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Jerzy Świątek

Leszek Borzemski

Adam Grzech

Zofia Wilimowska Editors

Information Systems Architecture and Technology: Proceedings of 36th International Conference on Information Systems Architecture and Technology – ISAT 2015 –Part III

AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing

Volume431

Serieseditor

JanuszKacprzyk,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland

e-mail:kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl

AboutthisSeries

Theseries “AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing” containspublicationsontheory, applications,anddesignmethodsofIntelligentSystemsandIntelligentComputing.Virtually alldisciplinessuchasengineering,naturalsciences,computerandinformationscience,ICT, economics,business,e-commerce,environment,healthcare,lifesciencearecovered.Thelist oftopicsspansalltheareasofmodernintelligentsystemsandcomputing.

Thepublicationswithin “AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing” areprimarily textbooksandproceedingsofimportantconferences,symposiaandcongresses.Theycover significantrecentdevelopmentsinthe field,bothofafoundationalandapplicablecharacter. Animportantcharacteristicfeatureoftheseriesistheshortpublicationtimeandworld-wide distribution.Thispermitsarapidandbroaddisseminationofresearchresults.

AdvisoryBoard

Chairman

NikhilR.Pal,IndianStatisticalInstitute,Kolkata,India e-mail:nikhil@isical.ac.in

Members

RafaelBello,UniversidadCentral “MartaAbreu” deLasVillas,SantaClara,Cuba e-mail:rbellop@uclv.edu.cu

EmilioS.Corchado,UniversityofSalamanca,Salamanca,Spain e-mail:escorchado@usal.es

HaniHagras,UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UK e-mail:hani@essex.ac.uk

László T.Kóczy,SzéchenyiIstvánUniversity,Győr,Hungary e-mail:koczy@sze.hu

VladikKreinovich,UniversityofTexasatElPaso,ElPaso,USA e-mail:vladik@utep.edu

Chin-TengLin,NationalChiaoTungUniversity,Hsinchu,Taiwan e-mail:ctlin@mail.nctu.edu.tw

JieLu,UniversityofTechnology,Sydney,Australia e-mail:Jie.Lu@uts.edu.au

PatriciaMelin,TijuanaInstituteofTechnology,Tijuana,Mexico e-mail:epmelin@hafsamx.org

NadiaNedjah,StateUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil e-mail:nadia@eng.uerj.br

NgocThanhNguyen,WroclawUniversityofTechnology,Wroclaw,Poland e-mail:Ngoc-Thanh.Nguyen@pwr.edu.pl

JunWang,TheChineseUniversityofHongKong,Shatin,HongKong e-mail:jwang@mae.cuhk.edu.hk

Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11156

Jerzy Świątek •

InformationSystems

Editors

Jerzy Świątek FacultyofComputerScience andManagement

WrocławUniversityofTechnology

Wrocław Poland

LeszekBorzemski FacultyofComputerScience andManagement

WrocławUniversityofTechnology

Wrocław Poland

AdamGrzech FacultyofComputerScience andManagement

WrocławUniversityofTechnology

Wrocław Poland

ZofiaWilimowska FacultyofComputerScience andManagement

WrocławUniversityofTechnology

Wrocław Poland

ISSN2194-5357ISSN2194-5365(electronic)

AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing

ISBN978-3-319-28562-7ISBN978-3-319-28564-1(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-28564-1

LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016930056

© SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016

Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart ofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilaror dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.

Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.

Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.

Printedonacid-freepaper

ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland

Preface

Thisfourvolumesetofbooksincludestheproceedingsofthe201536th InternationalConferenceInformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology (ISAT),orISAT2015forshort,heldonSeptember20–22,2015,inKarpacz, Poland.TheconferencewasorganizedbytheDepartmentofComputerScienceand DepartmentofManagementSystems,FacultyofComputerScienceand Management,WrocławUniversityofTechnology,Poland.

TheInternationalConferenceInformationSystemsArchitectureisorganizedby theWrocławUniversityofTechnologyfromtheseventiesofthelastcentury.The purposeoftheISATistodiscussastateoftheartofinformationsystemsconcepts andapplicationsaswellasarchitecturesandtechnologiessupportingcontemporary informationsystems.Theaimisalsotoconsideranimpactofknowledge,information,computing,andcommunicationtechnologiesonmanagingtheorganization scopeoffunctionalityaswellasonenterpriseinformationsystemsdesign,implementation,andmaintenanceprocessestakingintoaccountvariousmethodological, technological,andtechnicalaspects.Itisalsodevotedtoinformationsystems conceptsandapplicationssupportingexchangeofgoodsandservicesbyusing differentbusinessmodelsandexploitingopportunitiesofferedbyInternet-based electronicbusinessandcommercesolutions.

ISATisaforumforspeci ficdisciplinaryresearch,aswellason multi-disciplinarystudiestopresentoriginalcontributionsandtodiscussdifferent subjectsoftoday’sinformationsystemsplanning,designing,development,and implementation.Theeventisaddressedtothescientifi ccommunity,people involvedinvarietyoftopicsrelatedtoinformation,management,computer,and communicationsystems,andpeopleinvolvedinthedevelopmentofbusiness informationsystemsandbusinesscomputerapplications.

Thisyear,wereceived130papersfrom17countries.Thepapersincludedinthe fourproceedingvolumespublishedbySpringerhavebeensubjecttoathoroughgoingreviewprocessbyhighlyqualifiedpeerreviewers.Eachpaperwasreviewed byatleasttwomembersofProgramCommitteeorBoardofReviewers.Only 74bestpaperswereselectedfororalpresentationandpublicationinthe

36thInternationalConferenceInformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology 2015proceedings.The finalacceptanceratewas57%.

ProfessorPeterNelsen(Denmark)presentedhiskeynotespeechonSome InsightsfromBigDataResearchProjects.Healsoorganizedthespecialsessionon theadvancesinmethodsformanagingcomplexplanningenvironments.

Theconferenceproceedingsaredividedintofourvolumesandpresentpapersin theareasofmanagingcomplexplanningenvironments,systemsanalysisand modeling, finance,logisticsandmarket,artifi cialintelligence,knowledge-based management,Websystems,computernetworksanddistributedcomputing,high performancecomputing,cloudcomputing,multi-agentsystems,InternetofThings, mobilesystems,service-orientedarchitecturesystems,knowledgediscovery,and datamining.

WewouldliketothanktheProgramCommitteeandexternalreviewers,essential forreviewingthepaperstoensureahighstandardoftheISAT2015conferenceand theproceedings.Wethanktheauthors,presenters,andparticipantsofISAT2015; withoutthem,theconferencecouldnothavetakenplace.Finally,wethankthe organizingteamfortheeffortsthisandpreviousyearsinbringingtheconferenceto asuccessfulconclusion.

