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Acknowledgements
The “In cooperation with IB” logo signifies the content in this textbook has been reviewed by the IB to ensure it fully aligns with current IB curriculum and offers highquality guidance and support for IB teaching and learning. The Publisher wishes to thank the International Baccalaureate Organization for permission to reproduce their intellectual property. The Publisher would like to thank the following members of the DP Science 2023 Research Panel for sharing their insights, expertise, and feedback: B. Jane Taylor, Menna Shawky El Sherbiny, Aura Milena Vera, Jessica K. Hartman, Nilan A. Senaratna, Joanne Walton, Holly O'Donal Allen, Gavin Terry, Arnavaz Kollah, Amanda Lockhart, Lisa Privitera, Ioannis Papatheocharis, Anastasia Denisova, Dr. Regina Katz, Srivalli Singh, Emma Nason, Rosanne Jacobs-Sarkin, Aditya Rao, María Cristina Salvador Crow, Tania M Hodges The publisher would like to thank the following for permissions to use copyright material: Cover: Darrell Gulin/Getty Images. Photos: piv: International Baccalaureate Organisation; p2: Claude Nuridsany & Maria Perennou / Science Photo Library; p3(t): Eye of Science / Science Photo Library; p3(b): Library of Congress/Science Photo Library; p4: Hubble, M. Kornmesser/ESA; p5: Andrew Allott; p6(t): oliveromg/Shutterstock; p6(b): Stephen Barlow; p8(tl): Des Callaghan; p8(tr): © 2020 Spirina, Voronkova and Ignatov; p9: Andrew Allott; p10(t): Emilio Ereza/Alamy Stock Photo; p10(b): Thekopmylife/ Shutterstock; p12(t): Markus Varesvuo/Nature Picture Library/Science Photo Library; p12(b): Кирилл Уютнов, CC BY-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p13: John Thomas/ Science Photo Library; p15: Lebrecht Music & Arts/Alamy Stock Photo; p16: Power and Syred/Science Photo Library; p17: Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo; p23: James King-Holmes/Science Photo Library; p27: PDB ID: 1AOI, DOI Citation: Luger, K., Maeder, A.W., Richmond, R.K., Sargent, D.F., Richmond, T.J. doi: 10.2210/pdb1AOI/pdb; p28: LEE D. SIMON / Science Photo Library; p33: Madprime, CC0 / Wikimedia Commons; p34: Dr Keith Wheeler/Science Photo Library; p36: Eduard Muzhevskyi/ Science Photo Library/Getty Images; p37(t): Corbin17/Alamy Stock Photo; p37(b): NOAA; p38: M. Kornmesser/ESO; p39: Space Science Institute/JPL/NASA; p40: Thomas Deerinck, NCMIR/Science Photo Library; p41: Matt Heaton/FossilEra; p42: Andrew Allott; p43: Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo; p44: PDB ID: 1FFK, DOI Citation: Ban, N., Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Moore, P.B., Steitz, T.A. doi: 10.2210/pdb1FFK/ pdb; p46: Jane Gould/Alamy Stock Photo; p47: GSFC/METI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./ Japan ASTER Science Team/NASA; p48: Noaa Okeanos Explorer Program/Science Photo Library; p49(t): Ted Kinsman/Science Source/Science Photo Library; p49(b): Dr Yorgos Nikas / Science Photo Library; p50: Royal Institution Of Great Britain / Science Photo Library; p51: © 2004 MBARI; © 2011 MBARI (Kim Fulton-Bennett) p52: Copyright of ZEISS Microscopy; p54(l): Andrew Allott; p54(r): William Allott; p55(t): © Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; p55(m): Professors P. Motta & T. Naguro / Science Photo Library; p55(b): Andrew Allott; p56(tl): Andrew Allott; p56(tr): Peter Andrus, CC BY-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p56(b): Wim Van Egmond/Science Photo Library; p57(l): Jeroen Rouwkema, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p57(r): Copyright of ZEISS Microscopy; p58(t): imageBROKER/Alamy Stock Photo; p58(b): Volgi archive/Alamy Stock Photo; p59: Toyoshi Fujimoto; pp60-61: Ge, P., Scholl, D., Prokhorov, N.S. et al. Action of a minimal contractile bactericidal nanomachine. Nature 580, 658–662 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2186-z; p63(t): A. Dowsett, National Infection
2 3 16 32 34
2 Cells A2.1 Origins of cells A2.2 Cell structure A2.3 Viruses Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
36 37 49 80 92 94
3 Organisms A3.1 Diversity of organisms A3.2 Classification and cladistics Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
96 97 116 132 134
4 Ecosystems A4.1 Evolution and speciation A4.2 Conservation of biodiversity Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
136 137 156 173 175
1 Molecules B1.1 Carbohydrates and lipids B1.2 Proteins Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
178 179 195 208 209
C Interaction and interdependence
The moral rights of the author[s] have been asserted
1 Molecules A1.1 Water A1.2 Nucleic acids Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
