........................... 3440

Robert L. Barbieri, John T. Repke

467 Medical Evaluation of the Surgical Patient ................... 3446

Prashant Vaishnava, Kim A. Eagle

PART 20 Frontiers

468 Behavioral Economics and Health ................................ 3453

Kevin G. Volpp, George Loewenstein, David A. Asch

469 Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Health Approaches .................................................................. 3462

Josephine P. Briggs

470 Telomere Disease ......................................................... 3466

Rodrigo T. Calado, Neal S. Young

471 The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment........ 3471

Brian C. Capell, Shelley L. Berger

472 Mitochondrial DNA and Heritable Traits and Diseases ................................................................ 3476

Karl L. Skorecki, Bruce H. Cohen

473 Applications of Stem Cell Biology in Clinical Medicine ........................................................ 3488

John A. Kessler

474 Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease ................. 3491

Roby P. Bhattacharyya, Yonatan H. Grad, Deborah T. Hung

475 The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease ...................................................... 3504

Jonathan Cedernaes, Kathryn Moynihan Ramsey, Joseph Bass

476 Network Medicine: Systems Biology in Health and Disease ...................................................... 3515

Joseph Loscalzo

477 Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies .................... 3522

Jyoti Mishra, Karunesh Ganguly Index ....................................................................................... I-1

Related Harrison’s 20th Edition Content

The following chapters are available online. They can be viewed by opening the table of contents of Harrison’s 20th edition at www.accessmedicine.com/harrisons

Video Collection

V1 Video Library of Gait Disorders

Gail Kang, Nicholas B. Galifianakis, Michael D. Geschwind

V2 Primary Progressive Aphasia, Memory Loss, and Other Focal Cerebral Disorders

Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini, Jennifer Ogar, Joel Kramer, Bruce L. Miller, Gil D. Rabinovici, Maria Carmela Tartaglia

V3 Video Library of Neuro-Ophthalmology

Jonathan C. Horton

V4 Examination of the Comatose Patient

S. Andrew Josephson

V5 Video Atlas of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Lesions

Louis Michel Wong Kee Song, Mark Topazian

V6 The Neurologic Screening Exam

Daniel H. Lowenstein

V7 Video Atlas of the Detailed Neurologic Examination

Martin A. Samuels

Supplementary Topics

S1 Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances and Acid-Base Disturbances: Case Examples

David B. Mount, Thomas D. DuBose, Jr.

S2 Microbial Bioterrorism

H. Clifford Lane, Anthony S. Fauci

S3 Chemical Terrorism

Jonathan Newmark, James A. Romano, Jr.

S4 Radiation Terrorism

Christine E. Hill-Kayser, Eli Glatstein, Zelig A. Tochner

S5 Infections in War Veterans

Andrew W. Artenstein

S6 Health Care for Militar y Veterans

Stephen C. Hunt, Charles W. Hoge

S7 Primary Immunodeficiencies Associated with (or Secondary to) Other Diseases

Alain Fischer

S8 Cardiac Trauma

Eric H. Awtry

S9 Technique of Lumbar Puncture

Elizabeth Robbins, Stephen L. Hauser

S10 Classification of the Spinocerebellar Ataxias

Roger N. Rosenberg

S11 Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine

Michael H. Bennett, Simon J. Mitchell

S12 The Clinical Laboratory in Modern Health Care

Anthony A. Killeen

S13 Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases

Alexander J. McAdam, Andrew B. Onderdonk

S14 Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections

Sharon L. Reed, Charles E. Davis

Atlases

A1 Atlas of Rashes Associated with Fever

Kenneth M. Kaye, Elaine T. Kaye

A2 Atlas of Oral Manifestations of Disease

Samuel C. Durso, Janet A. Yellowitz

A3 Atlas of Urinary Sediments and Renal Biopsies

Agnes B. Fogo, Eric G. Neilson

A4 Atlas of Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease

Thomas J. Lawley, Benjamin K. Stoff, Calvin O. McCall

A5 Atlas of Hematology

Dan L. Longo

A6 Atlas of Blood Smears of Malaria and Babesiosis

Nicholas J. White, Joel G. Breman

A7 Atlas of Electrocardiography

Ary L. Goldberger

A8 Atlas of Noninvasive Imaging

Marcelo F. Di Carli, Raymond Y. Kwong, Scott D. Solomon

A9 Atlas of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Ary L. Goldberger

A10 Atlas of Atherosclerosis

Peter Libby

A11 Atlas of Percutaneous Revascularization

Jane A. Leopold, Deepak L. Bhatt, David P. Faxon

A12 Atlas of Chest Imaging

Patricia A. Kritek, John J. Reilly, Jr.

A13 Atlas of Liver Biopsies

Jules L. Dienstag, Atul K. Bhan

A14 Atlas of the Vasculitic Syndromes

Carol A. Langford, Anthony S. Fauci

A15 Atlas of Clinical Manifestations of Metabolic Diseases

J. Larry Jameson

A16 Atlas of Neuroimaging

Andre D. Furtado, Luciano Villarinho, William P. Dillon

Related Harrison’s Resources

A complete collection to meet your educational, clinical, and board prep needs

Harrison’s Online

The online edition of Harrison’s is available at www.accessmedicine.com. It requires an institutional or individual subscription separate from the purchase of the print book. The online edition of Harrison’s features all the chapters from the print edition, plus more than two dozen supplementary chapters in print, atlas, and video formats. Harrison’s Online includes numerous monthly updates, from the editors of Harrison’s, on important new developments in medical research and practice. Easily search across the entire Harrison’s content set, download images and tables for presentations and lectures, view step-by-step videos on common clinical procedures, access the text of the Harrison’s Manual of Medicine, set up a personalized test exam for board prep, get access to chapters from new editions of Harrison’s months before book publication, and more.

The Harrison’s Manual of Medicine

The Harrison’s Manual of Medicine provides high-yield, rapid-access clinical summaries of Harrison’s content, suitable for use at the bedside. Chapters in the Manual reflect those likely to be encountered in both the inpatient and outpatient setting. The format is built for ease of use. The Manual is available in print, eBook, and app. In addition, the full text of the Manual is available to subscribers at accessmedicine.com. This format provides flexibility of format to customers, who can move back and forth between the full scope of Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine and the high-yield clinical essentials of the Manual. The Manual includes more than 200 chapters in 17 sections and covers presenting signs and symptoms and major conditions seen in both inpatient and outpatient settings. The full table of contents is available at www.accessmedicine.com

The Harrison’s Self-Assessment and Board Review

This practical resource provides more than 1000 self-assessment questions, most in board-style clinical vignette format with multiple choice answers. The explanations for the questions are comprehensive and provide detailed guidance on correct and incorrect answers. Questionand-answer sets include references to related chapters in Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine for more comprehensive understanding. Use this very handy resource for primary and recertification exam prep, for rotational shelf exams, and for general assessment of understanding of the principles of clinical medicine. This resource is available as a print book, an eBook, an app, and on accessmedicine.com, where users can create personalized testing experiences and receive instant scores on practice tests.