September2015Jerzy

ISAT2015ConferenceOrganization

GeneralChair

LeszekBorzemski,Poland

ProgramCo-chairs

LeszekBorzemski,Poland

AdamGrzech,Poland

Jerzy Świątek,Poland

Zofi aWilimowska,Poland

LocalOrganizingCommittee

LeszekBorzemski,Chair

Zofi aWilimowska,Vice-Chair

MariuszFraś,ConferenceSecretaryandISAT2015WebsiteAdministrator

ArkadiuszGórski,KatarzynaGwóźdź,TechnicalEditors

AnnaKiłyk,ZiemowitNowak,AgnieszkaParkitna,TechnicalChairmen

InternationalProgramCommittee

WitoldAbramowicz,Poland

DhiyaAl-Jumeily,UK

IosifAndroulidakis,Greece

PatriciaAnthony,NewZeland ZbigniewBanaszak,Poland

ElenaN.Benderskaya,Russia

LeszekBorzemski,Poland

JanosBotzheim,Japan

PatriceBoursier,France

WojciechCellary,Poland

HarunaChiroma,Malaysia

EdwardChlebus,Poland GloriaCeraselaCrisan,Romania

MariliaCurado,Portugal

CzesławDaniłowicz,Poland ZhaohongDeng,China

MałgorzataDolińska,Poland El-SayedM.El-Alfy,SaudiArabia NaokiFukuta,Japan

PiotrGawkowski,Poland ManuelGraña,Spain

WiesławM.Grudzewski,Poland AdamGrzech,Poland

IrenaHejduk,Poland KatsuhiroHonda,Japan MarianHopej,Poland ZbigniewHuzar,Poland NatthakanIam-On,Thailand

BijuIssac,UK

ArunIyengar,USA

JürgenJasperneite,Germany

JanuszKacprzyk,Poland HenrykKaproń,Poland

YannisL.Karnavas,Greece RyszardKnosala,Poland ZdzisławKowalczuk,Poland BinodKumar,India

JanKwiatkowski,Poland AntonioLatorre,Spain GangLi,Australia

José M.Merigó Lindahl,Chile JoseM.Luna,Spain

EmilioLuque,Spain

SofianMaabout,France

ZygmuntMazur,Poland PedroMedeiros,Portugal ToshiroMinami,Japan MarianMolasy,Poland ZbigniewNahorski,Poland KazumiNakamatsu,Japan PeterNielsen,Denmark TadashiNomoto,Japan

CezaryOrłowski,Poland

MichelePagano,Italy

GeorgeA.Papakostas,Greece

ZdzisławPapir,Poland

MarekPawlak,Poland

JanPlatoš,CzechRepublic

TomaszPopławski,Poland

EdwardRadosiński,Poland

DoloresI.Rexachs,Spain

José S.Reyes,Spain

LeszekRutkowski,Poland GeraldSchaefer,UK

HabibShah,Malaysia

JengShyang,Taiwan

AnnaSikora,Spain

MałgorzataSterna,Poland

JanuszStokłosa,Poland RemoSuppi,Spain

EdwardSzczerbicki,Australia

Jerzy Świątek,Poland

EugeniuszToczyłowski,Poland

ElpidaTzafestas,Greece

José R.Villar,Spain

BayVo,Vietnam

HongzhiWang,China

LeonS.I.Wang,Taiwan

JanWerewka,Poland

ThomasWielicki,USA

Zofi aWilimowska,Poland

BerndWol finger,Germany

JózefWoźniak,Poland

RomanWyrzykowski,Poland

JaroslavZendulka,CzechRepublic

Bernard Ženko,Slovenia

ISAT2015Reviewers

PatriciaAnthony,NewZeland ZbigniewBanaszak,Poland

ElenaN.Benderskaya,Russia

GrzegorzBocewicz,Poland

LeszekBorzemski,Poland

JanosBotzheim,Japan

PatriceBoursier,France

KrzysztofBrzostowski,Poland

WojciechCellary,Poland GloriaCeraselaCrisan,Romania

MariliaCurado,Portugal

MariuszCzekała,Poland GrzegorzDebita,Poland El-SayedM.El-Alfy,SaudiArabia

StefanForlicz,Poland MariuszFraś,Poland NaokiFukuta,Japan PiotrGawkowski,Poland ManuelGraña,Spain DariuszGąsior,Poland AdamGrzech,Poland IrenaHejduk,Poland KatsuhiroHonda,Japan

ZbigniewHuzar,Poland BijuIssac,UK

JerzyJózefczyk,Poland KrzysztofJuszczyszyn,Poland YannisL.Karnavas,Greece

RadosławKatarzyniak,Poland GrzegorzKołaczek,Poland ZdzisławKowalczuk,Poland BinodKumar,India

JanKwiatkowski,Poland AntonioLatorre,Spain ArkadiuszLiber,Poland WojciechLorkiewicz,Poland ZygmuntMazur,Poland PedroMedeiros,Portugal IzabelaNielsen,Denmark PeterNielsen,Denmark TadashiNomoto,Japan

CezaryOrłowski,Poland MichelePagano,Italy

GeorgeA.Papakostas,Greece MarekPawlak,Poland JanPlatoš,CzechRepublic TomaszPopławski,Poland DoloresI.Rexachs,Spain

José S.Reyes,Spain GeraldSchaefer,UK

HabibShah,SaudiArabia AnnaSikora,Spain

MałgorzataSterna,Poland

JanuszStokłosa,Poland RemoSuppi,Spain

EdwardSzczerbicki,Australia

Jerzy Świątek,Poland

ElpidaTzafestas,Greece

José R.Villar,Spain

TomaszWalkowiak,Poland

HongzhiWang,China

LeonS.I.Wang,Taiwan

AdamWasilewski,Poland

JanWerewka,Poland

Zofi aWilimowska,Poland

BerndWol finger,Germany

JózefWoźniak,Poland

JaroslavZendulka,CzechRepublic

MaciejZięba,Poland

Bernard Ženko,Slovenia

ISAT2015KeynoteSpeaker

ProfessorPeterNielsen,AalborgUniversity,Aalborg,Denmark

Topic:SomeInsightsfromBigDataResearchProjects

ISAT2015InvitedSession

AdvancesinMethodsforManagingComplexPlanningEnvironments

Chair:PeterNielsen,Denmark

Contents

PartIMobileandSOASystems

PersonalWi-FiBasedIndoorLocalizationofMobileDevices inActiveEnvironment .....................................3 MariuszFraś,KrzysztofWaśkoandTomaszWierzowiecki

TheMethodologyforSoftwareDevelopmenttoSupportDecision MakingProcesses ..........................................15

GrzegorzKołaczek,PawełŚwiątek,KrzysztofJuszczyszyn, AdamGrzechandArkadiuszSławek

SecurityLockSystemforMobileDevicesBasedonFingerprint RecognitionAlgorithm ....................................25

Michał Szczepanik,IreneuszJ.Jóźwiak,TomaszJamka andKarolStasiński

DynamicResourceManagementMiddlewareforModernService OrientedSystems ........................................37 ŁukaszFalasandKrzysztofJuszczyszyn

PartIIHighPerformanceandCloudComputing

MethodofSolvingtheVolumeBetweenTriangulated MeshSurfaces ..........................................53 SzymonTenglerandDavidSehnal

AcceleratedAdditiveAlgorithmwithLossyDataCompression .......63 AleksandrKatkow

SwarmofMobileVirtualizationContainers .....................75 MarianRusek,GrzegorzDwornickiandArkadiuszOrłowski

TowardsHealthcareCloudComputing ........................87

PiotrDorożyński,AdamBrzeski,JanCychnerskiandTomaszDziubich

ParallelizationofDivide-and-ConquerApplications onIntelXeonPhiwithanOpenMPBasedFramework .............99 Paweł Czarnul

PartIIIKnowledgeDiscoveryandDataMining

InformationTechnologyasanIndirectFactorSupporting KnowledgeManagementinOrganization MediatingRole ofOrganizationalStructure .................................115 KatarzynaTworek,KatarzynaWalecka-Jankowska andJanuszMartan

RT-PLG:RealTimeProcessLogGenerator ....................127 BernardoNugrohoYahya,YohanesKhosiawan,WoosikChoi andNgocAnhDungDo

MedicalDataUni ficationUsingOntology-BasedSemanticModel StructuralAnalysis .......................................139 MariuszChmielewskiandPiotrStąpor DecisionsasUnitsofOrganizationalKnowledgetoManage Complexity .............................................153 BartL.MacCarthyandRobertC.Pasley