2 Cells 210 B2.1 Membranes and membrane transport 211 B2.2 Organelles and compartmentalization 229 B2.3 Cell specialization 240 Theory of knowledge 252 End of chapter questions 253 3 Organisms B3.1 Gas exchange B3.2 Transport B3.3 Muscle and motility Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
254 255 270 293 305 306
4 Ecosystems B4.1 Adaptation to environment B4.2 Ecological niches Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
308 309 321 336 337
Internal assessment: The scientific investigation
796
Index
802
D Continuity and change
© Oxford University Press 2023
A Unity and diversity
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Contents
B Form and function
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Service /Science Photo Library; p63(b): Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock; p64: Bénédicte Salin/Université de Bordeaux Cell and Molecular Imaging Service; p65: Eric Grave/Science Photo Library; pp66-67: Wolfgang Bettighofer, www.protisten.de; p69: Prof. Alexandro Bonifaz/ Hospital General de México; p70(a): Biophoto Associates / Science Photo Library; p70(b): Microscape / Science Photo Library; p70(c): Don W. Fawcett / Science Photo Library; p70(d): Biophoto Associates / Science Photo Library; p70(e): Dr Gopal Murti / Science Photo Library; p71(a): Dr Gopal Murti / Science Photo Library; p71(b): Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo; p71(c): Dr Kari Lounatmaa / Science Photo Library; p71(d): Microscape / Science Photo Library; p71(e): Don W. Fawcett / Science Photo Library; p72(t): Heiti Paves/Alamy Stock Photo; P72(m): Dr Gopal Murti / Science Photo Library; p72(b): Dr Gary Gaugler / Science Photo Library; p73: Andrew Allott; p75: Frank Fox/Science Photo Library; p76: Han, X., Zhou, Z., Fei, L. et al. Construction of a human cell landscape at single-cell level. Nature 581, 303–309 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2157-4; p77(l): Eye of Science/Science Photo Library; p77(r): David Scharf/Science Photo Library; p78: Wolfgang Bettighofer, www.protisten.de; p80(t): Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library; p80(b): Tumor Cell Lab/Phanie/Science Photo Library; p81: Xiao C, Kuznetsov YG, Sun S, Hafenstein SL, Kostyuchenko VA, et al. (2009), CC BY 2.5 /Wikimedia Commons; p86: Sergio Azenha/ Alamy Stock Photo; p88: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; p92(t): The Canadian Press / Alamy Stock Photo; p92(b): Science Source / Science Photo Library; p93: CDC / Science Source / Science Photo Library; p94(t): Herve Conge, ISM / Science Photo Library; p94(b): Ami Images/Science Photo Library; p95: Bob Blaylock, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p96: Kaj R. Svensson/Science Photo Library; p97(tl): Cburnett, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p97(tr): Ron Singer, Public domain / Wikimedia Commons; p97(bl): Dr. Michael Mares/Sam Noble Museum; p97(br): Brian Gratwicke, CC BY 2.5; p98(t): Agefotostock/Alamy Stock Photo; p98(b): Timothy Hellum/Alamy Stock Photo; p99: Andrew Allott; p100: RGB Ventures SuperStock/Alamy Stock Photo; p101(tl): Mike lane/Alamy Stock Photo; p101(tr): EyeLoveBirds from Vancouver, Canada, CC BY-SA 2.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p101(b): Corbis; p103: Dept. of Clinical Cytogenetics, Addenbrookes Hospital / Science Photo Library; p104: The History Collection / Alamy Stock Photo; p109: Mauro Fermariello/Science Photo Library; pp110-112: Andrew Allott; p114: Andrea Izzotti/Shutterstock; p115(t): Melissa Lutz Blouin; p115(b): Vince F/Alamy Stock Photo; p116(t): NOAA Okeanos Explorer Program, 2016 Deepwater Exploration of the Marianas, Leg 3; p116(b): Jen Guyton/Nature Picture Library; p117(t): Gaertner/Alamy Stock Photo; p117(b): World Meteorological Organization; p118(tl): Nature Picture Library/Alamy Stock Photo; p118(tr): Auscape International Pty Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo; p118(bl): Alan Jeffery/Shutterstock; p118(br): Vvvita/Shutterstock; p119(t): Gabor Csorba, Hungarian Natural History Museum (or G. Csorba, HNHM); p119(b): Andrew Allott; p122(t): Andrew Allott; p122(bl): Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; p122(bm): Ken Griffiths/Shutterstock; p122(br): Edwin Verin/ Shutterstock; p123: Andrew Allott; p127(l): Matteo Omied / Alamy Stock Photo; p127(r): Martin Fowler/Alamy Stock Photo; p128: Koepfli, KP., Deere, K.A., Slater, G.J. et al. Multigene phylogeny of the Mustelidae: Resolving relationships, tempo and biogeographic history of a mammalian adaptive radiation . BMC Biol 6, 10 (2008). https://doi. org/10.1186/1741-7007-6-10; p129: Ger Bosma/Alamy Stock Photo; p132(tl): Didier Descouens/Wikimedia Commons; p132(tr): Peter Cairns/Nature Picture Library/ Science Photo Library; p132(bl): Quartl, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p132(br): Nature Picture Library / Alamy Stock Photo; p133(t): Sandy