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Python Programming For Beginners: Python Mastery in 7 Days: Top-Secret Coding Tips with Hands-On Exercises for Your Dream Job 1st Edition Oswald Thornton
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I’d like to dedicate this book to my parents – may this bring joy and happiness into their lives.
CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction to Python 3
Tools for Python
easy_install and pip
virtualenv
IPython
Python Installation
Setting the PATH Environment Variable (Windows Only)
Launching Python on Your Machine
The Python Interactive Interpreter
Python Identifiers
Lines, Indentation, and Multilines
Quotation and Comments in Python
Saving Your Code in a Module
Some Standard Modules in Python
The help() and dir() Functions
Compile Time and Runtime Code Checking
Simple Data Types in Python
Working With Numbers
Working With Other Bases
The chr() Function
The round() Function in Python
Formatting Numbers in Python
Working With Fractions
Unicode and UTF-8
Working With Unicode
Working With Strings
Comparing Strings
Formatting Strings in Python
Slicing and Splicing Strings
Testing for Digits and Alphabetic Characters
Search and Replace a String in Other Strings
Remove Leading and Trailing Characters
Printing Text without NewLine Characters
Text Alignment
Working With Dates
Converting Strings to Dates
Exception Handling in Python
Handling User Input
Command-Line Arguments
Summary
Chapter 2: Conditional Logic, Loops, and Functions
Precedence of Operators in Python
Python Reserved Words
Working with Loops in Python
Python for Loops
A for Loop with try/except in Python
Numeric Exponents in Python
Nested Loops
The split() Function With for Loops
Using the split() Function to Compare Words
Using the split() Function to Print Justified Text
Using the split() Function to Print Fixed-Width Text
Using the split() Function to Compare Text Strings
Using the split() Function to Display Characters in a String
The join() Function
Python while Loops
Conditional Logic in Python
The break/continue/pass Statements
Comparison and Boolean Operators
The in/not in/is/is not Comparison Operators
The and, or, and not Boolean Operators
Local and Global Variables
Uninitialized Variables and the Value None
Scope of Variables
Pass by Reference Versus Value
Arguments and Parameters
Using a while loop to Find the Divisors of a Number
Using a while loop to Find Prime Numbers
User-Defined Functions in Python
Specifying Default Values in a Function
Returning Multiple Values From a Function
Functions With a Variable Number of Arguments
Lambda Expressions
Recursion
Calculating Factorial Values
Calculating Fibonacci Numbers
Calculating the GCD of Two Numbers
Calculating the LCM of Two Numbers
Summary
Chapter 3: Python Data Structures
Working with Lists
Lists and Basic Operations
Reversing and Sorting a List
Lists and Arithmetic Operations
Lists and Filter-Related Operations
Sorting Lists of Numbers and Strings
Expressions in Lists
Concatenating a List of Words
The Bubble Sort in Python
The Python range() Function
Counting Digits and Uppercase and Lowercase Letters
Arrays and the append() Function
Working with Lists and the split() Function
Counting Words in a List
Iterating Through Pairs of Lists
Other List-Related Functions
Using a List as a Stack and a Queue
Working with Vectors
Working with Matrices
The NumPy Library for Matrices
Queues
Tuples (Immutable Lists)
Sets
Dictionaries
Creating a Dictionary
Displaying the Contents of a Dictionary
Checking for Keys in a Dictionary
Deleting Keys from a Dictionary
Iterating Through a Dictionary
Interpolating Data from a Dictionary
Dictionary Functions and Methods
Dictionary Formatting
Ordered Dictionaries
Sorting Dictionaries
Python Multi Dictionaries
Other Sequence Types in Python
Mutable and Immutable Types in Python
The type() Function
Working with Bard
Counting Digits and Uppercase and Lowercase Letters
Bard Python Code for a Queue
Bard Python Code for a Stack
Summary
Chapter 4: Introduction to NumPy and Pandas
What is NumPy?
Useful NumPy Features
What are NumPy arrays?