DecisionMakingProcessfortheKnowledge-BasedEnterprise: FuzzySetsTheoryApplicationto StrategicManagement .....................................163 JoannaKałkowskaandAleksandrV.Kozlov

PartIVKnowledgeBasedManagement

ComputerSciencePhDProgramEvaluationProposal BasedonDomainandNon-domainCharacteristics ................177 JanWerewkaandMichał Turek

Multi-projectScrumMethodologyforProjectsUsingSoftware ProductLines ...........................................189 Michał TurekandJanWerewka

TestScenariosandValidationResultsofPOPMethodology .........201 GrzegorzKołaczek,PawełŚwiątek,Jerzy Świątek, KrzysztofBrzostowski,AdamGrzechandArkadiuszSławek

ModelingBusinessRulesforTransportationSystems ..............211 KrzysztofBrzostowski

AuthorIndex ...........................................221

PersonalWi-FiBasedIndoorLocalization ofMobileDevicesinActiveEnvironment

Abstract Thelocalizationtechniquesbecameverypopularandwidelyusedin recentyears.Popularizationofmobiledevicessuchassmartphonesparticularly increasedtheimportanceofwirelesslocalization,includingindoorlocalization. Thispaperdealswithtwoissues.First,itexaminestheeffectivenessofselected fingerprintbasedWi-Fiindoorlocalizationmethodsutilizedinpersonallocalization systemwithuseofordinarymobilephonesinnon-controlledactiveenvironmentin thepresenceofdynamicinterferences.Second,thenew fingerprintbasedpositioningalgorithmwkNN-Bayesthatcombinesknearestneighborapproachwith probabilisticalgorithmbasedonBayestheoryusingnormaldistributiontomodel signalstrengthdistributionispresented.

Keywords Indoorwirelesslocalization RSSI fi ngerprinting Probabilistic algorithm

1Introduction

Theidentifi cationoflocalizationofconsideredentitysuchasmobiledevice,user, sourceofactivityetc.hastheincreasingimportanceinthecurrentcomputerscience technologiesandinformationservices.Positioningdatacanbeutilizedinsuchareas asshoppingbusiness,bookingservices,localinformationdelivery,qualityof networkservices,socialservices,searchservices,andmanymore.

SatellitenavigationsystemsandGPSmoduleswidelyinstalledinthemobile deviceswereabigstepforwardintheareaofpositioningservices.TheGPSsystem

M.Fraś (&) K.Waśko T.Wierzowiecki

WroclawUniversityofTechnology,Wroclaw,Poland

e-mail:mariusz.fras@pwr.edu.pl

K.Waśko

e-mail:krzysztof.wasko@pwr.edu.pl

T.Wierzowiecki

e-mail:tomasz.wierzowiecki@gmail.com

© SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016

J. Świąteketal.(eds.), InformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology:Proceedingsof36th InternationalConferenceonInformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology – ISAT2015 – PartIII, AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing431,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-28564-1_1

launchedin70sbyU.S.DepartmentofDefense,consistsoftensofsatellites transmittingradiosignalwhichallowsthereceivertocalculateitsgeographical positionbasedonthemeasuredsignalpropagationtime.Sinceyear2000thesystem permitstodeterminethepositionwithanrms(rootmeansquare)accuracyof 4–12mforallcivilusers[1]andwith2.6–12mrmsaccuracyforregisteredGPS users[2].TheGPSbasedsystemssuchaswide-areaDGPS(DifferentialGPS)or variousSatelliteBasedAugmentationSystems(SBAS)allowtoachieveevena centimeteraccuracy[3].However,theusabilityofGPSisnotasbigaswewould like.Inthecitiestheaccuracydropsbecauseofinterferenceandhighdensityof buildings.Evenmoreimportantisthefactthatpeopleresidealotofthetimeinside thebuildingsorotherplacesbeingoutoftheGPSsignalrange.Inlargebuildings (e.g.shoppingcenters)thepositioningsystemisverydesirablebutalsonoteasyto accomplish.TheothersolutionsforindoorlocalizationarebasedonGSMstandard e.g.in[4],RFID(RadioFrequencyIdentification)tags e.g.in[5, 6],andUWB (UltraWideband)technology e.g.in[7].Howeverthegreatestpotentialandmost promisingseemtobetechniquesbasedonWi-Fitechnology.

TherapiddevelopmentthelocalWi-Finetworksinlastyearsandwidespread availabilityofmobilephones(smartphones)equippedwithWi-Fimodulesallowto widelyutilizeWi-Fibasedindoorlocalization.Thereisalotofworksthatconsideredvariousapproaches,algorithms,ideas,etc.forindoorWi-Filocalization duringseveralrecentyears[8, 9].Mostofthemusuallypresentsresultsofexperimentsmadeinclearenvironment(similartolaboratoryconditions),withuseof strictlyselectedequipment,toshowabsoluteaccuracyofproposedmethodsand makecomparisonsclear.

Thepurposeofthisworkistwofold first,toshowtheeffectivenessofselected popular fingerprintbasedWi-Fiindoorlocalizationmethodsutilizedinpersonal systemwithuseofordinarymobilephonesinnon-controlledactiveenvironmentin thepresenceofdynamicallychanginginterferences.Aseffectivenessthepositioningaccuracyisconsidered.Second,toproposeamodificationofclassical probabilisticalgorithm,thatimproveseffectivenessofobjectlocalization wkNN-BayesalgorithmthatcombinesknearestneighborapproachwithprobabilisticalgorithmbasedonBayestheoryusingnormaldistributiontomodelsignal strengthdistribution.InSect. 2 theworkpresentsbriefdescriptionandcharacteristicsofWi-Fibasedtechniquesusedforindoorlocalization.InSect. 3 thenew approachforindoorpositioningispresented.InSect. 4 theprojectandresultsof experimentsarepresentedfollowedby fi nalremarksinSect. 5.

2Wi-FiBasedIndoorLocalizationMethods

Themostcommonsolutionsforindoorlocalizationofmobileobjectsaremethods basedondetectingandprocessingsignalofIEEE802.11standard(Wi-Fi)networks.TheadvantagesofthisapproachisrapidlyincreasingnumberofWi-Fi networks,popularizationofsmartphonesequippedwithWi-Ficommunication

moduleasastandard,andAPItocollectWi-Fidataavailableforpopularsmartphonessystemsoftware.Themostpopularmethodscanbegenerallyclassifi edinto twocategories:directcalculationsofpositionwithuseofmeasuredsignalcharacteristic(e.g.signalstrengthorsignaldelay)usuallyusinglaterationapproach,and fingerprinting usingmappingofsignalcharacteristictoindoorarea.

Thelateration(trilateriation,multirateration)techniqueofcomputingposition consistsinmeasuringdistancetomultiplepointsofknownpositions.Theintersectionofdistancecirclesindicatesobjectposition.Havingatleastthreemeasurementsfromthreedifferentnon-linearpointsthetrilaterationpermitscompute localizationintwodimensions.Thethreemainapproachestomeasuredistanceare: directmeasurements(difficultandverylittleapplicabletomobilephones),measurementofsignalattenuation,andmeasurementoftimeittakestotravelsignal betweentheobjectandtheknownpoint.