Rae, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p133(b): M. G. Harasewych/Oxford University Press; p136: Lauren Suryanata/Shutterstock; p137(t): PAUL D STEWART / Science Photo Library; p137(b): Tony Camacho/Science Photo Library; p138: Andrew Allott; p141: Dora Zett/ Shutterstock; p142(tl): Steve Huskey, Ph.D.; p142(tr): www.opencage photographer, CC BY-SA 2.5/Wikimedia; p142(bl): Sklmsta/Wikimedia; p142(br): photowind/ Shutterstock; p145(t): AGAMI Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo; p145(b): Cyril Ruoso / Nature Picture Library / Science Photo Library; p146: Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p147: Bill Coster/Alamy Stock Photo; p148: George Turner; p149: Alfredo Garcia Saz/Alamy Stock Photo; p150(t): Ailurus~frwiki, CC BY-SA 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p150(b): BrazilPhotos/Alamy Stock Photo; p151: Lee Dalton/ Alamy Stock Photo; p152: AGAMI Photo Agency/Alamy Stock Photo; p153: Science History Images / Alamy Stock Photo; p155(t): Andrew Allott; p155(b): Tanya C Smith/ Alamy Stock Photo; p156(t): Don Johnston_MA/Alamy Stock Photo; p156(b): Nick Upton / Nature Picture Library / Science Photo Library; p157: Mannion PD, Upchurch P, Benson RB, Goswami A. The latitudinal biodiversity gradient through deep time. Trends Ecol Evol. 2014 Jan;29(1):42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.09.012. Epub 2013 Oct 17. PMID: 24139126.; p158(l): Cephas, CC BY-SA 3.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p158(r): Jim Rorabaugh/USFWS, Public domain / Wikimedia Commons; p160(l): Frederick William Frohawk, Public domain / Wikimedia Commons; p160(r): Natural History Museum, London, CC BY 4.0 / Wikimedia Commons; p161(t): Science History Images/Alamy Stock Photo; p161(b): © Auscape / ardea.com; p163(t): Minden Pictures/Alamy Stock Photo; p163(b): NASA. Collage by Producercunningham., Public domain / Wikimedia Commons; p165: Stephen Barlow; p166: Phil Marsh; pp169-170: Andrew Allott; p171(tl): Andrew Allott; p171(bl): Andrew Allott; p171(b): B. Bartel/USFWS & Jitze Couperus, CC BY 2.0 / via Wikimedia Commons; p174(t): Mauro Fermariello/Science Photo Library; p174(b): United States Department of Agriculture; p178: ibreakstock/ Shutterstock; p180: RM Floral / Alamy Stock Photo; p185: BGSmith/Shutterstock; p188: Jamie Presland; p190(l): m.pilot/Shutterstock; p190(r): Jiri Hera/Shutterstock; p191: Papa November CC BY-SA 3.0/Wikimedia Commons; p193: Fuse/Getty Images; p195: RCSB PDB; p199(t): Georgios Kollidas/Shutterstock; p199(b): February 2001, David Goodsell, doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2001_2; p200(t): Glow Images/Getty Images; p200(b): Andrew Allott; p203: Andrei Lomize, CC BY-SA 3.0/Wikimedia Commons; p204: February 2011, David Goodsell, doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2011_2; p206: Mark A. Herzik Jr. Cryo-electron microscopy reaches atomic resolution. Nature 587, 39-40 (2020). doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-02924-y; p207(t): April 2000, David Goodsell, doi:10.2210/rcsb_pdb/mom_2000_4/; p207(b): Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo; p208(l): John Birdsall Social Issues Photo Library / Science Photo Library; p208(r): Prostock-studio/Shutterstock; p210: Biophoto Associates / Science Photo Library; p211(t): mikeledray/Shutterstock; p211(b): fotofeel/Shutterstock; p212: Andrew Allott; p216: Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo; p219: Andrew Allott, courtesy of Roel Haeren and Hans Vink;
1 Molecules C1.1 Enzymes and metabolism C1.2 Cell respiration C1.3 Photosynthesis Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
338 339 361 384 410 411
2 Cells C2.1 Chemical signalling C2.2 Neural signalling Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
412 413 428 447 448
3 Organisms C3.1 Integration of body systems C3.2 Defence against disease Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
450 451 481 497 498
4 Ecosystems C4.1 Populations and communities C4.2 Transfers of energy and matter Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
500 501 529 554 555
1 Molecules D1.1 DNA replication D1.2 Protein synthesis D1.3 Mutation and gene editing Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
556 557 572 592 606 607
2 Cells D2.1 Cell and nuclear division D2.2 Gene expression D2.3 Water potential Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
608 609 636 648 662 663
3 Organisms D3.1 Reproduction D3.2 Inheritance D3.3 Homeostasis Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
664 665 692 721 738 739
4 Ecosystems D4.1 Natural selection D4.2 Stability and change D4.3 Climate change Theory of knowledge End of chapter questions
740 741 757 777 792 794
Answers: www.oxfordsecondary.com/ib-science-support
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