Working with Loops
Appending Elements to Arrays (1)
Appending Elements to Arrays (2)
Multiply Lists and Arrays
Doubling the Elements in a List
Lists and Exponents
Arrays and Exponents
Math Operations and Arrays
Working with “-1” Subranges with Vectors
Working with “–1” Subranges with Arrays
Other Useful NumPy Methods
Arrays and Vector Operations
NumPy and Dot Products (1)
NumPy and Dot Products (2)
NumPy and the “Norm” of Vectors
NumPy and Other Operations
NumPy and the reshape() Method
Calculating the Mean and Standard Deviation
Calculating Quartiles With Numpy
What is Pandas?
Pandas Data Frames
DataFrames and Data Cleaning Tasks
A Labeled Pandas DataFrame
Pandas Numeric DataFrames
Pandas Boolean DataFrames
Transposing a Pandas DataFrame
Pandas DataFrames and Random Numbers
Combining Pandas DataFrames (1)
Combining Pandas DataFrames (2)
Data Manipulation with Pandas DataFrames (1)
Data Manipulation with Pandas DataFrames (2)
Data Manipulation with Pandas DataFrames (3)
Pandas DataFrames and CSV Files
Pandas DataFrames and Excel Spreadsheets
Select, Add, and Delete Columns in DataFrames
Pandas DataFrames and Scatterplots
Pandas DataFrames and Simple Statistics
Useful One-Line Commands in Pandas
Working with Bard
A Pandas DataFrame with Random Values
Pandas DataFrame and a Bar Chart
Pandas DataFrames and Statistics
Summary
Chapter 5: Generative AI, Bard, and Gemini
What is Generative AI?
Key Features of Generative AI
Popular Techniques in Generative AI
What Makes Generative AI Unique
Conversational AI Versus Generative AI
Primary Objective
Applications
Technologies Used
Training and Interaction
Evaluation
Data Requirements Is Gemini Part of Generative AI?
DeepMind
DeepMind and Games
Player of Games (PoG)
OpenAI
Cohere
Hugging Face
Hugging Face Libraries
Hugging Face Model Hub
AI21
InflectionAI
Anthropic
What is Prompt Engineering?
Prompts and Completions
Types of Prompts
Instruction Prompts
Reverse Prompts
System Prompts Versus Agent Prompts
Prompt Templates
Poorly-Worded Prompts
What is Gemini?
Gemini Ultra Versus GPT-4
Gemini Strengths
Gemini’s Weaknesses
Gemini Nano on Mobile Devices
What is Bard?
Sample Queries and Responses from Bard
Alternatives to Bard
YouChat
Pi from Inflection
CoPilot (OpenAI/Microsoft)
Codex (OpenAI)
Apple GPT
Claude 2
Summary
Chapter 6: Bard and Python Code
CSV Files for Bard
Simple Web Scraping
Basic Chatbot
Basic Data Visualization
Basic Pandas
Generating Random Data
Recursion: Fibonacci Numbers
Generating a Python Class
Asynchronous Programming
Working with Requests in Python
Image Processing with PIL
Exception Handling
Generators in Python
Roll 7 or 11 with Two Dice
Roll 7 or 11 with Three Dice
Roll 7 or 11 with Four Dice
Mean and Standard Deviation
Summary
Index
PREFACE
This book starts with an introduction to fundamental aspects of Python programming, which include various data types, number formatting, Unicode and UTF-8 handling, and text manipulation techniques. In addition. you will learn about loops, conditional logic, and reserved words in Python. You will also see how to handle user input, manage exceptions, and work with command-line arguments.
Next, the text transitions to the realm of Generative AI, discussing its distinction from Conversational AI. Popular platforms and models, including Bard and its competitors, are presented to give readers an understanding of the current AI landscape. The book also sheds light on the capabilities of Bard, its strengths, weaknesses, and potential applications. In addition, you will learn how to generate a variety of Python 3 code samples via Bard.