Theestimationofthedistancebetweenthedeviceandeachtransmittercanbe obtainedonthebasisoftherelationshipbetweenradiosignalstrength(RSSI ReceivedSignalStrengthIndication)anddistancetakenfromtheoreticalmodelof signalpropagationwhichexpressrelationshipsbetweenthesignalpower,thepower ofthetransmitter,thewavelength,thepathlosscoefficientwhichdependsonthe environment,thegainsofthereceiverandthetransmitter,andthedistancebetween thereceiverandthetransmitter.However,inrealworldconditions,thetheoretical andrealsignalstrengthdifferbecauseofsuchissuesasreflections,refractions,the presenceofotherdynamicobjects(e.g.people),etc.whatresultsinpoordistance estimation.In[10]wasshownthatindoorsignalnoiseisdefinitelylargerthan outsidethebuildings.Therefore,estimationmethodsofdistancedeterminationmust beadditionallyapplied.

FortrilaterationofnoisedsignaltheLSE(LeastSquareError),NLSE(Nonlinear LeastSquareError),andWLSE(WeightedLeastSquareError)methodsandtheir extensionsarecommonlyusedtoestimatedistance e.g.[11].WLSEmethod assumesthatformoredistanttransmittersthemeasuredsignalerrorislikelylarger andsuchmeasurementsshouldhavelessimpactoncalculations.Variousworks showvariouserrorvaluesfortestedsimilarsolutions.

Theotherapproachistomeasurethetimeittakesto “fly ” thesignalfromthe objecttoaccesspoint(andbackasavariant) ToF(TimeofFlight)parameter.In [12]thesolutionthatusesCristianalgorithmtomeasuretimeand finallydistance waspresented.Intheexperimentsthemeanerrorlevelofpositionestimationwas about2m.However,themeasurementswereperformedinlaboratoryconditions. Apartfromthattheproblemsinsuchapproacharetimesynchronizationofinteractingobjects,thegranularityofclocksandseveralother.Although,asshownin [13],thedistanceestimationaccuracycanbewithin1–3m,thistechniqueis difficulttouseindiverseenvironmentsuchasshoppingcentersandthelike.

Verypopularsolutionsforindoorlocalizationofmobileobjectsare fingerprintingbasedmethodsthatconsistinconstructingthemapofvaluesofchosen signalcharacteristicinchosenpointsofthearea(fi ngerprint).Themeasuredsignal parameterisusuallyproportionaltothedistancebetweenthepointandthe

transmitter.Comparisonofthemeasuredvalueofthischaracteristicandthemap permitstoestimatelocalization.Themethodconsistsoftwophases:

– offlinephase duringthisstepthemeasuredmetricsinchosenpointsofthe terrainarecollectedandrecordedindatabase,includingthelocalizationdeterminedmanuallyorbyanothermeasurement,

– onlinephase collectingmomentarymetricsandonthebasisofprocessing usingdatafromdatabasedeterminingthecurrentlocalizationoftheobject.

UsuallyusedmetricsareReceivedSignalStrengthIndicator(RSSI),Timeof Flight(ToF),andAngleofArrival(AoA)[14].

Duetomeasurementinaccuracysimplecomparisonofthemeasuredmetricand themapusuallydoesn’tindicateoneclearpositionandtwoormorepositionscan fit ourmeasurement.Henceadditionalprocessingmustbeperformedto fi ndthe closestmatchfromknownpoints.ForoftenusedRSSIFingerprintingthefollowing approachesaremostlyused:

deterministicmethods nearestneighborbasedmethods, probabilisticmethods methodsusingsignalstrengthdistributionapproximation andmaximumlikelihoodestimation, statisticalanalysisandmachinelearningbasedmethods, themethodsthatusesvariousAIapproaches,e.g.neuralnetworks.

Verypopularbecauseoftheirsimplicityare firstlyproposednearestneighbor (NN)andknearestneighbors(kNN)algorithms[15, 16],andtheirvariationsin laterworks.Thepositionisestimatedbyarithmeticcalculationsofselected matchingpoints(neighbors)insignalspace(fingerprintmaps).Someimprovement isweightedversionofkNN wkNNalgorithm.The fi nalpositioniscalculatedwith useofdistancestoneighborsscaledwithweightsreverselyproportionalto Euclidiandistancetothatneighbors.Thebestreportedaccuracyofthesemethodsis 1 ÷ 3m(20%betterforkNN,andevenbetterforwkNN).Howeveragain,the accuracydependsstronglyonenvironmentandmeasurementconditions.

Theworkspresentingmethodsthatapplystatisticallearningtheory,e.g.[17, 18], reporttheaccuracysimilartowkNN.Inthework[17],intestedenvironment,the 90 ‰ hasadistanceestimationerrorequal5.12mwhilethewkNN5.16m. Reportederrorsforneuralnetworkbasedmethodsvaries.Inthework[19]neural networkclassi fiertodeterminelocationwasproposed.Examinedaveragedistance errorwasequal1.5 ÷ 3m.In[9]the90 ‰ hasadistanceestimationerrorforthis methodequal5.4m.

3WeightedkNN-BayesAlgorithm

Theprobabilisticmethodshaveitsbasisinthenatureofaradiosignal.Strong interference,reflections,distortioncausesthesignalinoneplaceisnothomogeneous.Instead,mostfrequentlyoccurringvaluesofsignalstrengthcanbe

determined.Thegeneralideaisthatforgivensetoflocalizationcandidates L ={l1, , ln, , lN}andameasuredvectorofsignalstrength S(s1, , si, , sI), wechoosethelocalization ln forwhichtheprobability P(ln|S)ofoccurring measuredvaluesof S isthebiggest:

argmaxln Pln jS ðÞð1Þ

Probabilisticmethodsusehistogramsofparticularvaluesofradiosignal strength,othersarebasedoncreatingempiricallyprobabilitydistributionsandsome useready-mademathematicalmodelsofhistograms[20, 21].

OurproposedWeightedkNN-Bayes(wkNN-Bayesforshort)algorithmis modifi cationofclassicalprobabilisticapproachusingnormaldistributionforthe estimationoflocalization.ThewkNN-BayesalgorithmcombinesknearestneighbortechniquewithprobabilisticalgorithmbasedonBayestheoryusingnormal distributiontomodelsignalstrengthdistribution.

AccordingtoBayestheorytheEq.(1)canbeexpressedas:

argmaxln Pln jS ðÞ¼

where P(ln)istheprobabilityofbeinginlocation ln.Duetotheinabilityto determineitspreviouslocationitcanbeassumedthattheprobability P(ln)are equallyforalllocalizations.Also P(S)isconstant,sotheequationfor finding positionoftheobjectcanbeexpressedas:

argmaxln Pln jS ðÞ¼

Toavoidburdensomedeterminationoftheprobabilityofoccurrenceofagiven signalstrengthforvariousWi-Finetworks,asaprobabilitydistributioncanbe assumednormaldistributionwithempiricallydeterminedstandarddeviation.Then theruletoestimateobjectlocalizationis:

where: fsi ;r thenormaldistributionfunctionwithmeandistribution si equalsthe averagevalueof ithsignalstrength(i.e.thesignalstrengthof ithaccesspoint)at localization ln, si measuredsignalstrength,and σ standarddeviationofnormal distribution.

InourapproachweproposeweightedversionofdescribedBayesalgorithmand usingknearestneighbortechnique.Theestimatedpositioniscalculatedasan averageof k mostlikelyneighbors ln,k,andtheprobabilityofgivenlocalizationin (4)isscaledwiththefactor(weight) ws|ln:

Theweightislogarithmofinverseoftheprobability.The fi nalpositionis calculatedasanweightedaveragefromkmostlikelypositions.Thusitmakesmore probablelocalizationslargerimpactoncalculationofestimated finallocalization.

