Inclusive innovation for sustainable development: theory and practice 1st edition nathaniel o. agola
Nathaniel O. Agola
Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://textbookfull.com/product/inclusive-innovation-for-sustainable-development-the ory-and-practice-1st-edition-nathaniel-o-agola/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant download maybe you interests ...
Management for Sustainable and Inclusive Development in a Transforming Asia Hiromi Shioji
The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London
Acknowledgments
The editors would like to acknowledge the generous assistance of all the organisations and people involved in this project. Specifically, we would like to thank all the contributing authors. Without your support, this book would not have become a reality. The dedication of your time and expertise has been simply invaluable.
We would like to express our gratitude to Doshisha University, Kyoto, and Coventry University, UK, both of which provided essential financial and logistical support. The Global Resource Management Program at Doshisha University generously hosted an international symposium, held in Kyoto in July 2015, which brought together the contributing authors as the first stage in the process of refining the knowledge content of this book. On the same note, Coventry University’s Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations acted as joint convener of the symposium and subsequent publication.
We would also like to thank our editorial assistant Nam Trinh for handling communications with contributing authors, and also ensuring compliance with editorial guidelines; likewise to Jessica Aitken for her valuable contributions to the improvement of quality, coherence, and presentation of the book. Takako Yoshikawa deserves thanks for her excellent organisation of the symposium and its proceedings; and colleagues at Palgrave for their enthusiastic support of this publication.
Last but not least, we would gratefully like to acknowledge the inspiring work at Doshisha University of Professor Yoichi Mine, especially his thought leadership in African Studies and related areas.
Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
Nathaniel O. Agola Coventry University, Coventry, UK Alan Hunter
Notes on Contributors
Nathaniel O. Agola is Associate Professor of International Economics and Finance at Doshisha University, Graduate School of Global Studies, Kyoto, Japan. He has authored, and coedited three books, a number of book chapters, and dozens of research papers in peer reviewed journals. His most recent book is Globalized Poverty and Environment—Twenty-first Century Challenges and Innovative Solutions (Springer, 2013). His other previous publications include the coedited book, Spaces of International Economy and Management (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012). Other than teaching and research, he is also actively involved in consulting in business and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa.
Salaam Al Khateeb is a PhD candidate at the Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University, Japan. He is holder of a BSc in Engineering and MBA in Marketing Science. He had worked as business development manager in Gulf Council Countries, East Africa and Indian Ocean region. Salaam has a deep interest in sustainable business practices and particularly sustainable energy. For his master's degree, he worked on a project,‘Green Mobility Solutions in the Arab World’, where he gained his Global MBA from Doshisha Business School and he was among the few who have been qualified for a Green MBA certificate. Currently, he is a PhD Candidate at Technology and Innovation Management (TIM) program, Doshisha University—Kyoto. When Salaam is not busy with his family nor his research he enjoys archery and finds peace in practicing Arabic calligraphy.
Christopher Foster is a researcher at the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom. His research focus is on technologies and innovation in developing and emerging markets, with a particular interest on how ICTs can support development of low-income groups. Prior to working in OH, Chris received a PhD from the University of Manchester. In this work, Chris explored the growth of mobile sector innovation in Kenya, and its implications for innovation theory, firm strategy, and public policy. Chris also has extensive experience of working in the ICT sector. As a consultant in a number of NGOs working in Africa, he has helped organisations to better link and understand their recipients through use of ICTs. Christopher also has extensive experience of innovation in the United Kingdom, having previously worked in R&D in the telecommunication sector.
Willem Fourie is a senior lecturer, Department of Dogmatics and Christian Ethics in the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Willem Fourie teaches ethics at the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria and is a research associate at the university’s Albert Luthuli Centre for Responsible Leadership. He holds a doctorate from the University of Stellenbosch, and has had extended research stays at the Universities of Tübingen and Bamberg, and the Humboldt University in Berlin. He is an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow and works closely with the African Union’s New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) on issues related to leadership and development in Africa.
