;fgf] uNtL, 7"nf] c;/ an/fdsf] syf
PlG6afof]l6ssf] ;xL k|of]u, xfdL ;a}sf] lhDd]jf/L
kl/ro
o; PlG6dfOqmf]laon jf k|lth}ljs k|lt/f]w ;DalGwsf] hfgsf/L k'l:tsf
(Antimicrobial Resistance Booklet) cS;kmf]8{ o'lgel;{6L lSnlgsn
l/;r{ o'lg6 (OUCRU Nepal) g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 a9\bf] ultdf /x]sf]
k|lth}ljs k|lt/f]wsf] ;d:of lj?4 n8\gnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] k|of; /x]sf] 5 .
1fgj4{s hfgsf/LnfO{ dgf]/~hgfTds tl/sfn] ;/n efiffdf k|lth}ljs
k|lt/f]wsf] ;d:ofnfO{ o; hfgsf/L k'l:tsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; k'l:tsfdf k|lth}ljs k|lt/f]wnfO{ PlG6dfOqmf]laon k|lt/f]w eg]/ k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 .
kz'kG5L, jg:klt nufot dfgj hfltdf PlG6afof]l6ssf] cg'lrt k|of]un] ubf{ k|lt/f]wsf] ;d:of a9\bf] b/df /x]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ clxn]
pknAw w]/} PlG6afof]l6sx¿n] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
o; hfgsf/L k'l:tsfn] ;Dk"0f{ hgdfg;df o; ;d:of af/] r]tgf
km}nfpg ;Sg] p2]Zosf ;fy k|lth}ljs k|lt/f]w lj?4 n8\g] xfd|f]
k|lta4tfnfO{ k|ltlalDat ub{5 .
AMR af/] yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;Dks{ ug{'xf];\ M
info.oucrunp@oucru.org
+977 01-5911730
PlG6afof]l6sn] efO/; db}{g, b'?kof]un] /f]u lgsf] x'b}g.
;x/sf] laxfgL ;w}F Jo:t x'GYof] . ;8sdf uf8Lx¿sf] nfd nfUYof] .
df]6/;fOsnsf cfjfh, a;sf xg{ / xtf/ xtf/ s'lb/x]sf dflg;x¿n] ;x/ sf]nfxndo eP klg lhpFbf] nfUYof] . cUnf ejgx¿, ckf6{d]G6x¿, ljBfno, c:ktfn / ;lkª ;]G6/x¿n] el/Psf] Tof] ;x/ ;fRr} cfw'lgs b]lvGYof] .
t/ Pp6f ;d:of eg] w]/} dflg;x¿df ;dfg lyof] . ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sL, Hj/f],
3fF6L b'vfO jf 6fpsf] b'vfO x'Fbf clwsf+zn] 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx glnO{ cf}iflw k;naf6 …l56} 7Ls kfg]{ cf}iflwÚ of …s8f cf}iflwÚ eg]/ PlG6afof]l6s lsg]/ vfg] uy{] .
krf; jif{sf an/fd ToxL ;x/df a:y] . pgL Pp6f lghL sDkgLdf
hflu/] lyP . sfdsf] rfk w]/} ePsfn] pgL c:ktfn jf :jf:Yo rf}sL wfpg'nfO{ ;dosf] aaf{bL 7fGy] .
;fdfGo Hj/f]sf nflu klg 8fS6/sxfF lsg hfg' Û d]l8snaf6 cf}iflw Nofof], vfof], 7Ls eOxfNof] . ;d:of g} 5}g lg Û
an/fdsf] kl/jf/df pgsL cfdf, >LdtL dfof, bz jif{sf 5f]/f ljj]s / ;ft jif{sL 5f]/L ;'idf lyP . an/fdn] cfˆgf] oxL afgL kl/jf/df
klg nfu" u/]sf lyP . aRrfx¿nfO{ ?3fvf]sL nfu] klg, Hj/f] cfP
klg 3/df ePsf] s8f cf}iflw v'jfpFy] jf pgL 8fS6/nfO{ gb]vfO{ cfkm}Fn] s8f cf}iflw lsg]/ v'jfpFy] . of] s8f cf}iflw /fv x}, dfof . csf]{rf]l6 3/df sf]xL la/fdL eof] eg] sfd nfU5 .