4ExperimentalStudy

Oneofthemainpurposeofmeasurementswastotesteffectivenessofselected Wi-Fiindoorlocalizationmethodswithpersonallocalizationsystemin non-controlledactiveenvironment.Thetakenassumptionswerethefollowing:

– thetestingenvironmentwillbealargeshoppingcenterwithprivateWi-Fi networks(withunknownlocalizationofWi-Fisignaltransmitters),

– themeasurementswillbeperformedduringopeninghourswhenmovingpeople generateadditionalWi-Fisignalinterference,

– ordinarypopularmobilephonesbeusedformeasurementswill.

Theexperimentforevaluationofeffectivenessoftestedalgorithmswasperformedinfollowingsteps:

– preparationofdetailedmapoftestedareawithgeographicaldata,

– vectorizationofthemaptouseitinmeasurementtool(mobilephone application),

– performingtestmeasurementsofofflinephasetobuild fingerprintmap,

– performingonlinephasemeasurementstocollectdataforevaluationof localization,

– dataanalysisforevaluationoftestedalgorithmsaccuracy.

Theselectedareaforexperimentwasthepartofone floorofGrunwaldPassage (PasazGrunwaldzkiinpolish)shoppingcenterinWroclaw,Poland.Themapofthe centerwascalibratedinPolishGeographicCoordinateSystemPUWG1992 (EPSG:2180)withuseofapplicationC-Geo.Next,themapwastransformedtothe variantofMercatorprojection WSG84PseudoMercator(EPSG:3857)whichis defactostandardforWebmappingapplications(e.g.usedbyGoogleMapsservice).ThemeasurementswereperformedwithuseofHTCDesireSmobilephone (smartfon).ItsprecisionofmeasuringthestrengthofWi-Fisignalis1dBm,andthe measurementfrequencyis1s.Themeasurementswereperformedwithspecially designedmeasurementsystemIlfar specializedandroidapplicationcooperating withserverapplicationforstoringmeasureddata.

Themeasurementpartoftheexperimenthadthefollowingcharacteristic:

– themeasurementswerecollectedintheareaof2600m2,

– theofflinephasemeasurementswerecollectedin143pointspresentedinFig. 1,

Fig.1 Themapof measurementarea(shopping center)with fingerprint measurementpoints

– each fingerprint(pointofmap)wascalculatedfromaverageanumberofseries ofmeasurements(approx.8200foronemap)preformedinalldirections, – theaveragenumberofaccesspointsinonemeasurementpointwas14.65, – theonlinemeasurements(measurementsforevaluationofalgorithmsaccuracy) werecollectedin116differentpoints(knownprecisepositions)inthesame area, – thevaluesofsignalstrengthwasintherangeof 40to 98dBm.

Themeasurementsresultedinthemapsofthesignalstrengthofvariousnetworks twoexamplesareshowninFig. 2 (thestrongestsignalforgreen(lightgrey forb&wprinting)area,theweakestfordarkred/brown(darkgreyforb&w printing)area).Thecollecteddataduringonlinephasewereusedtocompare accuracyofthefollowing fingerprintlocalizationalgorithms:NN nearestneighbor,kNN knearestneighbors,wkNN weightedknearestneighbors,Bayes describedinSect. 3 Bayesianalgorithm,wkNN-Bayes proposedmodificationof Bayesianalgorithm.

Atthe fi rstglancethemapsshowstheexpectednon-monotonicchangeofsignal strengthwhatwillmostlikelyaffectlocalizationaccuracy.

TheproposedwkNN-Bayesalgorithmwas firsttestedto findthebestvalueof standarddeviationofnormaldistribution σ.Theanalysisperformedfor fi veaccess pointsusedtodeterminethelocalizationshowedthatfor σ equal1 ÷ 1.2theerrorof localizationstopstodecrease.Thevalueof σ =1.2wastakenforallfurther experiments.Figure 3 presents,oftenusedintheliteratureforcomparisons,the

Fig.3 CDFoftheposition estimationerrorEforBayes andwkNN-Bayesalgorithms

wkNN-Bayes Bayes

empiricaldistributionfunction(empiricalCDF)ofthepositionestimationerrorE forBayesalgorithmandproposedwkNN-Bayesalgorithm.Theexperimentshowed theapparentadvantageofouralgorithmovertheclassicBayes.TheprobabilityP thattheestimationoflocalizationerrorwillbelessthengivenvalueincreases especiallystartingfrom6m.Theimprovementrequiresreallylittleadditional processingandnoextrameasurementscomparingtoBayesalgorithm.The empiricalCDFofotherkNNalgorithmswereveryclosetowkNN-Bayes.

ThecomparisonofalltestedalgorithmsispresentedinFig. 4.Theaverageerror ofestimationoflocalization Eavg wascalculatedfordifferentnumber k ofsignal transmitters(Wi-Fiaccesspoints)i.e.thenumberofneighborsusedtoestimatethe positionofmobileobject.

TheresultsshowclearadvantageofkNN,wkNNandwkNN-Bayesalgorithms. However,itdidnotshowtheexpecteddifferencesbetweenknownalgorithms

Fig.2 Themeasuredsignalstrengthof “OMEGA” (left)and “orangehotspot” (right)networks

Fig.4 Theaverageerrorof estimation Eavg versusthe number k ofneighbors

indicatedintheliterature.Severalpossiblereasonsmayexplainthisfact.Theoneis thatforreallyhardenvironment(i.e.whensignalinterferencesarehigh)thedifferencesbetweenmoreadvancedalgorithmsarepoint-sized.Thesecond,thatdifferencesingenerationof fingerprintmap,i.e.mapprecisionanddensityof measurementpoints,aresostronglyrelevant.Alsousingordinarymeasurementcan makeadifference.Thelastoneisthelargenumberofaccesspointsandnotusing anypreprocessing.Asshownin[22]forstrongsignalsthemeasuredsignalstrength variationisgreaterandanyinterferenceshavemoresigni ficantimpactonaccuracy. Forsuchalargenumberoftransmittersthemobileobjectisusuallywithinarange ofstrongsignals.

TheproposedwkNN-Bayesalgorithmworksaswellasthebestoftherest.At thesametimewecanseethatformostmethodsinourtestedenvironmentthegood numberofaccesspointsusedtoestimationofthepositionis7–12.

5FinalRemarks

Thepaperfocusedontwoissues:examinationofeffectivenessofselectedindoor localizationmethodsbasedonWi-Fi fingerprintmapsandpresentationof improvementforclassicprobabilisticalgorithmbasedonBayestheory.Oneofthe mainconclusionsfromperformedexperimentsisthattheimpactofnotalways consideredtestenvironmentconditionsonevaluationofalgorithmaccuracyis reallyhuge.Theoverallaccuracyofalltestedalgorithmwasnotashighaswe wouldexpect.Suchfactorsaslaboratoryvs.liveenvironmentandthecharacteristic ofinterferences,butalsodensityof fi ngerprintpointsandWi-Fiaccesspoints, shouldbetakenintoaccounttocompareproposedsolutions,becauseitmayimpact accuracyofmethodsdistinctly.

TheproposedwkNN-Bayesalgorithmcombinesclassicalapproachbasedon Bayestheorywithuseofnormaldistributiontomodelsignalstrengthdistribution

andweightedknearestneighborapproach.Itworksevidentlybetterthanthebasal. Averagingestimationoflocalizationimprovedaccuracy,partlyovercomingirregularityofWi-Fisignal.However,withoutsomeimprovementsmethodsmaynot workwellinactivenon-controlledenvironmentinthepresenceofdynamically changinginterferences.Especiallyusingpreprocessingphaseforaccesspoint selectionseemtobenecessarystep.Alsoverycarefulpreparationof fi ngerprint mapsmatter.