David J. Grimshaw is Visiting Professor in ICT4D at Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom. He is also a consultant, writer, and photographer. Previously, he was the head of International Programme: New Technologies at Practical Action and Senior Research Fellow with the Department for International Development. His earlier academic career was with Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, University of Leeds, and Cranfield School of Management. He is the author of Bringing Geographical Information Systems into Business, second edition published by John Wiley & Sons (2000) and joint editor of IT in Business: A Manager’s Casebook (1999) and Strengthening Rural Livelihoods: The Impact of Information and Communication Technologies in Asia (2011). David has published many papers in academic journals, international conferences, and the professional press. He is currently part of a research team supported by the Wellcome Trust, with Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities, developing an arsenic biosensor for Nepal. Recently completed research includes Connecting the First Mile, Podcasting in the Andes, NanoDialogues in Zimbabwe, Peru and Nepal, and Delivering Public Value from New
Technologies in collaboration with the Universities of Sussex, Lancaster, and Durham supported by the ESRC. David has been a visiting fellow at Curtin University, Australia and the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, State University of New York at Buffalo. Previously he was a visiting professor at the International Management School, St. Petersburg, the Graduate School, Universiti Utara Malaysia, and the International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. As a consultant, David has advised many companies on strategic information systems and GIS. He helped to start the charity Science for Humanity and has worked with SciDev.Net on their ‘new technologies’ gateway. He is on the Steering Group of MATTER, an 'action-tank' devoted to making new technologies work for us all.
Mike Hardy is a professor at Coventry University, United Kingdom. He is also the Executive Director, Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations at the same institution. Hardy was appointed as Director of the Centre for Social Relations, incorporating the Institute of Community Cohesion, in June 2011. He has most recently taken responsibility for Coventry University’s new strategic work in human security. From 1995, Mike was a senior leader with the British Council responsible for the Council’s global programme for intercultural dialogue, youth engagement, and global strategic partnerships. Mike is an applied economist by training and was Head of Economics and Public Policy at Leeds Metropolitan University before moving to a Chair in International Business at the University of Central Lancashire. His policy and research work in economics focused on local job plans and skills for development in local labour markets. In 1995, following work with the UK government, British Council, and European Commission, Mike moved full time to the British Council to develop international work in intercultural relations. Following overseas postings in the Arab world and Asia, he was appointed to frame and lead the British Council's global programme in intercultural dialogue. In 2011, for Coventry University, Mike led the significant Safer Belfast Cohesion Mapping Project in partnership with the Belfast Community Safety Partnership and following this evaluation designed and launched a capacity enhancement programme on community-led tension monitoring in Belfast. Mike has been active within the UN Alliance of Civilization organisation and led an active network session on the role of higher education in managing diversity at the Doha Forum in December 2011. In 2012, he was appointed as special adviser to the Government of Azerbaijan and led the design of the 2013 World Forum held in Baku. Mike was awarded the OBE in 2001 for his work in the Middle East, and was appointed a Companion of Honour of St Michael and St George (CMG)
in the Queen’s Birthday Honours June 2010 for his work internationally in intercultural dialogue.
Richard Heeks is Chair in Development Informatics at the Global Development Institute, University of Manchester; and Director of the Centre for Development Informatics (http://www.cdi.manchester.ac.uk). He has been principal investigator for international development research projects funded by DFID, IDRC, UNCTAD, GIZ, and other international agencies. He has authored four books and 40 refereed journal articles on various issues of technology and socioeconomic development, including a number of foundational papers on the topic of inclusive innovation.
Alan Hunter is Professor of Asian Studies at the Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University, United Kingdom. Hunter has studied and worked in China, India, Japan, and Singapore. He holds a DLitt (Higher Doctorate) for his work on religion, peace, and human security in Asia, and acted as Director of the Centre for Peace and Reconciliation Studies at Coventry University from 2008 to 2012. He is a visiting professor at the Graduate School of Global Studies, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; and has worked extensively with leading universities in China including Nanjing University and Zhejiang University. His work with Nanjing University since 2001 has been instrumental in establishing peace studies as an academic discipline in China. His recent publication Human Security Challenges is currently being published in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean translations, and it follows a number of publications including Protestantism in Contemporary China, Peace Studies in the Chinese Century, and New Perspectives on Human Security.