pgLx¿sf] 3/glhs} cf}iflw k;n lyof] . k;ndf k'u]/ nIf0f ;'gfPkl5
ljleGg cf}iflwx¿ ;lhn} kfOGy] . /f]u lgsf] ePsf] h:tf] nfUof] eg]
s;}n] b'O{ lbgd} cf}iflw vfg 5f]8\y]], s;}n] k'/fgf] k|]l:qmK;g bf]xf]{ofpFy] .
s;}s;}n] t cfkm}F dfqf a9fpFy] / vfGy] .
an/fdnfO{ cfˆgf] cg'ejdfly lgs} e/f];f lyof] .
jiff}{Fb]lv vfO/x]s} 5' . dnfO{ s'g cf}iflwn] s] sfd u5{ eGg] /fd|/L yfxf 5 .
Pslbg 5f]/f ljj]snfO{ Hj/f] cfof] . p;sf] 6fpsf] klg b'Vof] . p;nfO{
clncln ?3fvf]sL klg nfu]sf] lyof] .
afn/f]u ljz]if1nfO{ b]vfpmF ls <
olt ;fgf] s'/fdf c:ktfn wfpg' kb{}g .
d}n] cl:t /fVg lbPsf] cf}iflw Nofpm t
dfof To;}n] g} sfd u5{ .
ljj]ssf] Hj/f] emg\ a9\of] . p;sf] k]6 klg b'Vg yfNof] / k6s–k6s
afGtf klg u¥of] . vfgf vfg dg ug{ 5f]8\of] . ljj]s sdhf]/ b]lvg yfNof] .
dfof 8/fOg\ .
cfdf, d]/f] lhp klg ;fx|} b'v]sf] 5 .
ca l9nf gu/f}F . c:ktfn n}hfg' k5{ .
pgLx¿ tTsfn c:ktfn k'u] .
8fS6/n] ;a} ljj/0f ;'g] / k/LIf0f l/kf]6{ x]/] . 8fS6/sf] cg'xf/ uDeL/ eof] .
aRrfnfO{ 8]+u' ePsf] /x]5 .
d}n] v'jfPsf] cf}iflw klg lnP/ cfPsf] 5' 8fS6/;fa. of] s8f cf}iflw v'jfPsf] xf]].
s'g cf}iflw v'jfpg' ePsf] lyof] < 8]+u' efO/;sf sf/0f x'g] /f]u xf] . t/ tkfO{+n]
Nofpg'ePsf] cf}iflw x]bf{ aRrfnfO{ PlG6afof]l6s v'jfpg'ePsf] /x]5 . efO/;sf] ;+qmd0f x'Fbf ;fdfGotof PlG6afof]l6s cfjZos kb}{g .
clg of] efO/; /
AofS6]l/of eg]sf] s] xf],
8fS6/;fa <
PlG6afof]l6s eg]sf] AofS6]l/ofsf]
;+qmd0f x'Fbf dfq k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflw
xf] . o;/L cfjZos gePsf] cj:yfdf
klg PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u ul//Xof}F eg]
xfd|f] z/L/df /x]sf kmfObfhgs
AofS6]l/of;d]t gi6 x'g ;S5g\ .
AofS6]l/of / efO/; b'j} ;"IdhLjx¿ x'g\, h'g xfdLn] cfFvfn] b]Vg ;Sb}gf}F t/ xfdLnfO{ ;+qmd0f u/fP/ /f]u nufpg ;S5g\ . xfdLnfO{ efO/;, AofS6]l/of h:tf cGo ;"IdhLjn] ubf{ /f]u nfU5 / oL hLjf0f'lj?4 pkrf/sf nflu ljleGg cf}iflwx¿ x'G5g\ .
efO/;n] ubf{ /f]u nfu]sf] xf] jf AofS6]l/ofn] ubf{ xf] eg]/ a'‰g /utsf] k/LIf0f, lb;f–lk;fasf] k/LIf0f jf cGo k/LIf0fx¿ u/]/ dfq yfxf x'G5 . To;}n] h'g;'s} /f]usf nflu klg PlG6afof]l6s g} vfOxfNg'k5{ eGg] x'Fb}g.