James L. Abbruzzese, MD, FACP, FASCO, DSc (hon)

Duke Cancer Institute Distinguished Professor of Medical Oncology; Chief, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine; Associate Director for Clinical Research and Training, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina [88]

Manal F. Abdelmalek, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina [336]

John C. Achermann, MD, PhD, MB

Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow in Clinical Science, University College London; Professor of Paediatric Endocrinology, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom [383]

John W. Adamson, MD

Clinical Professor, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California [59, 93]

Rizwan Ahmed, MD

Resident in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina [321]

Cem Akin, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan [347]

Praveen Akuthota, MD

Associate Clinical Professor, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California [282]

Christine M. Albert, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [299]

Anthony A. Amato, MD

Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Vice-Chairman, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [358, 438-441]

Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc, FRCP

Professor of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [21, 22]

Neil M. Ampel, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Arizona; Staff Physician, Southern Arizona Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Tucson, Arizona [208]

Kenneth C. Anderson, MD

Kraft Family Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts [107, 109]

Rosa M. Andrade, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, PRIME-LC, University of California, Irvine; Irvine, California [218]

Derek C. Angus, MD, MPH

Distinguished Professor and Mitchell P. Fink Endowed Chair, Department of Critical Care Medicine University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [297]

Elliott M. Antman, MD

Professor of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Associate Dean for Clinical/Translational Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [267, 269]

Contributors

Frederick R. Appelbaum, MD

Deputy Director, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington [110]

Cesar A. Arias, MD, PhD, MSc, FIDSA

Professor of Medicine, Microbiology and Molecular Genetics; Director, Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center; Adjunct Professor, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Director, Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Unit and International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad, El Bosque, Bogota, Colombia [144]

Wiebke Arlt, MD, DSc, FRCP, FMedSci

William Withering Chair of Medicine, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham; Consultant Endocrinologist, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom [379]

Katrina A. Armstrong, MD

Physician-in-Chief, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown HealthCare Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts [4]

Valder R. Arruda, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [112]

Andrew W. Artenstein, MD

Chief Physician Executive and Chief Academic Officer, Baystate Health; Regional Executive Dean and Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School—Baystate, Springfield, Massachusetts [S5]

David A. Asch, MD, MBA

Executive Director, Penn Medicine Center for Health Care Innovation; Physician, Cresencz Philadelphia VA Medical Center; John Morgan Professor of Medicine, Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Health Care Management, and Operations, Information and Decisions, Perelman School of Medicine and Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [468]

Elizabeth A. Ashley, MB, BS, PhD, MRCP, FRCPath Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom [219]

John C. Atherton, MD, FRCP

Professor of Gastroenterology; Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom [158]

Paul S. Auerbach, MD, MS, FACEP, MFAWM, FAAEM

Redich Family Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California [451]

Eric H. Awtry, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [266, S8]

Jamil Azzi, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Renal Transplant Fellowship, Associate Physician, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [307]

Bruce R. Bacon, MD

James F. King, MD Endowed Chair in Gastroenterology; Professor of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University Liver Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri [337]

xx Lindsey R. Baden, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; DanaFarber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [186]

Jessica M. Baker, MD

Fellow in Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [23]

John R. Balmes, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco; Professor, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley; Attending Physician, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California [283]

Manisha Balwani, MD, MS

Associate Professor, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York [409]

Peter A. Banks, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [340, 341]

Robert L. Barbieri, MD

Kate Macy Ladd Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School; Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [466]

Alan G. Barbour, MD

Professor of Medicine and Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California [180]

Joanne M. Bargman, MD, FRCPC

Professor of Medicine; Director, Clinical Fellowship in Nephrology, University of Toronto; Staff Nephrologist; Director, Peritoneal Dialysis Program; Co-Director, Renal-Rheumatology Lupus Clinic, University Health Network; Past-President, International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [305]

Tamar F. Barlam, MD, MSc

Associate Professor of Medicine, Infectious Disease Section, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts [117, 153]

Peter J. Barnes, FRS, F Med Sci

Margaret Turner-Warwick Professor of Medicine; Head, Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College of London; Airway Disease Section, NHL Institute, London, United Kingdom [281]

Richard J. Barohn, MD

Gertrude and Dewey Ziegler Professor of Neurology; University Distinguished Professor; Vice Chancellor of Research; President Research Institute; Director, Frontiers: Heartland Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas [438]

Rebecca M. Baron, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts [33, 122, 284, 294]

Miriam Baron Barshak, MD

Assistant Professor, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [122, 127, 284]

Shehzad Basaria, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Director, Section on Men’s Health, Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [392]

Buddha Basnyat, MD, MSc, FACP, FRCP (Edinburgh)

Director, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Patan Academy of Health Sciences; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Medical Director, Nepal International Clinic and Himalaya Rescue Association, Kathmandu, Nepal [453]

Joseph Bass, MD, PhD

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [475]

Shari S. Bassuk, ScD

Epidemiologist, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [388]

John F. Bateman, PhD

Theme Director, Cell Biology; Group Leader, Musculoskeletal Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [406]

David W. Bates, MD, MSc

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, General Internal Medicine and Primary Care Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Medical Director, Clinical and Quality Analysis, Partners HealthCare System, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts [6]

Robert P. Baughman, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio [360]

M. Flint Beal, MD

University Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience; Chairman Emeritus; Neurologist, New York Presbyterian Hospital; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York [433]

Laurence H. Beck, Jr., MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts [310]

Nicholas J. Beeching, MA, BM BCh, FRCP, FRACP, FFTM

RCPS(Glasg), FCCP (Hon), FESCMID, DCH, DTM&H

Senior Lecturer (Clinical) in Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool; Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital; Honorary Consultant, Public Health England and Honorary Civilian Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Army Medical Directorate, United Kingdom [164]

Michael H. Bennett, MD, MBBS, MM (Clin Epi)

Conjoint Professor in Anesthesia and Hyperbaric Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales; Academic Head of Department, Wales Anaesthesia, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia [S11]

Edward J. Benz, Jr., MD

Richard and Susan Smith Distinguished Professor of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics and Genetics, Harvard Medical School; President and CEO Emeritus, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Director and Principal Investigator Emeritus, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts [94]

Shelley L. Berger, PhD

Daniel S. Och University Professor, Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology; Biology; Genetics; Director, Penn Epigenetics Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [471]

Jean Bergounioux, MD, PhD, PhC

Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin, Garches, France [161]

John L. Berk, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Assistant Director, Amyloidosis Center, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [108]

Jeffrey Berns, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics; Associate Chief, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division; Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [465]

Aaron S. Bernstein, MD, MPH

Pediatric Hospitalist, Boston Children’s Hospital; Associate Director, Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Instructor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [120]

Joseph R. Betancourt, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, The Disparities Solutions Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [7]

Atul K. Bhan, MBBS, MD

Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Associate Director, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [A13]