In essence, this book provides a modest bridge between the worlds of Python programming and AI, aiming to equip readers with the knowledge and skills to navigate both domains confidently.
THE TARGET AUDIENCE
This book is intended primarily for people who want to learn both Python and how to use Bard with Python. This book is also intended to reach an international audience of readers with highly diverse backgrounds in various age groups. In addition, this book uses standard English rather than colloquial expressions that might be confusing to those readers. This book provides a comfortable and meaningful learning experience for the intended readers.
DO I NEED TO LEARN THE THEORY PORTIONS OF THIS BOOK?
The answer depends on the extent to which you plan to become involved in working with Bard and Python, perhaps involving LLMs and generative AI. In general, it’s probably worthwhile to learn the more theoretical aspects of LLMs that are discussed in this book.
WHAT DO I NEED TO KNOW FOR THIS BOOK?
Although this book is introductory in nature, some knowledge of Python 3.x with certainly be helpful for the code samples. Knowledge of other programming languages (such as Java) can also be helpful because of the exposure to programming concepts and constructs.
DOES THIS BOOK CONTAIN PRODUCTION-LEVEL CODE SAMPLES?
This book contains basic code samples that are written in Python, and their primary purpose is to familiarize you with basic Python to help you understand the Python code generated via Bard. Moreover, clarity has higher priority than writing more compact code that is more difficult to understand (and possibly more prone to bugs). If you decide to use any of the code in this book, you ought to subject that code to the same rigorous analysis as the other parts of your code base.
COMPANION FILES
All the code samples and figures in this book may be obtained by writing to the publisher at info@merclearning.com.
If you are primarily interested in machine learning, there are some subfields of machine learning, such as deep learning and reinforcement learning (and deep reinforcement learning) that might appeal to you. Fortunately, there are many resources available, and you can perform an Internet search for those resources. One other point: the aspects of machine learning for you to learn will depend on your career: the needs of a machine
learning engineer, data scientist, manager, student, or software developer are all different.
January 2024
Oswald Campesato
INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON 3
This chapter contains an introduction to Python, with information about useful tools for installing Python modules, basic Python constructs, and how to work with some data types in Python.
The first part of this chapter covers how to install Python, some Python environment variables, and how to use the Python interpreter. You will see Python code samples and also how to save Python code in text files that you can launch from the command line. The second part of this chapter shows you how to work with simple data types, such as numbers, fractions, and strings. The final part of this chapter discusses exceptions and how to use them in Python scripts.
NOTE The Python files in this book are for Python 3.x.
TOOLS FOR PYTHON
The Anaconda Python distribution is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac, and it’s downloadable here: http://continuum.io/downloads
Anaconda is well-suited for modules such as numpy and scipy, and if you are a Windows user, Anaconda appears to be a better alternative than working from the command line.
easy_install and pip
Both easy_install and pip are very easy to use when you need to install Python modules. Whenever you need to install a Python module (and there are many in this book), use either easy_install or pip with the following syntax:
easy_install <module-name>
pip install <module-name>
NOTE Python-based modules are easier to install than modules with code written in C because they are usually faster. However, they are more difficult in terms of installation.
virtualenv
The virtualenv tool enables you to create isolated Python environments, and its home page is here: http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/virtualenv.html
virtualenv addresses the problem of preserving the correct dependencies and versions (and indirectly permissions) for different applications. If you are a Python novice, you might not need virtualenv right now, but keep this tool in mind.
IPython
Another very good tool is IPython (which won a Jolt award), and its home page is here:
http://ipython.org/install.html
Two very nice features of IPython are tab expansion and “?,” and an example of tab expansion is shown here:
$ ipython3
Python 3.9.13 (main, May 24 2022, 21:28:12)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 8.14.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help. In [1]:
In [1]: di
%dirs dict dir divmod
In the preceding session, if you type the characters di, iPython responds with the following line that contains all the functions that start with the letters di:
%dirs dict dir divmod
If you enter a question mark (“?”), ipython provides textual assistance, the first part of which is here:
IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python
IPython offers a combination of convenient shell features, special commands and a history mechanism for both input (command history) and output (results caching, similar to Mathematica). It is intended to be a fully compatible replacement for the standard Python interpreter, while offering vastly improved functionality and flexibility.