8fS6/n] yk],
æPlG6afof]l6sn] AofS6]l/oflj?4 sfd u5{, t/ efO/; lj?4 ub}{g . w]/} ?3fvf]sL jf Hj/f] tyf efO/n ;ª\qmd0fdf PlG6afof]l6s cfjZos g} x'Fb}g . PlG6afof]l6ssf] cgfjZos k|of]un]
k]6;DaGwL ;d:of, PnhL{ x'g ;S5 . ;fy}, PlG6afof]l6s–k|lt/f]wL AofS6]l/of a9fO{ eljiodf ;f] PlG6afof]l6sn] sfd gug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;S5.Æ
an/fdnfO{ ;Nnfx lagf o:tf] cf}iflw k|of]u u/]sfdf k5'tf] eof] . pgsf] lz/ em'Sof] .
cf]/fnf] nfu]sf] d[unfO{ ;a}n] x]K5g\ eg]em}F, an/fdsf] kl/jf/df csf]{ 36gf eof] . bdaf6 kLl8t an/fdsL j[4 cfdfnfO{ kmf]S;f]df uDeL/ ;ª\qmd0f eof] . klxn] ;fdfGo la/fdL x'Fbf klg PlG6afof]l6ssf] cgfjZos k|of]u ePsf] sf/0fn] pgsf] pkrf/ emg\ hl6n aGb} uof] . c:ktfnsf] cfsl:ds
sIfdf nluPkl5 pgnfO{ ICU df egf{ ul/of] . Nofasf ljleGg k/LIf0f ubf{ w]/} PlG6afof]l6sk|lt k|lt/f]wL hLjf0f'sf] ;+qmd0f ePsf] kQf nfUof] .
8fS6/n] kl/jf/nfO{ ;DemfP, PlG6afof]l6ssf] unt jf cgfjZos k|of]un] ljZje/ k|lt/f]wsf] ;d:of a9\b} uPsf] 5 . hyfefjL PlG6afof]l6s
vfFbf ;ª\qmd0f u/fpg] hLjf0f'x¿ alnof x'Fb} hfG5g\ / cfjZos k/]sf]
a]nf PlG6afof]l6sn] sfd gug{ ;S5 .
of] s'/f an/fdsf] dgdf ulx/f] u/L a:of] . To; /ft pgL lgbfpg
klg ;s]gg\ . pgL b'O{ b'O{hgf la/fdLsf PSnf s'?jf lyP . c:ktfnsf]
a]8df ;'lt/x]sf] ljj]s / xh'/cfdf b'j}hgfsf] xftdf ;nfOg nufOPsf]
lyof] . 5f]/fsf] cg'xf/ x]b{} an/fdnfO{ cfˆg} uNtL ;Dem]/ dg etetL
kf]Nof] . cfdfsf] b'Mv b]v]/ pgL emg\ b'MvL x'Gy] . d}n] l56f] lgsf] kfg{ vf]h]F, t/ emg\ ;d:of a9fPF .
ToxL If0f pgnfO{ af]w eof] M cf}iflw ;fdfGo s'/f xf]Og /x]5, lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s k|of]u ug{'kg{] pkrf/sf] dfWod xf] .
8fS6/x¿n] k/LIf0fsf] glthfcg';f/ pko'Qm PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u u/] .
To;kl5 cfdfsf] cj:yf la:tf/} ;'wf/ x'g yfNof] . Ps ;ftfkl5 aNn
ljj]ssf] :jf:Yodf klg ;'wf/ cfof] / cfdfsf] cj:yf klg /fd|f] x'Fb} uof] .
s]lx lbg kl5 ;d'bfo df PlG6afof]l6s sf] ;lx pkof]u af/] cleefjssf nflu
;r]tgf sfo{qmddf 8fS6/ ljBfn] elgg .