Shalender Bhasin, MB, BS

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Research Program in Men’s Health: Aging and Metabolism; Director, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [384, 392]

Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Executive Director of Interventional Cardiovascular Programs, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center, Boston, Massachusetts [270, A11]

Roby P. Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [474]

David R. Bickers, MD

Carl Truman Nelson Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York [57]

Henry J. Binder, MD

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Senior Research Scientist, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut [318]

William R. Bishai, MD, PhD

Professor and Co-Director, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [145]

Bruce R. Bistrian, MD, PhD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Clinical Nutrition, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [328]

Lucas S. Blanton, MD

Assistant Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas [182]

Martin J. Blaser, MD

Muriel and George Singer Professor of Medicine; Professor of Microbiology; Director, Human Microbiome Program, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York [158, 162]

Chantal P. Bleeker-Rovers, MD, PhD

Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [17]

Gijs Bleijenberg, PhD

Professor Emeritus, Expert Centre for Chronic Fatigue, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [442]

Clara D. Bloomfield, MD

Distinguished University Professor; William G. Pace, III Professor of Cancer Research; Cancer Scholar and Senior Advisor, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center; Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio [100]

William Blum, MD

Director, Acute Leukemia Program; Professor, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia [100]

Richard S. Blumberg, MD

Chief, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [319]

Jean L. Bolognia, MD

Professor, Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [54]

Antonello Bonci, MD

Scientific Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland [447]

Joseph V. Bonventre, MD, PhD

Samuel L. Levine Professor of Medicine; Chief, Renal Division; Chief, Engineering in Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [304]

Joshua A. Boyce, MD

Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics; Albert L. Sheffer Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Inflammation and Allergic Disease Research Section, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [345-347]

Anna K. Brady, MD

Fellow, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington [35]

Eugene Braunwald, MD, MA (Hon), ScD (Hon), FRCP

Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Founding Chairman, TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [37, 265, 268]

Irwin M. Braverman, MD

Professor Emeritus; Senior Research Scientist, Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [54]

Otis W. Brawley, MD, MACP

Professor of Hematology, Medical Oncology, Medicine and Epidemiology, Emory University; Chief Medical and Scientific Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia [66]

Joel G. Breman, MD, DTPH

Senior Scientist Emeritus, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [A6]

Malcolm K. Brenner, MB, PhD

Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas [458]

George J. Brewer, MD

Morton S. and Henrietta K. Sellner Emeritus, Professor of Human Genetics, Emeritus Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan [408]

Josephine P. Briggs, MD

Director, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland [469]

F. Richard Bringhurst, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [402]

xxii

Steven M. Bromley, MD

Director, South Jersey MS Center, Bromley Neurology PC, Audubon, New Jersey [29]

Darron R. Brown, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology; Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology; Member, Simon Cancer Center; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana [193]

Kevin E. Brown, MD, MRCP, FRCPath

Virus Reference Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom [192]

Robert H. Brown, Jr., MD, PhD

Chairman, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts [429, 441]

Amy E. Bryant, PhD

Research Career Scientist, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho; Affiliate Associate Professor, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington [149]

Fred Bunz, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [67]

Christopher M. Burns, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire [410]

David M. Burns, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California [448]

John C. Byrd, MD

D. Warren Brown Chair of Leukemia Research; Distinguished University Professor of Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry, and Veterinary Biosciences; Director, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio [103]

Katherine N. Cahill, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [345]

Rodrigo T. Calado, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [470]

Stephen B. Calderwood, MD

Morton N. Swartz, MD Academy Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology), Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [128]

Michael Camilleri, MD

Atherton and Winifred W. Bean Professor; Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota [42]

Christopher P. Cannon, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Baim Institute for Clinical Research, Boston, Massachusetts [268]

Brian C. Capell, MD, PhD

Instructor, Penn Epigenetics Institute and Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [471]

Jonathan R. Carapetis, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, FAFPHM, FAHMS

Director, Telethon Kids Institute; Professor, The University of Western Australia; Consultant, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Western Australia [352]

Arturo Casadevall, MD, PhD

Professor and Chair, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland [210]

Jonathan Cedernaes, MD, PhD

Visiting Postdoctoral Fellow, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [475]

Bartolome R. Celli, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Staff Physician, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [295]

Murali Chakinala, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri [252]

Anil Chandraker, MBChB, FRCP

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director of Kidney and Pancreas Transplantation; Director, Schuster Family Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [307]

François Chappuis, MD, PhD

Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva; Head, Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland [222]

Richelle C. Charles, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [128]

Rémi N. Charrel, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Virology; Deputy Director, Research Department, Unité des Virus Emergents, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France [204]

Lan X. Chen, MD, PhD

Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [365]

Yuan-Tsong Chen, MD, PhD

Professor of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Distinguished Research Fellow, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan [412]

Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH

Norman S. Coplon/Satellite Healthcare Professor of Medicine; Chief, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California [306]

Augustine M. K. Choi, MD

Sanford I. Weill Chairman and Professor of Medicine, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; Physician-in-Chief, New York-Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York [280]

Raymond T. Chung, MD

Director of Hepatology and Liver Center; Vice Chief, Gastroenterology Division, Kevin and Polly Maroni Research Scholar, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [338]

Jeffrey W. Clark, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Clinical Trials Core, Dana-Farber Harvard Cancer Center; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [68]

Bruce H. Cohen, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Northeast Ohio Medical University; Director; NeuroDevelopmental Science Center; Director; Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center of Akron, Akron, Ohio [472]

Jeffrey I. Cohen, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [189, 199]

Darwin L. Conwell, MD, MS

Professor of Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine; Director, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio [340, 341]

Kathleen E. Corey, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of the MGH Fatty Liver Clinic, Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [46]

Lawrence Corey, MD

Past President and Director, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Member, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Clinical Research Division, and Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; Professor, Departments of Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [187]

Jorge Cortes, MD

Jane and John Justin Distinguished Chair in Leukemia Research; Deputy Chairman; Section Chief of AML and CML, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas [101]

Felicia Cosman, MD

Professor of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York; Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York [404]

James D. Crapo, MD

Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado [286]

Mark A. Creager, MD

Professor of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth; Director, Heart and Vascular Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire [274-276]

Bruce A. C. Cree, MD, PhD, MAS

Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California [436, 437]

Leslie J. Crofford, MD

Professor, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University; Chief, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [366]

Jennifer M. Croswell, MD, MPH

Senior Program Officer, Office of the Chief Science Officer, PatientCentered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), Washington, DC [66]

James E. Crowe, Jr., MD

Director, Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [194]

Philip E. Cryer, MD

Professor of Medicine Emeritus, Washington University in St. Louis; Physician, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri [399]

Gary C. Curhan, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health; Editor-in-Chief, Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology; Channing Division of Network Medicine/Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [312]

Brendan D. Curti, MD

Director, Genitourinary Oncology Research and Clinical Biotherapy Programs; Co-Director, Melanoma Program, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon [72]

John J. Cush, MD

Professor of Medicine and Rheumatology; Director of Clinical Rheumatology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Scott & White Health, Dallas, Texas [363]