The next section shows you how to check whether or not Python is installed on your machine, and also where you can download Python.
PYTHON INSTALLATION
Before you download anything, check if you already have Python installed on your machine (which is likely if you have a Macbook or a Linux machine) by typing the following command in a command shell:
python -V
The output for the Macbook used in this book is here:
Python 3.9.1
NOTE Install Python 3.9 (or as close as possible to this version) on your machine so that you will have the same version of Python that was used to test the Python files in this book.
If you need to install Python on your machine, navigate to the Python home page and select the downloads link or navigate directly to this website:
http://www.python.org/download/
In addition, PythonWin is available for Windows, and its home page is here:
Use any text editor that can create, edit, and save Python scripts and save them as plain text files (don’t use Microsoft Word).
After you have Python installed and configured on your machine, you are ready to work with the Python scripts in this book.
SETTING THE PATH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLE (WINDOWS ONLY)
The PATH environment variable specifies a list of directories that are searched whenever you specify an executable program from the command line. A very good guide to setting up your environment so that the Python executable is always available in every command shell is to follow the instructions here:
The next section shows you how to launch the Python interpreter from the command line, and later in this chapter you will learn how to launch Python scripts from the command line and also about Python IDEs.
NOTE The emphasis in this book is to launch Python files from the command line or to enter code in the Python interpreter.
The Python Interactive Interpreter
Launch the Python interactive interpreter from the command line by opening a command shell and typing the following command:
python
You will see the following prompt (or something similar):
Python 3.9.1 (v3.9.1:1e5d33e9b9, Dec 7 2020, 12:44:01)
[Clang 12.0.0 (clang-1200.0.32.27)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>>
Now type the expression 2 + 7 at the prompt:
>>> 2 + 7
Python displays the following result: 9
>>>
Press ctrl-d to exit the Python shell.
You can launch any Python script from the command line by preceding it with the word “python.” For example, if you have a Python script myscript.py that contains Python commands, launch the script as follows:
python myscript.py
As a simple illustration, suppose that the Python script myscript.py contains the following Python code:
print('Hello World from Python') print('2 + 7 = ', 2+7)
When you launch the preceding Python script, you will see the following output:
Hello World from Python 2 + 7 = 9
PYTHON IDENTIFIERS
A Python identifier is the name of a variable, function, class, module, or other Python object, and a valid identifier conforms to the following rules:
• It starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_).
• It includes zero or more letters, underscores, and digits (0 to 9).
NOTE Python identifiers cannot contain characters such as @, $, and %.
Python is a case-sensitive language, so Abc and abc different identifiers in Python.
In addition, Python has the following naming convention:
• Class names start with an uppercase letter and all other identifiers with a lowercase letter.
• An initial underscore is used for private identifiers.
• Two initial underscores are used for strongly private identifiers.
A Python identifier with two initial underscore and two trailing underscore characters indicates a language-defined special name.
LINES, INDENTATION, AND MULTILINES
Unlike other programming languages (such as Java or Objective-C), Python uses indentation instead of curly braces for code blocks. Indentation must be consistent in a code block, as shown here: if True: print("ABC") print("DEF") else: print("ABC") print("DEF")
Multiline statements in Python can terminate with a new line or the backslash (“\”) character, as shown here:
total = x1 + \ x2 + \ x3
Obviously you can place x1, x2, and x3 on the same line, so there is no reason to use three separate lines; however, this functionality is available in case you need to add a set of variables that do not fit on a single line. You can specify multiple statements in one line by using a semicolon (“;”) to separate each statement, as shown here:
a=10; b=5; print(a); print(a+b)
The output of the preceding code snippet is here:
NOTE The use of semi-colons and the continuation character are discouraged in Python
QUOTATION AND COMMENTS IN PYTHON
Python allows single ('), double (") and triple ('" or """) quotes for string literals, provided that they match at the beginning and the end of the string. You can use triple quotes for strings that span multiple lines. The following examples are legal Python strings:
word = 'word'
line = "This is a sentence."
para = """This is a paragraph. This paragraph contains more than one sentence."""