References

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2.U.S.DoDPositioning,Navigation,andTimingExecutiveCommittee:GPSPrecision PositioningService(PPS)PerformanceStandard,1stedn(2007)

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6.Tesoriero,R.,Gallud,J.A.,Lozano,M.,Penichet,V.M.R.:UsingactiveandpassiveRFID technologytosupportindoorlocation-awaresystems.IEEETrans.Consum.Electron. 54(2), 578–583(2008)

7.Correal,N.S.,Kyperountas,S.,Shi,Q.,Welborn,M.:Anultrawidebandrelativelocation system,In:ProceedingsofIEEEConferenceonUltraWidebandSystemsandTechnologies, pp.394–397,IEEE(2003)

8.Liu,H.,Darabi,H.,Banerjee,P.,Liu,J.:Surveyofwirelessindoorpositioningtechniquesand systems.IEEETrans.Syst.ManCybern.PartCAppl.Rev. 37(6),1067–1080(2007)

9.Torres-Solis,J.,Falk,T.H.,Chau,T.:Areviewofindoorlocalizationtechnologies:towards navigationalassistancefortopographicaldisorientation.In:Molina,F.J.V.(ed.)Ambient Intelligence,pp.51–83.InTech(2010)

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13.Lanzisera,S.,Zats,D.,Pister,K.S.J.:Radiofrequencytime-of-flightdistancemeasurementfor low-costwirelesssensorlocalization.IEEESens.J. 11(3),837–845(2011)

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TheMethodologyforSoftware DevelopmenttoSupportDecision MakingProcesses

GrzegorzKołaczek,PawełŚwiątek,KrzysztofJuszczyszyn, AdamGrzechandArkadiuszSławek

Abstract ThepaperdescribesanoriginalsoftwaredevelopmentMethodologyand itssupportingonlinetools(theProcessOptimizationPlatform)whichallow efficientidenti ficationofoptimizationproblemsintransportorganizationsandfast developmentofaprototypesolution.TheresultofapplyingtheMethodologyand thePlatforminthecontextofanorganizationisaprototypeofadecisionsupport system,whichcanbeevaluatedwithasampleoflivedatarepresentingactual problemsoftheorganization.Thisenablestheorganizationtoeasilyassess potentialbusinessbenefitsandqualityofthesolutionbeforeengaginginfull softwaredevelopmentprocessrelatedtotheimplementationofdecisionsupport system.Thebenefitsbroughtbytheapplicationofcloudcomputingsolutionswhile implementingandapplyingtheproposedsetofmethodsandtoolshavebeen presented.

Keywords Resourceoptimization Decisionmaking Softwaredevelopment

G.Kołaczek(&) P. Świątek K.Juszczyszyn A.Grzech A.Sławek ChairofComputerScience,WrocławUniversityofTechnology, WybrzeżeWyspiańskiego27,50-370Wrocław,Poland e-mail:grzegorz.kolaczek@pwr.edu.pl

P. Świątek

e-mail:pawel.swiatek@pwr.edu.pl

K.Juszczyszyn

e-mail:krzysztof.juszczyszyn@pwr.edu.pl

A.Grzech

e-mail:adam.grzech@pwr.edu.pl

A.Sławek

e-mail:arkadiusz.slawek@pwr.edu.pl

© SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016

J. Świąteketal.(eds.), InformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology:Proceedingsof36th InternationalConferenceonInformationSystemsArchitectureandTechnology – ISAT2015 – PartIII, AdvancesinIntelligentSystemsandComputing431,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-28564-1_2

16G.Ko

1Introduction

TheMethodologyoftheProcessOptimizationPlatformfocusesonidentification, analysis,planningandoptimizationofenterpriseresourcemanagementprocessesin domain-speci ficinformationsystems.The firstpartofthepaperdescribescharacteristicsofbasicelementsassociatedwiththeproposedMethodology.Goalsof identi ficationanddescriptionofactivitiesinthedomainoftransporthavebeen described,aswellasusageofsystematicknowledgeintheformofdictionariesand repositoriesofdatagatheredfrompreviouslyconductedstudies.Thesecondpartof thepaperincludesdetailsoffourclassesofuse-cases,so-called “Methodology paths” [1, 2].

MainfeaturescharacterizingthedevelopedMethodologyanddistinguishingthe proposedapproachfromothersolutionsare[3]:

• agileapproach involvingtheprovisionofmethodsandtoolstomakerapidand accurateidenti ficationoftherelevantdecision-makingprocessesforthe organization,

• accumulationofknowledge theknowledgederivedfrompreviouslysolved problemsiscollectedandmadeavailableforfuturesystematicanalysisof organizations,

• useofservice-orientedarchitecture useoftheSOAparadigmprovidesability tostreamlinetheimplementationphaseandfacilitatetheintegrationofnewly developedsoftwaresolutionsandorganizations’ legacyinformationsystems.

2TheMethodology

TheMethodologyproposesacompleteproceduretobefollowedbydevelopment teams.Itdefinesaseriesofsteps,fromtheverybeginningofbusinessanalysis, throughthestructuredspeci ficationofanoptimizationproblem,tothe finaldelivery ofaprototypesolution asoftwareimplementationofanalgorithmsolvingthe identi fiedoptimizationproblem.TheMethodologyalsodefinesasetofstructures andsoftwareelementswhicharerequiredwhilefollowingtheprocedurede finedby theMethodology[4–6].Theseelementsareasfollows:

• atooltoassistworkofananalyst,

• amethodofidentifi cationofoptimizationneeds,

• acollectionofdictionariesandcorrespondingdevelopmenttools,

• arepositoryoftasksdecisionmodels,

• amethodofselectingorgeneratingalgorithmssolvingoptimizationproblems,

• arepositoryofalgorithmssolvingoptimizationproblems.

FromitsearlybeginningstheMethodologysharesthesameprinciplesandideas whichlaybehindserviceorientedandagilecomputing sharingresourcesto achievecoherenceandeconomiesofscale,similartoautilityoveranetwork.The convergencebetweentheMethodologyandserviceorientedarchitectureappears clearlywhenweconsiderthecommonaimwhichismaximizingeffectivenessof sharedresources.IncaseoftheMethodologyresourcesaredefinedby:

• softwaretoolstofacilitatebusinessanalysisprocesswhichcanbesimultaneouslysharedbymultipleusersandappliedindifferentcontextoforganization needs,

• aggregationofdomainknowledgegatheredduringpreviousanalyses,

• aggregationofthealgorithmssolvingvariousoptimizationproblemsidenti fied inorganizations,

• serviceorientation,sothatdifferenttoolsandcomponentssupportingproblem identification,descriptionandsoftwaredevelopmentprocesscanbeexchanged andcombinedtobuildnewfunctionalities.

Inadditiontotheadvantagesofutilizingdedicatedonlineservicestosupport identi ficationandanalysisofoptimizationproblems,animportantbenefittothe Methodologycomesfrombuildingcloudbasedcomputationenvironments.The abilityofdiffusionandconcurrentcomputationscombinedwith flexibilityof resourcemanagementandon-demandavailabilityofferedbycloudorientedenvironmentsbringsastraightforwardimprovementtothesophisticatedcomputation methodsrequiredbymodelsandalgorithmsformingthe fi nalsolutionsofidenti fied optimizationproblems.

3MainElementsDefiningtheMethodology

TheaimofprocessesdefinedbytheMethodology(Fig. 1)inadditiontoidentifying organization’soptimizationneedsistoprepareaprototypesolution.Dependingon analyzedcontext,preparationofaprototyperequiresselectionofoneoffour possiblepathsdefinedbytheproposedMethodology.