Charles A. Czeisler, MD, PhD

Frank Baldino, Jr., PhD Professor of Sleep Medicine, Professor of Medicine and Director, Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [27]

Josep Dalmau, MD, PhD

ICREA Professor, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Adjunct Professor, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [90]

Daniel F. Danzl, MD

Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky [454, 455]

Robert B. Daroff, MD

Professor and Chair Emeritus, Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine; University Hospitals–Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio [19]

Charles E. Davis, MD

Professor of Pathology and Medicine, Emeritus, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine; Director Emeritus, Microbiology, University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California [216, S14]

Stephen N. Davis, MBBS, FRCP

Theodore E. Woodward Professor and Chairman of the Department of Medicine; Vice President of Clinical Translational Science, University of Maryland Baltimore; Physician-in-Chief, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland [399]

Lisa M. DeAngelis, MD

Chair, Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Professor of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York [86]

Rafael de Cabo, PhD

Chief, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland [463]

John Del Valle, MD

Professor and Senior Associate Chair of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan [317]

Marie B. Demay, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [402]

David W. Denning, MBBS, FRCP, FRCPath, FMedSci

Professor of Infectious Diseases in Global Health; Director, National Aspergillosis Centre, The University of Manchester and Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom [212]

Robert J. Desnick, MD, PhD

Dean for Genetic and Genomic Medicine; Professor and Chair Emeritus, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York [409]

Betty Diamond, MD

The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System; Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Manhasset, New York [348]

Marcelo F. Di Carli, MD

Professor, Department of Radiology and Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; Executive Director, Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [236, A8]

Anna Mae Diehl, MD

Florence McAlister Professor of Medicine; Director, Duke Liver Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina [336]

Jules L. Dienstag, MD

Carl W. Walter Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Physician, Gastrointestinal Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [332-334, 338, A13]

William P. Dillon, MD

Professor and Executive Vice-Chair, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [416, A16]

Charles A. Dinarello, MD

Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; Professor of Experimental Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [15]

Susan M. Domchek, MD

Basser Professor of Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [457]

Richard L. Doty, PhD

Professor, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery; Director, Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [29]

Vanja C. Douglas, MD

Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology and Sara and Evan Williams Foundation Endowed Neurohospitalist Chair, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [20]

David F. Driscoll, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester, Massachusetts [328]

Thomas D. DuBose, Jr., MD, MACP

Professor Emeritus, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina [51, S1]

J. Stephen Dumler, MD

Professor and Chair, Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Walter Reed National Military Medical Center; Joint Pathology Center, Bethesda, Maryland [182]

Andrea Dunaif, MD

Lillian and Henry M. Stratton Professor of Molecular Medicine; Chief, Hilda and J. Lester Gabrilove Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York [391]

Samuel C. Durso, MD, MBA

Mason F. Lord Professor of Medicine; Director, Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Executive Vice Chair, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Baltimore, Maryland [32, A2]

Janice P. Dutcher, MD

Associate Director, Cancer Research Foundation of New York, Chappaqua, New York; Former Professor of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York [71]

Johanna Dwyer, DSc, RD

Professor, Tufts University School of Medicine; Senior Scientist, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging; Director, Frances Stern Nutrition Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [325]

Jeffery S. Dzieczkowski, MD

Physician, Boise VA Medical Center, V-IMPACT Telehealth Program, Boise, Idaho [109]

Kim A. Eagle, MD

Albion Walter Hewlett Professor of Internal Medicine; Director, Frankel Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan [467]

James A. Eastham, MD

Chief, Urology Service; Peter T. Scardino Chair in Oncology, Department of Surgery, Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York [83]

Robert H. Eckel, MD

Professor of Medicine; Professor of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado [401]

John E. Edwards, Jr., MD

Distinguished Professor of Medicine Emeritus, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Senior Investigator, LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor/UCLA, Torrance, California [206, 211]

David A. Ehrmann, MD

Professor of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology; Director, University of Chicago Center for PCOS, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [387]

Ezekiel J. Emanuel, MD, PhD

Chair, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Levy University Professor, Perelman School of Medicine and Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [9]

Jack Ende, MD

The Schaeffer Professor of Medicine; Assistant Vice President, University of Pennsylvania Health System; Assistant Dean for Advanced Medical Practice, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [465]

John W. Engstrom, MD

Betty Anker Fife Distinguished Professor and Vice-Chairman; Neurology Residency Program Director, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [14, 432]

Moshe Ephros, MD

Clinical Associate Professor, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Carmel Medical Center; Haifa, Israel [167]

Aaron Ermel, MD

Assistant Professor of Clinical Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana [193]

Tim Evans, DPhil, MD

Senior Director, Health, Nutrition and Population, The World Bank Group, Washington, DC [462]

Carmella Evans-Molina, MD, PhD

J.O. Ritchey Scholar in Medicine; Associate Professor, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics; Director of Diabetes Research in the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research; Associate Director in the IU Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana [396]

Christopher H. Fanta, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Partners Asthma Center; Member, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [34]

Paul Farmer, MD, PhD

Kolokotrones University Professor, Harvard University; Chair, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Co-Founder, Partners In Health, Boston, Massachusetts [460]

Anthony S. Fauci, MD

Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation; Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [1, 196, 197, 342, 356, A14, S2]

Murray J. Favus, MD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Director Bone Program, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [405]

David P. Faxon, MD

Senior Lecturer, Harvard Medical School; Associate Chief of Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston, Massachusetts [237, 270, A11]

David T. Felson, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology; Chair, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts [364]

Howard L. Fields, MD, PhD

Professor, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [10]

Gregory A. Filice, MD

Professor of Medicine, Medical School, and Adjunct Professor of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota; Chief, Infectious Disease Section, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Minneapolis, Minnesota [169]

Robert W. Finberg, MD

Chair, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts [70, 138]

Joyce D. Fingeroth, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts [138]

Alain Fischer, MD, PhD

Director of Imagine Institute; Professor at College de France, Paris, France [344, S7]

Jeffrey S. Flier, MD

Higginson Professor of Physiology and Medicine; Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [394]

Agnes B. Fogo, MD

Jon L. Shapiro Endowed Chair in Pathology; Professor of Pathology, Medicine and Pediatrics; Director, Renal Pathology/Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [A3]

Gregory K. Folkers, MS, MPH

Chief of Staff, Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [197]

Larry C. Ford, MD

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Intermountain Healthcare, Provo, Utah [31]

Jane E. Freedman, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts [113]

Roy Freeman, MD

Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Director, Center for Autonomic and Peripheral Nerve Disorders, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [18]

Carl E. Freter, MD, PhD, FACP

Professor of Medicine; Director, Division of Hematology and Oncology; Associate Director, Cancer Center, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri [91]

Lawrence S. Friedman, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine; Assistant Chief of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Anton R. Fried, MD Chair, Department of Medicine, NewtonWellesley Hospital, Newton, Massachusetts [46]