A string literal that begins with the letter “r” (for “raw”) treats everything as a literal character and “escapes” the meaning of meta characters, as shown here:
a1 = r'\n'
a2 = r'\r'
a3 = r'\t'
print('a1:',a1,'a2:',a2,'a3:',a3)
The output of the preceding code block is here:
a1: \n a2: \r a3: \t
You can embed a single quote in a pair of double quotes (and vice versa) in order to display a single quote or a double quote. Another way to accomplish the same result is to precede a single or double quote with a backslash (“\”) character. The following code block illustrates these techniques:
b1 = "'"
b2 = '"'
b3 = '\''
b4 = "\""
print('b1:',b1,'b2:',b2)
print('b3:',b3,'b4:',b4)
The output of the preceding code block is here:
b1: ' b2: "
b3: ' b4: "
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal is the character that indicates the beginning of a comment. Moreover, all characters after the # and up to the physical line end are part of the comment (and ignored by the Python interpreter). Consider the following code block:
#!/usr/bin/python
# First comment print("Hello, Python!") # second comment
This will produce following result:
Hello, Python!
A comment may be on the same line after a statement or expression:
name = "Tom Jones" # This is also comment
You can comment multiple lines as follows:
# This is comment one
# This is comment two # This is comment three
A blank line in Python is a line containing only white space, a comment, or both.
SAVING YOUR CODE IN A MODULE
Earlier you saw how to launch the Python interpreter from the command line and then enter Python commands. However, that everything that you type in the Python interpreter is only valid for the current session: if you exit the interpreter and then launch the interpreter again, your previous definitions are no longer valid. Fortunately, Python enables you to store code in a text file, as discussed in the next section.
A module in Python is a text file that contains Python statements. In the previous section, you saw how the Python interpreter enables you to test code snippets whose definitions are valid for the current session. If you want to retain the code snippets and other definitions, place them in a text file so that you can execute that code outside of the Python interpreter.
The outermost statements in a Python are executed from top to bottom when the module is imported for the first time, which will then set up its variables and functions.
A Python module can be run directly from the command line, as shown here:
python first.py
As an illustration, place the following two statements in a text file called first.py:
x = 3 print(x)
Now type the following command:
python first.py
The output from the preceding command is 3, which is the same as executing the preceding code from the Python interpreter.
When a Python module is run directly, the special variable __name__ is set to __main__. You will often see the following type of code in a Python module:
if __name__ == '__main__': # do something here print('Running directly')
The preceding code snippet enables Python to determine if a Python module was launched from the command line or imported into another Python module.
SOME STANDARD MODULES IN PYTHON
The Python Standard Library provides many modules that can simplify your own Python scripts. A list of the Standard Library modules is here:
http://www.python.org/doc/
Some of the most important Python modules include cgi, math, os, pickle, random, re, socket, sys, time, and urllib.
The code samples in this book use the modules math, os, random, re, socket, sys, time, and urllib. You need to import these modules in order to use them in your code. For example, the following code block shows you how to import four standard Python modules:
import datetime import re import sys import time
The code samples in this book import one or more of the preceding modules, as well as other Python modules.
THE help() AND dir() FUNCTIONS
An internet search for Python-related topics usually returns a number of links with useful information. Alternatively, you can check the official Python documentation site: docs.python.org
In addition, Python provides the help() and dir() functions that are accessible from the Python interpreter. The help() function displays documentation strings, whereas the dir() function displays defined symbols. For example, if you type help(sys) you will see documentation for the sys module, whereas dir(sys) displays a list of the defined symbols.