3.1FindingSolutions

The firstpathdefinedbytheMethodology—“FindingSolutions”—isfollowedifan adequatesolutionofdecisionmakingtaskalreadyexistsandisavailableinoneof theProcessOptimizationPlatformrepositories.Itmeansthatforagivenorganizationanditsidenti fiedoptimizationproblem,asolutionalgorithmcanbefoundin

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Wooster, Ohio, Oct. 26, 1883.

C & A:

I have used other Fluids in the same way as yours, and for arterial embalming I prefer your Preservative. Have used about 30 gallons since June last.

D. Y. LANDIS.

Fair Haven, May 21, 1885.

C & A:

Send me a pkge. of the Preservative. I can buy “Fluids” cheaper, but I know yours is good and don’t want to take chances on something that might go back on me.

GEO. C. LYON.

Wadsworth, O., Jan. 18, 1884.

C & A:

We had considerable of other Fluids on hand when we got your Preservative, and have some yet. We like yours the best, and won’t use any other after this.

KREMER & OPLINGER.

Wheaton, Ills., Aug. 29, 1883.

C & A:

I return carboy, which please fill with the Preservative and return to me. It has given first-class satisfaction and I am well pleased with it.

CONRAD KAMPP.

Malvern, Ohio, June 23, 1886.

C & A:

I have not had occasion to open the last pkge. of the Preservative, as there is but little embalming to do here just now, unless I should attempt to preserve the earth, which I think your Preservative would do.

GEO. DECKMAN.

Binghamton, N. Y., June 5, 1884.

C & A:

I have sold out my business to D. G. Mulford & Co., and have urged them to use your Preservative as being the best there is. They think it is rather expensive, but I tell them that it is cheaper than any, considering the work it will do. You write them, and I think they will try it.

J. S. FREAR.

Bonaparte, Iowa, Dec. 14, 1885.

C & A:

I have been using your Preservative for some time, and prefer it to any other kind of Embalming Fluid. It gives perfect satisfaction.

GEO. A. DEMPLE.

Morris, Ills., June 20, 1885.

C & A:

We have been trying other kinds of “Fluid” lately, but find your Preservative to be the best. We have thoroughly demonstrated that the Preservative will give better satisfaction in all cases than any kind yet made.

Mt. Vernon, O., Aug. 27, 1886.

C & A:

We have decided never to use any “Fluid” but yours. It is the best we ever saw. About a month ago we gave it a good test, and kept a man who died very sudden—weighed 225 lbs. We kept him five days in his parlor, and he looked better than he did the day he died. We then placed him in the vault and ten days afterwards we took his wife and family to see him, and he looked as well as ever. It was the largest funeral we have had in 20 years, in this city. We now know just what to count upon to keep a corpse, and that is Crane & Allen’s Preservative.

J. H. McCORMICK & SON.

And again, Jan. 4, 1888:

C & A:

We enter the New Year without any of your Preservative, and as we feel as though we could not prosper in our business without it, please send us ten gallons. We have a little cheap stuff that was forced upon

us, which we might get along with if it keeps cold, but you may send us ten gallons of the Preservative.

J. H. McCORMICK & SON.

C & A:

Northfield, Vt., Feb. 6, 1884.

I must say of your Preservative that it is the best for removing discoloration that I have ever used, and the best for deodorizing a room. You may send me another carboy of it if you please.

J. L. ABBOTT.

Hartford, Conn., Jan. 12, 1882.

C & A:

Your Preservative is first-class and we like it very much, and as soon as we want to buy any more Fluid we will send you an order. KENNEY & DILLON.

Covington, Ky., May 10, 1886.

C & A:

Send me about 15 gallons of the Preservative and don’t delay as I am out and don’t want to use any other.

CHAS. DONNELLY & CO.

Marengo, Ills., Sept. 9, 1886.

C & A:

Enclosed draft to balance account. I have sold out to Geo. E. Diggins, who will return pkgs. with an order. I could give you a strong recommend, not only from myself but from J. W. Caseby, Undertaker for many years. The last job he had without your Preservative has convinced us of the great merits of it over others.

J. T. BELDEN.

Bryan, Ohio, June 5, 1885.

C & A:

The Preservative is giving me entire satisfaction. I had a body shipped to me from Columbus, which had all the appearance of having been in an ice-box for a time, then hastily jammed into a casket and shipped—the abdomen being fearfully swollen. I kept the body over two days, by drawing off the gas and filling the abdomen and lungs with the Preservative, and from all appearances it would have been all right for some time to come.

Lexington, Ky., Oct. 12, 1893.

C & A:

When at our convention in Cincinnati, in June, the representatives of one of the so-called “Standard Fluids” wanted me to take a gallon of it free, on trial, but I am satisfied with your Preservative.

Anamosa, Iowa, March 31, 1886.

C & A:

We enclose draft which you can give us credit for. Would say that your Preservative is the stuff to tie to.

DUNKLEE & EASTERLY.

And again, March 26, 1887:

Rest assured that we have no occasion to try any fluid other than yours, as it has never disappointed us and so long as it remains as it is we have no thought of changing.

DUNKLEE & EASTERLY.

Philadelphia, April 14, 1886.

C & A:

I still have some of your Preservative on hand but had it not been for some so-called first-class funeral directors using very inferior preparations (presumably because cheaper) and thereby losing their

cases and thus putting a temporary “black eye” on embalming, I would have used that all up and considerable more. You may rest assured that when I want anything of the kind I will order of you.

GEO. CHANDLER PAUL.

Greenfield, Ind., Aug. 5, 1885.

C & A:

Your Excelsior Preservative is the best embalming fluid in America. It has always done just what we wanted it to do.

J. P. JAMES & CO.

Salem, Ohio., July 7, 1886.

C & A:

While other parties are offering “fluids” at a much reduced price, we do not want to buy elsewhere as long as you still continue to furnish us as good a fluid as your Preservative has proved to be, as it has never failed to do just what a fluid should do.

R. & W. M. HOLE.

Sunbury, Ohio., June 21, 1883.

C & A:

I have some of your Preservative yet and we do not use very much at this time of the year. I do not use it in all cases as I have some that cost much less which I use some, but when I have a bad case on hand I always use the Excelsior Preservative, and I can recommend it to the profession as always giving satisfactory results.

I. M. PRICE.

Braidwood, Ill., Nov. 14, 1883.

C & A:

The Preservative you send us has given good satisfaction and we are well pleased with it. It has done all you claim for it and we shall continue to handle it in preference to all others as it is a pleasure to

use something you can depend upon and that is the Crane & Allen Preservative.

A. & J. W. PATTERSON.

Denver, Nov. 10, 1886.

C & A:

Your Preservative we can say is all that you recommend it to be. We had the care of the body of a young man who committed suicide by hanging and when we took the body it was in bad condition, bloated and black in the face. We embalmed him with your Preservative and shipped him to Toledo, O., and the undertaker there said that the body came to him in the best shape of any corpse he ever handled and wanted to know what kind of “fluid” was used.

E. & L. GUSTIN.

Chicago, Ill., March 5, 1886.

C & A:

I am more than satisfied with the C. & A. Preservative and shall continue to use it.

F. CHAFFEE.

Eaton, O., April 14, 1887.

C & A:

Please send us a package of the Preservative and oblige, as we are out of it. Have been trying two other kinds, but they don’t do the work like yours and we do not think we will experiment on any other fluid soon.

G. W. CHURCHILL & SON.

Salem, Mass., Aug. 1, 1883.