Sonia Friedman, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [319]

Anne L. Fuhlbrigge, MD, MS

Senior Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of Colorado School of Medicine; Chief Medical Officer, CU Medicine, Aurora, Colorado [280]

Andre D. Furtado, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [A16]

Nicholas B. Galifianakis, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Neurology, Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [V1]

John I. Gallin, MD

Associate Director for Clinical Research; Chief Scientific Officer, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [60]

Karunesh Ganguly, MD, PhD

Associate Professor; Director of NeuroRehabilitation Research, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Neurology and Rehabilitation Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California [477]

Charlotte A. Gaydos, DrPh, MS, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland [184]

J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Aging, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Director, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Center, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts [233]

Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant Professor, Health Policy and Management, Center for Health Decision Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health; Director, Strategic Planning and Global Cardiovascular Health Policy and Prevention Unit, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [233]

Susan L. Gearhart, MD

Associate Professor, Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland [321]

Robert H. Gelber, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [174]

Jeffrey M. Gelfand, MD, MAS, FAAN

Assistant Professor of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [20]

Alfred L. George, Jr., MD

Magerstadt Professor and Chair, Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [303]

Dale N. Gerding, MD

Professor of Medicine (retired), Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois; Research Physician, Edward Hines Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois [129]

Michael D. Geschwind, MD, PhD

Professor of Neurology; Michael J. Homer Chair in Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [V1]

Marc G. Ghany, MD, MHSc

Investigator, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [329]

Christopher H. Gibbons, MD, MMSc

Associate Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [432]

xxvi Michael Giladi, MD, MSc

Associate Professor of Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; The Infectious Disease Unit and the Bernard Pridan Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel [167]

Robert P. Giugliano, MD, SM

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Medicine, TIMI Study Office, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [268]

Roger I. Glass, MD, PhD

Director, Fogarty International Center, Bethesda, Maryland [198]

Eli Glatstein, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [S4]

Ronald S. Go, MD

Chair, Core/Consultative Hematology, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota [311]

Peter J. Goadsby, MD, PhD, DSc, FRACP, FRCP, FMedSci

Professor, NIHR-Wellcome Trust King’s Clinical Research Facility, King’s College London, United Kingdom; Professor, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [13, 422]

Ary L. Goldberger, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University; Director, Margret and H. A. Rey Institute for Nonlinear Dynamics in Medicine; Director, NIH-sponsored Research Resource for Complex Physiologic Signals; Associate Chief, Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [235, A7, A9]

David Goldblatt, MB, ChB, PhD

Professor of Vaccinology and Immunology; Consultant in Paediatric Immunology; Director of Clinical Research and Development; Director, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom [141]

Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Thrombosis Research Group; Head, Vascular Medicine Section, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [273]

Ralph Gonzales, MD, MSPH

Professor of Medicine; Associate Dean, Clinical Innovation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [31]

Marga G. A. Goris, PhD

Head OIE and National Leptospirosis Reference Centre, Department of Medical Microbiology, AMC (Academic Medical Centre), Amsterdam, The Netherlands [179]

Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini, MD, PhD

Professor, Department of Neurology; Language Neurobiology Lab, Memory and Aging Center; Dyslexia Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [V2]

Peter A. Gottlieb, MD

Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado [382]

Gregory A. Grabowski, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Chief Scientific Officer, Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Wellesley, Massachusetts [411]

Yonatan H. Grad, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Associate Physician, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [474]

Christine Grady, RN, PhD

Chief, Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland [8]

Alexander R. Green, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Scientist, Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [7]

Steven A. Greenberg, MD

Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School; Associate Neurologist, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [358]

Norton J. Greenberger, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [339-341]

Daryl R. Gress, MD, FAAN, FCCM, FNCS

Professor of Neurology, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska [301, 302]

Rasim Gucalp, MD, FACP

Professor of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Associate Chairman for Educational Programs, Department of Oncology; Director, Hematology/Oncology Fellowship, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York [71]

Kalpana Gupta, MD, MPH

Professor, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Chief, Section of Infectious Diseases, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts [130]

Chadi A. Hage, MD, FCCP

Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, Thoracic Transplant Program, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana [207]

Bevra Hannahs Hahn, MD

Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California [349]

Noah M. Hahn, MD

Associate Professor of Oncology and Urology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [82]

Colin N. Haile, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine; Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas [446]

Janet E. Hall, MD

Clinical Director and Senior Investigator, Division of Intramural Research, NIH/NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina [385, 386, 389]

Jesse B. Hall, MD, FCCP

Professor of Medicine, Anesthesia and Critical Care; Chief, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [293]

Scott A. Halperin, MD

Professor of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology; Head, Pediatric Infectious Diseases; Director, Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada [155]

R. Doug Hardy, MD

Infectious Diseases Specialists, PA; Medical City Dallas Hospital and Medical City Children’s Hospital, Dallas; Baylor Regional Medical Center, Plano, Texas [183]

William L. Hasler, MD

Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan [41, 314]

Stephen L. Hauser, MD

Robert A. Fishman Distinguished Professor, Department of Neurology; Director, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [1, 300, 415, 417, 433-437, 439, S9]

Daniel F. Hayes, MD, FACP, FASCO

Stuart B Padnos Professor of Breast Cancer Research; Clinical Director of Breast Cancer, University of Michigan Health System and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan [75]

Barton F. Haynes, MD

Frederic M. Hanes Professor of Medicine and Immunology, Departments of Medicine and Immunology; Director, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina [342]

J. Claude Hemphill, III, MD, MAS

Professor of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; Chief of Neurology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California [301, 302, 419-421]

Katherine A. High, MD

Professor Emerita, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; President and Chief Scientific Officer, Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [112, 458]

Christine E. Hill-Kayser, MD

Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [S4]

Ikuo Hirano, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [40, 316]

Martin S. Hirsch, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Professor of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health; Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [190]

Dieter Hoelzer, PhD, MD

Emeritus Director of Internal Medicine, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany [102]

A. Victor Hoffbrand, DM

Emeritus Professor of Haematology, University College, London, London, United Kingdom [95]

L. John Hoffer, MD, PhD

Professor, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University; Senior Physician, Divisions of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada [328]

Charles W. Hoge, MD

Senior Scientist, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland [S6]

Elizabeth L. Hohmann, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [146]

Steven M. Holland, MD

Director, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Chief, Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [60, 175]

King K. Holmes, MD, PhD

Director of Research and Faculty Development, Department of Global Health; Professor of Medicine and Global Health; Adjunct Professor of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Director, UW Center for AIDS and STD; Co-Director, UW/Fred Hutch Center for AIDS Research (CFAR); Co-PI, UW/UCSF International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH); University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [131]

David Hong, MD

Instructor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Allergy & Immunology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [346]

Jay H. Hoofnagle, MD

Director, Liver Diseases Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [329]

David C. Hooper, MD

Professor, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Infection Control Unit; Associate Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [139, 140]

Robert J. Hopkin, MD

Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio [411]