Type the following command in the Python interpreter to display the string-related methods in Python:
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This is not a mere reprint of “The Bibelot” edition, but has been edited with a view to making FitzGerald’s wonderful version indispensable in its present shape.
The following are special features that as a whole can only be found in edition:
I. An entirely new biographical sketch of Edward FitzGerald by Mr. W. Irving Way of Chicago.
II. Parallel texts of the First and Fourth editions, printed the one in Italic and the other in Roman type on opposite pages, the better to distinguish them.
III. Variorum readings giving all textual changes occurring in the Second, Third and Fourth editions.
IV. The omitted quatrains of the rare Second Edition of 1868. To the student of literature these cancelled readings are of the greatest interest and value.
V. A bibliography of all English versions and editions revised to date.
VI. Finally, three poems upon Omar and FitzGerald, not generally known, are here given, just as in The Bibelot Edition, two poems were there reprinted as fitting foreword and finale.
925 copies on Van Gelder’s hand-made paper at $1.00 net.
100 ” ” Japan Vellum (numbered) at $2 50 ”
Address
THOMAS B. MOSHER, Portland, Maine.
A
SHELF OF BOOKS.
To the Homes of Good Men and Great.
By Elbert Hubbard. Series 1895, handsomely bound. Illustrated with twelve portraits, etched and in photogravure. 16mo., printed on deckle-edge paper, gilt top. $1.75.
THE ELIA SERIES.
A Selection of Famous Books, offered as specimens of the best literature and of artistic typography and bookmaking. Printed on deckle-edge paper, bound in full ooze calf, with gilt tops, 16mo., (6½ x 4½ inches), each volume (in box), $2.25.
⁂ There are three different colors of binding—dark green, garnet and umber.
First group: The Essays of Elia, 2 vols. The Discourses of Epictetus. Sesame and Lilies. Autobiography of Franklin. Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius.
NO ENEMY: BUT HIMSELF.
The Romance of a Tramp. By Elbert Hubbard. Twenty-eight fullpage illustrations. Second edition. Bound in ornamental cloth, $1.50.
EYES LIKE THE SEA.
By Maurus Jokai. (The great Hungarian Novelist.) An Autobiographical Romance. Translated from the Hungarian by Nisbet Bain. $1.00.
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON.
FOOTLIGHTS,
that weekly illustrated paper published in Philadelphia (pity, isn’t it?), is a clean (moderately so) paper, chock full of such uninteresting topics as interviews with actor and actress (bless ’em); book gossip, news from Paris and London, (dear, old Lunnon), woman’s chatter, verse and lots more of idiocy that only spoils white paper. It sells for five cents a copy, or $2.00 a year.
VERY SPECIAL: Send two dollars and Footlights and T P will be sent you for one year. Address
THE PHILISTINE, East Aurora, N. Y.
THE ROYCROFT
PRINTING SHOP at this time desires to announce a sister book to the Song of Songs: which is Solomon’s. It is the Journal of Koheleth: being a Reprint of the Book of Ecclesiastes with an Essay by Mr. Elbert Hubbard. The same Romanesque types are used that served so faithfully and well in the Songs, but the initials, colophon and rubricated borders art special designs. After seven hundred and twelve copies are printed the types will be distributed and the title page, colophon and borders destroyed.
In preparation of the text Mr Hubbard has had the scholarly assistance of his friend, Dr. Frederic W. Sanders, of Columbia University. The worthy pressman has also been helpfully counseled by several Eminent Bibliophiles.
The seven hundred copies that are printed on Holland handmade paper are offered at two dollars each, and the twelve copies on Japan Vellum at five dollars. Every book will be numbered and signed by Mr. Hubbard. Orders are now being recorded, but Book Lovers are requested not to send remittances until the volume is in their hands.
THE ROYCROFT PRINTING SHOP, East Aurora, New York.
CATHOLICITY IN ART.
All’s one, all’s one! the critic learns, Though hostile tastes be frowning; That poets’ flame where Bobby burns, Where, too, is Robert, browning.
W S B .
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