C & A:

Please send by express at once, a large carboy of the Preservative. I would say that after using all kinds of embalming fluids in the

market, I am obliged to write you that your Preservative has proved the most satisfactory and I have had the best results from its use.

WM. H. CHANDLER.

And again, Oct. 5, 1885:

C & A:

I cannot speak too much in praise of your Preservative. It is the best I have ever used and I have used a great many kinds.

WM. H. CHANDLER.

Greensburg, Ind., Nov. 3, 1884.

C & A:

Please send us six or eight gallons of the Preservative; we have but little left, and would like it sent promptly. A loud noise is made by the blowing of horns for other preparations, but our Mr. Siling says he has the grand confidence in both the Preservative and the men who manufacture it.

GREENSBURG FURNITURE CO.

And again, on Aug. 29, 1885:

C & A:

Your Preservative is the best stock in the world, we think.

GREENSBURG FURNITURE CO.

Flemingsburg, Ky., April 7, 1885.

C & A:

I like your Preservative very much.

C & A:

THOS. J. HINTON.

Cincinnati, O., Aug. 11, 1884.

Your Excelsior Preservative is the “boss,” and we intend in the future to use it altogether.

N. H. HACKMAN & CO.

Danbury, Conn., Sept. 4, 1883.

C & A:

We are very much pleased in the use of your Preservative. The results are very satisfactory to us.

HAWLEY & SAYER.

New Hampton, Iowa, Aug. 8, 1884.

C & A:

I have just used the Preservative in two cases, and it gave better satisfaction than any I ever used. One was a lady who died of inflammation and when I was called she was discolored badly and bloated and very offensive; and at the time of the funeral she was looking entirely natural, and with not the least offensive odor. The other was a dropsical case, and when I went to take care of it the stench was so bad I could hardly stand it; but when I was done with it the odor was entirely destroyed and body as natural as in life.

A. McDONNELL.

C & A:

Quincy, Ohio, Sept. 24, 1884.

We must say that your Preservative has given perfect satisfaction, and we intend to let well enough alone and use nothing else.

MEANS & LEACH.

Winchenden, Mass., June 23, 1884.

C & A:

We had good success with the case, using your Preservative, last week, with four as hot days as we have had this summer, and the body looked A 1.

N. C. MATTHEWS.

New Martinsburg, O., Jan. 21, 1884.

C & A:

I have been using your Preservative the last six or seven years, and as long as I can get it I do not intend to use any other, as I have had the very best success with it.

D. BARRETT.

Mineral Point, Wis., July 11, 1887.

C & A:

I have all the Preservative I shall need this season. I shall be pleased to recommend it to anyone, as I can do with a clear conscience, as I have used it for several years and have never lost a case where I have done my work as well as I knew how. I always use, in an adult, three quarts to a gallon, as I do not care for a little Fluid if I keep the case in good shape. Can make a better charge and get it easier.

A. F. BISHOP.

Grand Haven, Mich., Aug. 13, 1883.

C & A:

I have found your Preservative entirely satisfactory, and it will be our pleasure to continue our orders from time to time as wanted.

JAMES BARNES.

And again, August 5, 1884:

C & A:

We enclose money order for last bill. We think your Preservative the best of anything in the market.

JAMES BARNES.

Philadelphia, Jan. 24, 1883.

C & A:

Having made some business arrangements I cannot order any of your Fluid, yet your Fluid I cannot but say is one of the best, in my opinion, in the market.

JOHN C. RULON.

Memphis, Tenn., April 25, 1886.

C & A:

Received your Preservative and determined to give it a fair trial. I procured a body from the City Hospital and injected Brachial Artery, using five quarts, and also filled cavities through the throat and through Trocar. I placed body in inclined position and kept face bathed with the Preservative as directed, for several days. This is the sixth week, and the body is in good condition, no smell or odor from it—it has been exposed to the air most of the time. I am very much pleased with your Preservative, and place great confidence in it.

C & A:

Coopersburg, Pa., Oct. 23, 1883.

Please send me five gallons of the Excelsior Preservative at once. I am out of it and cannot get along without it.

JOEL RITTER.

Rochester, Mich., Sept. 19, 1883.

C & A:

I consider your Preservative the “Ne Plus Ultra” of embalming preparations and intend using it as long as it gives such satisfaction as it has in past cases.

W. HARVEY GREENE.

St. Thomas, Ontario, Sept, 9, 1884.

C & A:

I have used your Preservative in several cases and find it excellent.

SAMUEL GOODWIN.

And again, on Feb. 20, 1885:

C & A:

You may send me another supply of the Preservative about May 1st. It is a first-class article.

Baraboo, Wis., Jan. 11, 1884.

C & A:

I have used your Preservative with very good success and think it cannot be surpassed in any particular. I manufacture an article which is cheap and although not quite as safe and reliable as yours, it seems to answer ordinary purposes, but in difficult cases I use yours.

C. BACON.

And again, June 3, 1884:

C & A:

The Preservative came this morning. I had such good success with that I had before of you that I did not dare to be without it. Have just received intelligence from the South of the condition of a body I sent there a short time since and embalmed with your Preservative. By some mistake things were not in readiness for the burial of the body on arrival and funeral had to be postponed. What surprised every one was that there was not the least indication of dissolution in odor or color, but a natural and healthful appearance of a gentle sleep at the time of the funeral.

C. BACON.

Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 15, 1882.

C & A:

The Preservative is perfectly satisfactory and we will need some more of it.

F. W. GERSTLE & SON.

Louisiana, Mo., Aug. 4, 1884.

C & A:

I have never failed to give entire satisfaction with your Preservative in every case.

J. M. GENTRY.

Hulmeville, Penn., July 20, 1885.

C & A:

What is the price of your Preservative? I have been recommended to get it by Robt. R. Bringhurst of Philadelphia, as being the best fluid of any in his estimation.

L. P. TOWNSEND.

Atchison, Kansas, Aug. 14, 1883.

C & A:

Enclosed please find draft to cover last bill. The Preservative has given me good satisfaction.

J. A. HARROUFF.

And again, Dec. 31, 1886:

C & A:

I make my own fluid for all ordinary use, and use only your Preservative when I have to ship a body or keep it for a considerable time. Shall want some more next season.

J. A. HARROUFF.

Corning, N. Y., April 16, 1883.

C & A:

Please express me a medium size package of the Preservative. I can’t get along without it.

J. W. DARRIN.

Wilton Junction, Iowa, May 25, 1883.

C & A:

We like your Preservative very much, and as soon as we get nearly out of it will return the carboy for more of it.

JACOBY & RYERSON.

Kenosha, Wis., July 18, 1887.

C & A:

Send us a supply of the Preservative at once as we have only a little left having used a good deal of it lately. If you want any references in regard to the Preservative you can just refer them to us. Our Mr. Hansen has used it with success for some years and knows what it will do; we like it first rate.

HANSEN & HUCK.

Rockville, Ind., Feb. 22, 1886.

C & A:

Your Preservative has done all we wish it to do, and we would not be without it for anything, as it is so pleasant and safe to work with.

HARGRAVE BROS.

Alma, Neb., Aug. 16, 1887.

C & A:

You can ship me six or eight gallons of the Preservative at once. I would have ordered some sooner, but had some on hand. After five years use of your Preservative that I have had, I can recommend it and you can refer any one to me if you want to.

J. M. DAVIS.

Meadville, Penn., March 3, 1886.

C & A:

I have plenty of the Preservative on hand at present, the last shipment seems to hold out like the “widow’s cruse of oil.” Am satisfied with your Preservative, although I can buy “fluids” cheaper.

L. D. DUNN.

Gettysburg, O., June 13, 1887.

C & A:

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