Leora Horn, MD, MSc

Associate Professor, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee [74]

Kirsten B. Hornbeak, MD

Resident, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford Kaiser Emergency Medicine Residency, Stanford, California [451]

Jonathan C. Horton, MD, PhD

William F. Hoyt Professor of Neuro-ophthalmology, Professor of Ophthalmology, Neurology and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California [28, V3]

Howard Hu, MD, MPH, ScD

Dean; Professor of Environmental Health, Epidemiology and Global Health, Dalla Lana School of Public Health; Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [449]

Deborah T. Hung, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Genetics and Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Co-Director, Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts [474]

Gary M. Hunninghake, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [287]

Stephen C. Hunt, MD, MPH

National Director, VA Post-Deployment Integrated Care Initiative; Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [S6]

Ashraf S. Ibrahim, PhD

Professor, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California [213]

David H. Ingbar, MD

Professor, Medicine, Pediatrics and Integrative Biology and Physiology; Director, Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Division; CTSI Associate Director, Education, Career Development and Training; Executive Director, Center for Lung Science and Health, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota [298]

Alan C. Jackson, MD, FRCPC

Professor of Medicine (Neurology) and of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba; Section Head of Neurology, Winnipeg Regional Health Authority, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada [203]

Lisa A. Jackson, MD, MPH

Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington [118]

Yves Jackson, MD, MPH, PhD

Senior Physician, Geneva University Hospital; Investigator, Institute of Global Health, University of Geneva, Switzerland [222]

Danny O. Jacobs, MD, MPH, FACS

Executive Vice President, Provost, and Dean of the School of Medicine; Thomas N. and Gleaves T. James Distinguished Chair, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas [12, 323, 324]

Caron A. Jacobson, MD

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts [104, 105]

J. Larry Jameson, MD, PhD

Robert G. Dunlop Professor of Medicine; Dean, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine; Executive Vice President, University of Pennsylvania for the Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [1, 43, 89, 369-373, 375-378, 383, 384, 456, 457, A15]

Gordon L. Jensen, MD, PhD

Senior Associate Dean for Research; Professor of Medicine and Nutrition, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont [327]

Robert T. Jensen, MD

Chief, Cell Biology Section, National Institutes of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [80]

Roy M. John, MBBS, PhD, FRCP

Associate Professor of Medicine; Director, Center for Advanced Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias, Vanderbilt Heart and Vascular Institute, Nashville, Tennessee [247-251]

Savio John, MD

Director of Hepatology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York [45]

James R. Johnson, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Minnesota; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota [156]

Stuart Johnson, MD

Professor of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois [129]

S. Claiborne Johnston, MD, PhD

Dean, Dell Medical School; Frank Denius Distinguished Dean’s Chair in Medical Leadership; Vice President for Medical Affairs, University of Texas, Austin, Austin, Texas [419-421]

S. Andrew Josephson, MD

Professor and Chairman, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [24, 300, 301, V4]

Sandeep S. Jubbal, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts [136]

Harald W. Jüppner, MD

Professor of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [403]

Peter J. Kahrilas, MD

Gilbert H. Marquardt Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [40, 316]

Gail Kang, MD

Private Practice, Berkeley, California [V1]

Hagop Kantarjian, MD

Chairman, Leukemia Department; Professor of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas [101]

Adolf W. Karchmer, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Former Chief, Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [123]

Dennis L. Kasper, MD

William Ellery Channing Professor of Medicine and Professor of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [1, 115, 117, 127, 153, 172, 459]

Daniel L. Kastner, MD, PhD

Scientific Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [362]

Sekar Kathiresan, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Director, Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute, Boston, Massachusetts [400]

Carol A. Kauffman, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School; Chief, Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan [214]

Elaine T. Kaye, MD

Assistant Professor of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School; Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [16, A1]

Kenneth M. Kaye, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [16, A1]

John A. Kessler, MD

Davee Professor of Stem Cell Biology, Davee Department of Neurology; Director, Northwestern University Stem Cell Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [473]

Jay S. Keystone, CM, MD, FRCPC, MSc(CTM) Professor of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [119]

Sundeep Khosla, MD

Dr. Francis Chucker and Nathan Landow Research Professor; Mayo Foundation Distinguished Investigator; Director, Mayo Clinic Center for Clinical and Translational Science; Dean for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota [50]

Elliott Kieff, MD, PhD

Harriet Ryan Albee Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [185]

Anthony A. Killeen, MD, PhD

Professor, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota [S12]

Kami Kim, MD

Professor, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida [223]

S. Travis King, PharmD, BCPS (AQ ID)

Clinical Pharmacy Specialist—Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana [209]

Beth D. Kirkpatrick, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont [162]

Priya S. Kishnani, MD

C. L. and Su Chen Professor of Pediatrics; Medical Director, YT and Alice Chen Pediatrics Genetics and Genomics Center; Division Chief, Medical Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina [412]

Christine Klein, MD

Professor of Neurology and Neurogenetics, Institute of Neurogenetics and Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany [427, 428]

Barbara A. Konkle, MD

Professor of Medicine, Hematology, University of Washington; Associate Chief Scientific Officer, Bloodworks Northwest, Seattle, Washington [61, 111]

Peter Kopp, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Science and Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [456]

Walter J. Koroshetz, MD

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [134]

Thomas R. Kosten, MD

J. H. Waggoner Professor of Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Immunology, Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas [446]

Theodore A. Kotchen, MD

Professor Emeritus and Associate Dean for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin [271]

Camille Nelson Kotton, MD, FIDSA, FAST

Clinical Director, Transplant and Immunocompromised Host

Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [190]

Phyllis E. Kozarsky, MD

Professor of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia [119]

Barnett S. Kramer, MD, MPH, FACP Director, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland [66]

Joel Kramer, PsyD

Professor of Neuropsychology in Neurology; Director of Neuropsychology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [425, V2]

Peter J. Krause, MD

Senior Research Scientist, Yale School of Public Health; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut [220]

John P. Kress, MD

Professor of Medicine, Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [293]

Arnold R. Kriegstein, MD, PhD

Professor of Neurology; Director, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [417]

Patricia A. Kritek, MD, EdM

Associate Professor, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [35, 278, A12]

Henry M. Kronenberg, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [402]

Jens H. Kuhn, MD, PhD, MS

Research Leader, Battelle Memorial Institute and Lead Virologist, NIH/NIAID/DCR/Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland [204, 205]

Robert F. Kushner, MD

Professor of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [395]

Raymond Y. Kwong, MD, MPH

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [236, A8]

Loren Laine, MD

Professor of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut [44]

Neal K. Lakdawala, MD

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Boston VA Healthcare; Boston, Massachusetts [254]

Anil K. Lalwani, MD

Professor and Vice Chair for Research; Director, Division of Otology, Neurotology and Skull Base Surgery; Director, Columbia Cochlear Implant Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Medical Director of Perioperative Services, New York Presbyterian–Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York [30]

Michael J. Landzberg, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Boston Adult Congenital Heart Disease and Pulmonary Hypertension Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [264]