æHj/f] cfOxfNb}df PlG6afof]l6s cfjZos x'Fb}g . 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxlagf
PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u ug{' hf]lvdk"0f{ x'G5 . cf}iflw aLrd} 5f]8\bf xflgsf/s
AofS6]l/of emg\ alnof aGg ;S5g\ . o;n] xfdLnfO{ cfly{s ef/ klg
ylkg hfG5 . afnaflnsf tyf j[4j[4fdf o;sf] unt k|of]un] yk ;d:of lgDTofpg ;S5 .Æ
an/fdn] Wofgk"j{s ;a} s'/f ;'g] .
8fS6/ ljBfsf zAbx¿n] an/fdsf] dg 5f]of] . cfkm"n] u/]sf] uNtLsf]
dx;'; x'Fbf pgnfO{ lgs} cfTdUnflg eof] .
;fFRr} xf] Û d}n] cfˆgf] v';Ln] cf}iflw
v'jfpFbf cfdf / 5f]/fsf] :jf:Yo lalu|P5 .
cab]lv 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx adf]lhd dfq cf}iflw k|of]u ug]{5' .
s]xL dlxgfkl5 6f]ndf :jf:Yo ;r]tgf sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/of] . ToxfF
cleefjs, ljBfyL{ / :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿ e]nf ePsf lyP . o;k6s d~rdf
plePsf lyP—an/fd . pgL klxn]eGbf w]/} lhDd]jf/ / ;r]t b]lvGy] .
bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿, d klxn] ;fdfGo ?3fvf]sLdf klg cfkm"v';L
PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u uy{]+ . aRrfnfO{ klg v'jfPF . cfdfnfO{ klg v'jfPF . t/
To;n] emg\ 7"nf] ;d:of Nofof] . d}n] a'eF]m, ;a} /f]usf] cf}iflw PlG6afof]l6s x'Fb}g . 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lagf cfkm"v';L cf}iflw ;]jg ug]{] afgL t w]/}
hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] /x]5 . o;nfO{ ;a}n] dgg\ u/f}F / Jojxf/ ;'wf/f}F .
sfo{qmd:yn ;'g;fg eof]] .
an/fdn] yk],
æPlG6afof]l6sn] w]/} hLjg arfPsf] klg 5 t/ o;sf] unt k|of]un]
ef]ln ;fFRr} cfjZos kbf{ cf}iflwn] sfd gug{] cj:yf cfpg ;S5 .
To;}n] d cem} hf]8 lbP/ eG5' ls, 8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lagf PlG6afof]l6s
slxNo} k|of]u gu/f}F .Æ
;fdfGo la/fdL x'Fbf 8fS6/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf cf}iflw k;n uP/ cfkm}F
cf}iflw lsGg] afgL 36\b} uof] . 3/df hf] sf]xL la/fdL kbf{ 8fS6/sf]
;Nnfxdf dfq cf}iflw lng yflnof] . clg 8fS6/n] lbPsf] k'/fgf] k'hL{ x]/]/
cf}iflw vfg] rng klg sd x'Fb} uof] .
8fS6/sf] ;Nnfx lng]
:j:y kl/jf/, v';L hLjg ..
cfkm}F cf}iflw lsg]/ gvfg] k'/fgf] k'hL{ x]/]/ cf}iflw gvfg]
/ an/fd < cfˆg} uNtLaf6 dxTjk"0f{ kf7 l;s]sf lyP ca ;d'bfodf :jf:Yo ;DalGw ;r]tgf km}nfpg] lhDd]jf/ gful/s ag]sf 5g\ .
:jf:YosdL{nfO{
PlG6afof]l6ssf nflu bafa lbg] .
Dofb ;lsPsf]
PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u ug]{ =
PlG6afof]l6ssf]
k"/f dfqf gvfO{ eljiosf nflu /fVg] .
;+qmd0f /f]usyfdsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ .
pla|Psf]
PlG6afof]l6s
c¿;Fu afF8\g] .
PlG6afof]l6s ;fFRr} cfjZos 5 eg]/ ;f]Wg] .
cfˆgf] cf}iflw c¿nfO{ glbg] .
JolQmut ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg] . 8fS6/sf] l;kmfl/; lagf
PlG6afof]l6s lsGg]
;fdfGo
?3fvf]sLdf klg
PlG6afof]l6s lng].