Tashmia Ismail is a lecturer at the University of Pretoria’s Gordon Institute of Business Science, Johannesburg, South Africa where she teaches innovation, business model development, and strategy for low-income markets. Tashmia heads the GIBS Inclusive Markets Programme which offers a collaborative multistakeholder platform for firms interested in developing and executing lowincome market strategies. Tashmia is also a fellow at UNU Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology. Tashmia was employed as a coordinator and researcher on a European Union innovation networks project (January 2009–December 2011). The project spanned three years and involved 11 countries. The ultimate aim of this project was to inform EU policy on the creation of synergistic relationships with emerging economies and to manage the globalisation of knowledge creation. In this role, Tashmia worked closely with partners at institutes in Norway, Sweden, Copenhagen, Italy, Germany, Estonia, United Kingdom, China, India, Brazil, and South Africa.
Keith Jackson is a professor at Doshisha Business School, Doshisha University, Japan. Keith Jackson (BA, MA, MBA, CIM, CIPD) holds a PhD from the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London, where he has worked since 1993. Keith is an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the Cass Business School, London, and founding coeditor and author of the Routledge ‘Working in Asia’ series. Keith works as a review editor for the journal Asia Pacific Business Review (APBR) and the South Asian Journal of Global Business Research (SAJGBR). His recent publications include: (2013) 'East Asian Management: An Overview', in Warner (Ed.) Managing Across Diverse Cultures in Asia: Issues and Challenges in a Changing World; (2011) Human Resource Management: The Key Concepts (with C. Rowley); and (2009) Innovation in Japan: Emerging Patterns, Enduring Myths (with P. Debroux). Keith is currently Professor of Sustainable Human Resource Management at Doshisha University Business School, where he is researching human resource management (HRM) responses to ageing societies in Germany and Japan along with sustainable leadership development in Asia and Africa.
Bitange Ndemo is an associate professor, School of Business, University of Nairobi, Kenya. Professor Ndemo is the former Permanent Secretary of Kenya’s Ministry of Information and Communication having served from 2005 to 2013. During his tenure in government, he initiated many transformative projects including infrastructural and development programmes, as well as marketing Kenya as a destination for business processing outsourcing. He now lectures on entrepreneurship and research methods at the University of Nairobi’s Business School. Most of his research centres on the link between ICT and small and medium enterprises in Kenya with an emphasis on how ICT influences economic development in Kenya. He is also an advisor to iHub, the premier innovation hub in sub-Sahara Africa, Senior Advisor to the United Nations on global digitisation of payments, Better than Cash Alliance, and immediate former Chairman of the Global Alliance for Affordable Internet (2013–2014).
Philip T. Powell is Faculty Chair of Online Graduate Programs at the Indiana University Kelley School of Business. A professor of economics, he has his PhD from Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. Powell is a scholar of institutional development in emerging markets with experience in and publications on Africa, Latin America, and the Pacific islands. Powell is also an award-winning MBA instructor. He lives with his wife and two teenage children in Brownsburg, Indiana.
Heriberto Ruiz-Tafoya is a PhD Candidate at the Graduate School of Economics, Kyoto University Kyoto University, Japan. HeribertoRuiz-Tafoya received his BA in Economics from the Faculty of Economics in the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM); Masters in Technology and Innovation Management from the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU) of Sussex University in Brighton, United Kingdom, and Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Doshisha Business School in Kyoto, Japan. He has published four specialized reports on Small and Medium Enterprise Development and Regional Innovation.
List of Figures
Fig. 2.1
Fig. 2.3
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2 Growth number (N0) of dealers and agents year on year (YoY)
Fig. 5.1 Flow of the sections
Fig. 5.2 Design of the research
Fig. 5.3 Potential layers, reproduced by the researcher
Fig. 6.1 5Ps of inclusive innovation
Fig. 6.2 Decision-making sequence in new product development process
Fig. 6.3 Key elements in collaboration and innovative payment space model 123
Fig. 8.1 Population by segment income as percentage of the national population, 2010
Fig. 8.2 Annual household consumption in Philippines (percentage of total expenses 2010) 160
Table
Table
Table
Table
List of Tables
Part I
Innovation, Technology, and Policy
1 Introduction
Nathaniel O. Agola
1 Inclusive Innovation for Sustainable Development
In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, private sector companies, entrepreneurial state agencies, and civil society organizations have emerged as dominant actors in the creation and provision of goods and services. Innovation has been at the centre of these processes. Innovation within the private sector has been, and still is, mainly driven by a focus on those markets and market segments that pay the highest premium on goods and services. This business approach, and its conception of innovations and their outcomes, is justified by the private sector on the grounds that because heavy financial investments and other resources are committed up front in research and development, companies must therefore recoup their investments from markets that can pay the justifiably high premiums. Unfortunately, the outcome of this practice is the exclusion of the four billion segment of the world population comprising low-income earners and the desperately poor.