H. Clifford Lane, MD

Clinical Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [197, S2]

Carol A. Langford, MD, MHS

Harold C. Schott Endowed Chair; Director, Center for Vasculitis Care and Research, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio [356, 359, 367, 368, A14]

Regina C. LaRocque, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant Physician, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [128]

Leslie P. Lawley, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia [53]

Thomas J. Lawley, MD

William Patterson Timmie Professor of Dermatology, Former Dean, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia [52, 53, 55, A4]

Sancy Leachman, MD, PhD

Professor and Chair, Department of Dermatology; Director, Melanoma Research Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon [72]

David G. Le Couteur, MD, PhD

Professor of Geriatric Medicine and Director of the Ageing and Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia [463]

xxx

William M. Lee, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine; Meredith Mosle Chair in Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas [333]

Charles Lei, MD

Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [451]

Jane A. Leopold, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Women’s Interventional Cardiology Health Initiative, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [237, A11]

Nelson Leung, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minnesota [311]

Bruce D. Levy, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [278, 294]

Julia B. Lewis, MD

Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [308]

Peter Libby, MD

Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Cardiovascular Specialist, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [232, A10]

Richard W. Light, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee [288, 289]

Yusen E. Lin, PhD, MBA

Professor and Director, Center for Environmental Laboratory Services; National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan [154]

Robert Lindsay, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Chief, Internal Medicine; Helen Hayes Hospital, West Haverstraw, New York [404]

Marc E. Lippman, MD, MACP, FRCP

Leonard M. Miller Professor of Internal Medicine, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Deputy Director, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida [75]

Peter E. Lipsky, MD Charlottesville, Virginia [348]

Kathleen D. Liu, MD, PhD, MAS

Professor, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [306]

Josep M. Llovet, MD, PhD

Liver Cancer Program, Division of Liver Diseases, Tisch Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Liver Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Barcelona Clínic Liver Cancer Group (BCLC), Liver Unit, IDIBAPS-Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain [78]

Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, ScM

Senior Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Research; Chair, Department of Preventive Medicine; Director, Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (NUCATS), Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [2]

Bernard Lo, MD

President, The Greenwall Foundation, New York; Professor of Medicine Emeritus and Director Emeritus of the Program in Medical Ethics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [8]

Satinderjit Locham, MD

Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [322]

George Loewenstein, PhD

Herb Simon Professor of Economics and Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania [468]

Dan L. Longo, MD, MACP

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Senior Physician, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Deputy Editor, New England Journal of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts [1, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 69, 89, 91, 92, 97, 104-107, 196, A5]

Nicola Longo, MD, PhD

Professor and Chief, Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology; Medical Co-Director, Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, ARUP Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah [413, 414]

Joseph Loscalzo, MD, PhD

Hersey Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Chairman, Department of Medicine; Physician-in-Chief, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [1, 36-39, 113, 231, 232, 234, 254, 256-263, 267, 269, 274-277, 476]

Christine M. Lovly, MD, PhD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology; Assistant Professor of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [74]

Daniel H. Lowenstein, MD

Dr. Robert B. and Mrs. Ellinor Aird Professor of Neurology; Director, Epilepsy Center; Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [415, 418, V6]

Elyse E. Lower, MD

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio [360]

Franklin D. Lowy, MD

Clyde ’56 and Helen Wu Professor of Medicine and Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York [142]

Sheila A. Lukehart, PhD

Professor, Departments of Medicine and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [177, 178]

Lucio Luzzatto, MD, FRCP, FRCPath

Professor of Haematology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; Honorary Professor of Hematology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy [96]

Calum A. MacRae, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Chief, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [232]

Lawrence C. Madoff, MD

Professor of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Director, Division of Epidemiology and Immunization, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts [125, 136]

Mark E. Mailliard, MD

Frederick F. Paustian Professor; Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska [335]

Harvey J. Makadon, MD, FACP

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of Education and Training Programs, The Fenway Institute, Boston, Massachusetts [393]

Barry J. Make, MD

Co-Director, COPD Program; Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado [286]

Mahmoud Malas, MD, MHS, FACS

Associate Professor of Surgery and Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University; Director of Endovascular Surgery; Director of The Vascular and Endovascular Clinical Research Center, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Director of the Center of Research Excellence and Surgical Trial, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland [322]

Susan J. Mandel, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine; Associate Chief, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [375-378]

Brian F. Mandell, MD, PhD

Professor and Chairman of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio [367]

Lionel A. Mandell, MD, FRCPC

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada [121]

Geoffrey T. Manley, MD, PhD

Professor and Vice Chairman of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; Chief of Neurosurgery, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center; Co-Director, Brain and Spinal Injury Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [435]

Douglas L. Mann, MD

Lewin Chair and Chief, Cardiovascular Division; Professor of Medicine, Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Cardiologist-in-Chief, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri [252]

JoAnn E. Manson, MD, DrPH

Professor of Medicine and the Michael and Lee Bell Professor of Women’s Health, Harvard Medical School; Chief, Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [388]

Eleftheria Maratos-Flier, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [394]

Daniel B. Mark, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center; Director, Outcomes Research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina [3]

Alexander G. Marneros, MD, PhD

Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School; Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [57]

Jeanne M. Marrazzo, MD, MPH, FACP, FIDSA

C. Glenn Cobbs, MD, Endowed Professor in Infectious Diseases; Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama [131]

Thomas Marrie, MD

Dean Emeritus, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada [182]

Gary J. Martin, MD

Raymond J. Langenbach, MD Professor of Medicine; Vice Chairman for Faculty Affairs, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [4]

Joseph B. Martin, MD, PhD

Lefler R. and Anne G. Lefler Professor of Neurobiology, Emeritus, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [415]

Susan Maslanka, PhD

Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia [148]

Anthony F. Massaro, MD

Instructor, Harvard Medical School; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [296]

Henry Masur, MD

Clinical Professor of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Chief, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [215]

Robert J. Mayer, MD

Faculty Vice President for Academic Affairs, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Stephen B. Kay Family Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts [76, 77]

Alexander J. McAdam, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Infectious Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts [S13]

Calvin O. McCall, MD

Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia; Chief, Dermatology Section, Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia [53, A4]

John F. McConville, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine; Director, Internal Medicine Residency Program; Vice Chair for Education, University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [290]

Michael McCrea, PhD, ABPP

Professor and Eminent Scholar; Vice Chair of Research; Director of Brain Injury Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin [435]

Kathleen M. McKibbin, MD

Staff Physician, Northwestern University Health Services, Evanston, Illinois [2]

Kevin T. McVary, MD, FACS

Professor and Chairman, Division of Urology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois [390]

Paul S. Mead, MD, MPH

Chief, Bacterial Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado [165]

John N. Mecchella, DO, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire [410]

Mandeep R. Mehra, MD, FACC, FESC, FHFSA, FRCP

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Medical Director, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Heart and Vascular Center; Executive Director, Center for Advanced Heart Disease, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Editor-in-Chief, The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, Boston, Massachusetts [253, 255]