;xL dfqf / ;dodf
PlG6afof]l6s ;]jg ug]{ .
lgb]{zgcg';f/
PlG6afof]l6ssf] k"/f dfqf ;]jg ug]{.
8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxdf dfq
PlG6afof]l6s ;]jg ug]{ .
PlG6afof]l6s vfg lal;{g] .
jl/kl/ ;/;kmfO gug]{ .
k/LIf0f gu/L
PlG6afof]l6s
kl/jt{g ug]{ .
tf]s]sf] eGbf
sd jf a9L dfqf
PlG6afof]l6s ;]jg ug]{.
8fS6/sf] ;Nnfxlagf
PlG6afof]l6s kl/jt{g ug]{ .
8fS6/nfO{ ;f]w]/ dfq PlG6afof]l6s
lsGg] .
hgfj/df kz'lrlsT;ssf]
;Nnfxdf
PlG6afof]l6s lbg].
PlG6afof]l6ssf]
k"/f dfqf lnP/ pla|g glbg].
kmfd]{;L uP/ cfkm}+
PlG6afof]l6s lng] .
afFsL /x]sf]
PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u ug]{ . ;Grf] dx;'; ePkl5
PlG6afof]l6s 5f]8\g] .
lgoldt vf]k ;a} nufpg] . ;fa'g kfgLn] xft w'g] .
yk hfgsf/L
PlG6afof]l6sn] sfd u5{ ls ub}{g eGg] s;/L yfxf x'G5 <
slxn]sfxLF la/fdLnfO{ lbOPsf] PlG6afof]l6sn] /fd|f];Fu sfd ub}{g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 8fS6/n] ;+qmd0f ePsf] 7fpFaf6 -h:t} /ut, lk;fa, vsf/ jf 3fpsf] k;_ gd'gf lnP/ Nofadf k7fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .
Nofadf AofS6]l/ofsf] klxrfg u/L s'g PlG6afof]l6s k|efjsf/L x'G5 eGg] k/LIf0f x'G5 . o;n]
8fS6/x¿nfO{ ;xL PlG6afof]l6s 5gf]6 ug{ d2t u5{ . cfpg';\, a'emf}F Nofadf s]–s] ul/G5 eg]/===
r/0f !M
la/fdLaf6 lnOPsf] gd"gfnfO{ Nofadf Pp6f Kn]6df /flvG5, h;nfO{ k]6«L l8z elgG5 . k]6«L
l8zdf AofS6]l/of pld|g d2t ug]{ kf]ifs tQ\jsf] ljz]if dfWod -culture medium_ x'G5 . olb la/fdLaf6 lemlsPsf] gd"gfdf AofS6]l/of 5g\ eg] s]xL ;dokl5 tL a9]/ b]lvg yfN5g\ .
r/0f @M
k]6«L l8zdf AofS6]l/of / PlG6afof]l6s ePsf ;fgf l8:sx¿ /flvG5g\ . olb s'g} PlG6afof]l6s
k|efjsf/L 5 eg] To;sf] jl/kl/ AofS6]l/of a9\g ;Sb}gg\ / ToxfF vfnL 3]/f -inhibition zone_ b]lvG5 .
tn b]vfOPsf] lrqh:t}, vfnL 3]/fsf] cfsf/sf cfwf/df Nofan] PlG6afof]l6sn] sfd u5{ ls ub}{g eg]/ yfxf x'G5 . olb k]6«L l8zdf 3]/f ePg eg], ;+qmd0f u/fpg] AofS6]l/of k|lt/f]wL ePsf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .
PlG6afof]l6s l8:s / jl/kl/ ag]sf] vfnL 3]/f
lgisif{M o;/L ul/Psf] k/LIf0fn] s'g PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u ubf{ ;+qmd0f lgsf] x'G5 / s'gn] sfd ub}{g eGg] yfxf x'G5 . o;n] cgfjZos PlG6afof]l6s k|of]u 36fpg / k|lth}ljs k|lt/f]w -Antimicrobial resistance_ lgoGq0f ug{ d2t u5{ . To;}n], :jf:YosdL{nfO{ dfq b]vfP/ cf}iflw k|of]u ug{'k5{ . k]6«L l8zdf hLjf0f' al9/x]sf] b[Zo
s]xL dxQ\jk"0f{ kl/efiffx¿
;"IdhLjf0f' M cfFvfn] klg gb]lvg] ;fgf ;fgf ;hLj j:t'x¿ h;nfO{ dfOqmf]:sf]ksf] ;xfotfn] dfq b]Vg ;lsG5 . efO/;, AofS6]l/of, k/hLjL, 9';Lx¿ ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ x'g\ .
;a} ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ a]sf/sf x'Fb}gg\ . s]xL xfd|f] nflu nfebfoL klg x'G5g\ .
;"IdsL6f0f' M ;+qmd0f jf /f]u u/fpg ;Sg] ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ .
AofS6]l/of M Ps lsl;dsf] ;"IdsL6f0f' h;n] 6fOkmfO8, Ifo/f]u, l66fg;, lgdf]lgof, d]lgGhfOl6;, x}hf OToflb ;+qmd0f u/fpF5g\ . AofS6]l/ofx¿ /fd|f] / g/fd|f] b'j} x'G5g\ . /f]u u/fpg] xflgsf/s
AofS6]l/ofx¿ g/fd|f x'g\ eg] xfd|f] z/L/sf] 5fnf, k]6 cflbdf kfOg] / xflgsf/s AofS6]l/of;Fu n8\g]
AofS6]l/ofx¿ /fd|f AofS6]l/of x'g\ .
AofS6]l/ofn] ubf{ g} b"waf6 bxL jf klg/ agfpg ;lsG5 .
PlG6afof]l6s M AofS6]l/ofnfO{ dfg]{ jf To;sf] j[l4nfO{ /f]Sg] Ps lsl;dsf] cf}iflw .
PlG6dfOqmf]laon k|lt/f]w M efO/;, AofS6]l/of, k/hLjL, 9';Lx¿ h:tf ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ lj?4 sfd ug]{ cf}iflwx¿n] sfd gug]{ cj:yf .
PlG6afof]l6s k|lt/f]w M AofS6]l/ofsf] agfj6df kl/jt{g eO{ AofS6]l/of lj?4 n8\g] PlG6afof]l6s sdhf]/ x'g' jf AofS6]l/ofnfO{ dfg{ g;Sg] cj:yf .
PlG6afof]l6ssf] b'?kof]u / cg'lrt k|of]un] ubf{ k|lt/f]wsf] ;d:of x'g;S5 .
efO/; M cfFvfn] klg b]Vg g;lsg] ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ hf] c¿ ;hLj j:t'x¿sf] ;xfotfn] dfq} afFRg / pTkfbg ug{ ;S5g\ .
PlG6afof]l6sn] efO/; lj?4 sfd ug{ ;Sb}g. efO/; lj?4 sfd ug]{ cf}iflwnfO{ PlG6efO/n cf}iflw elgG5 .
Definition of Few Important Terms
Microorganism: A microorganism is a small living thing that can only be seen under a microscope. It can include bacteria, protozoans, parasite and fungi.
Not all microorganisms can cause illness. Some are even helpful to us.
Germ: Germs refer to a microorganism that can cause infection or disease.
Bacteria: Bacteria are microorganisms that causes infections like typhoid, tuberculosis (TB), pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, cholera etc. Bacteria can be both good and bad. The bacteria that causes infection are bad while, bacteria naturally found on our skin and in our guts, that protects us from bad bacteria are good.
Some bacteria are used to produce cheese and yogurt through fermentation.
Antibiotic: Antibiotic refers to the medicines that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria.
Antimicrobial resistance: The ability of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites to stop antimicrobial drugs from working against them.
Antibiotic resistance: The ability of bacteria to change or adapt in response to antibiotics designed to kill them, making those antibiotics less effective in killing the bacteria.
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to resistance.
Virus: A simple, small microorganism that cannot live or replicate independently but only inside the cells of other organisms.
Antibiotics have no effect on viruses. The medicines that kill or inhibit the growth of viruses are called antiviral.