Shlomo Melmed, MB ChB, MACP, FRCP

Executive Vice President and Dean of the Medical Faculty; Professor of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California [371-373]

Robert O. Messing, MD

Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience; Director, Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas [443]

Nancy Messonnier, MD (CAPT, USPHS)

Director, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Office of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia [118]

M.-Marsel Mesulam, MD

Professor of Neuroscience and Neurology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois [26]

Gregory F. Michaud, MD

Chief, Arrhythmia Section; Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee [241-246]

Robert G. Micheletti, MD

Assistant Professor of Dermatology and Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [56]

Aaron W. Michels, MD

Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado [382]

Susan Miesfeldt, MD

Medical Oncology, Medical Director, Cancer Risk and Prevention Clinic, Maine Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine [457]

Edgar L. Milford, MD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [307]

Bruce L. Miller, MD

A. W. and Mary Margaret Clausen Distinguished Professor of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California [24, 25, 423-426, 430, V2]

Samuel I. Miller, MD

Professor, Departments of Microbiology, Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington [160]

Jyoti Mishra, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California [477]

Simon J. Mitchell, MB ChB, PhD, FUHM, FANZCA

Professor, Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Auckland and Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand [S11]

Babak Mokhlesi, MD, MSc

Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care; Director, Sleep Disorders Center, Director, Sleep Medicine Fellowship, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [290]

Thomas A. Moore, MD, FACP, FIDSA

Clinical Professor of Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Wichita, Kansas [217]

Alison Morris, MD, MS

Professor, Vice Chair for Clinical Research, Department of Medicine and Immunology; Director, University of Pittsburgh HIV Lung Research Center, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania [215]

David A. Morrow, MD, MPH

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director, Samuel A. Levine Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [11]

William J. Moss, MD, MPH

Professor, Departments of Epidemiology, International Health, and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland [200]

Robert J. Motzer, MD

Attending Physician, Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York [81]

David B. Mount, MD

Assistant Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Renal Division, Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts [48, 49, S1]

Haralampos M. Moutsopoulos, MD, FACP, FRCP(hc), Master ACR

Professor Emeritus, Medical School, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece [350, 354, 357]

L. Silvia Munoz-Price, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Enterprise Epidemiologist, Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin [157]

Nikhil C. Munshi, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Boston VA Healthcare System; Director of Basic and Correlative Sciences; Associate Director, Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts [107]

John R. Murphy, PhD

Professor of Medicine and Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Massachusetts, and Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland [145]

Timothy F. Murphy, MD

SUNY Distinguished Professor; Director, UB Clinical and Translational Research Center; Senior Associate Dean for Clinical and Translational Research; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York [152]

Barbara E. Murray, MD

J. Ralph Meadows Professor and Director, Division of Infectious Diseases; Professor of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas [144]

Joseph A. Murray, MD

Professor of Medicine, Departments of Internal Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; Adjunct Professor of Pediatrics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark [42]

Mark B. Mycyk, MD

Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Research Director, Toxikon Consortium, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois [450]

Avindra Nath, MD

Chief, Section of Infections of the Nervous System; Clinical Director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [134]

Edward T. Naureckas, MD

Professor of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois [279]

Eric G. Neilson, MD

Lewis Landsberg Dean and Vice President of Medical Affairs, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois [303, 308, A3]

Tuhina Neogi, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Sections of Clinical Epidemiology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine; Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts [364]

Gerald T. Nepom, MD, PhD

Professor (Affiliate), University of Washington School of Medicine; Director, Immune Tolerance Network, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington [343]

Eric J. Nestler, MD, PhD

Nash Family Professor, Department of Neuroscience; Director, Friedman Brain Institute; Dean for Academic and Scientific Affairs, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York [443]

Hartmut P. H. Neumann, MD

Unit for Preventive Medicine, Department of Nephrology and General Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany [380]

Jonathan Newmark, MD, MM

Colonel (retired), Medical Corps, U.S. Army; Adjunct Professor of Neurology, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland; Department of Neurology, Washington DC Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC [S3]

Kevin D. Niswender, MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee [396, 397]

Rathel L. Nolan, III, MD

Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi [209]

Robert L. Norris, MD

Professor Emeritus, Department of Emergency Medicine; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California [451]

Scott A. Norton, MD, MPH, MSc

Chief of Dermatology, Children’s National Health Systems, Washington, DC [452]

Thomas B. Nutman, MD

Head, Helminth Immunology Section, Head, Clinical Parasitology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland [227, 228]

Jose A. Obeso, MD

Professor of Neurology and Director, CIINAC, Hospital de Madrid; Medical School, CEU-San Pablo, Madrid, Spain [428]

Katherine L. O’Brien, MD, MPH

Professor, Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland [141]

Max R. O’Donnell, MD, MPH

Assistant Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York [176]

Nigel O’Farrell, MD, FRCP

Consultant Physician, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom [168]

Jennifer Ogar, MS CCC-SLP

Speech-Language Pathologist, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California [V2]

Patrick T. O’Gara, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Watkins Family Distinguished Chair in Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [38, 234, 256-263]

C. Warren Olanow, MD, FRCPC, FRCP(hon)

Professor and Chairman Emeritus, Department of Neurology; Professor Emeritus, Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; CEO, Clintrex, LLC [427, 428]

Andrew B. Onderdonk, PhD

Professor of Pathology, Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [S13]

Joseph G. Ouslander, MD

Professor and Senior Associate Dean for Geriatric Programs; Chair, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences; Interim Director, FAU Internal Medicine Residency Program, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine; Professor (Courtesy), Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida [464]

Chung Owyang, MD

H. Marvin Pollard Professor of Internal Medicine; Professor of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; Chief, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan [314, 320]

Umesh D. Parashar, MBBS, MPH

Lead, Viral Gastroenteritis Epidemiology Team, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia [198]

Shreyaskumar R. Patel, MD

Robert R. Herring Distinguished Professor of Medicine; Center Medical Director, Sarcoma Center, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas [87]

Gustav Paumgartner, MD

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, University of Munich, Munich, Germany [339]

M. Luisa Pedro-Botet, MD, PhD

Professor of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Head of the Infectious Diseases Unit; Investigator of CIBEres, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III; Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain [154]

David A. Pegues, MD

Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [160]

Florencia Pereyra, MD

Instructor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Physician, Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts [136]

Jeannine M. Petersen, PhD

Research Microbiologist, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado [165]

Karran A. Phillips, MD, MSc

Clinical Director, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland [447]

Gerald B. Pier, PhD

Professor of Medicine (Microbiology and Immunobiology), Harvard Medical School; Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, Massachusetts [116]

Richard J. Pollack, PhD

Instructor, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Senior Environmental Public Health Officer, Department of Environmental Health and Safety, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; President and Chief Scientific Officer, IdentifyUS LLC, Needham, Massachusetts [452]

Martin R. Pollak, MD

Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts [309]