However, at the turn of the twenty-first century, there has been an evolving paradigm shift in how some companies view their innovations
N.O. Agola, A. Hunter (eds.), Inclusive Innovation for Sustainable Development, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60168-1_1
in relation to inclusion of low-income earners and the poor. In addition, new forms of quasi-private sector entrepreneurship models have emerged, leading to social enterprises whose main mandate is serving low-income groups and those living in poverty, therefore demonstrating the viability of an inclusive socioeconomic development agenda.
This term ‘bottom of the pyramid’ (BOP) was first used by then US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in his April 7, 1932 radio address, The Forgotten Man (Roosevelt 1932). Roosevelt saw great potential and general benefits of inclusion of the neglected low-income groups in economic development. In fact, he candidly expressed the indispensability of such inclusion. In the late 1990s the work of Prahalad and Hart brought the BOP concept to mainstream academic debate and research; in this case, the term refers to the low-income group of around four billion which forms the majority of the total global population. Prahalad (2004) emphasized not only the underlying business opportunities represented by BOP as a market, but also made a strong case that BOP citizens should be viewed positively as entrepreneurs and engaged consumers. Although his arguments have attracted some critics, the moral imperative to ensure people no longer live in poverty, together with the logical persuasion of the need to engage the energies of entire populations to foster economic growth and development, remains an unshakeable position.
Since the work of Fritz Schumacher in the 1970s and the emerging concept of appropriate technology, there have been alternative models of innovation that seek to develop and deliver innovative technologies for goods and services, incorporating the needs and interests of the poor, and which also seek to stimulate growth for those on the lowest incomes (Kaplinsky 2011). Recently, there has been an extension in practice of these alternative models with significant involvement of the private sector and global value chains, and the development of poor consumers as an accessible mass market. Moreover, we have witnessed within developing countries the growth of technological capabilities, and the creation of new technologies, especially information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as mobile phone applications. Recent academic debate has been using terms such as ‘pro-poor innovation’ and in particular ‘inclusive innovation’ (II) which we adopt here as it seems to
have the widest currency. As a guide to what this may involve, the Global Research Alliance Organization suggests that some key features of II are: affordability, based on extreme reduction of costs; sustainability; quality; accessibility for marginalized populations; and widespread uptake (Heeks et al. 2013).
To explore the potential of this broad variety of considerations involved in II, this book uses a three-dimensional approach to discuss inclusive innovation for socioeconomic growth and development, and the implications for human security within the context of developing and emerging economies. The three dimensions are those of policy and issues relating to the technology itself, business strategies and best practices, and theoretical underpinnings and broader contextualisation.
Using this approach, we interrogate the concept of inclusivity of innovations with incisive and in-depth analyses whether it is in terms of affordability of products and services based on frugal engineering, the income and welfare enhancing scope of innovations, scale of business opportunity within low-income segments of populations, or just exclusive propoor focused attention by private sector products and services. We cover nonconventional considerations of innovations such as those initiated by organizations targeting social mobilization, conflict prevention, justice, and equity among many other social agendas. Alongside this, we consider the potential of modern technology to contribute much to human security while presenting certain risks. Thus, although we appreciate that technology may bring more knowledge and mobility, citizen journalism and enhanced information for political decision-making, better disaster prediction and response, improvements in medicine and food security, we also aim to develop frameworks that counter the potential increase in inequality that may accompany this.
This collection is the result of cooperation between leading international scholars in a wide range of relevant disciplines, including economic development, strategic management, innovation studies, and other relevant social and natural sciences. There are also contributions from practitioners in international development organizations and private sector actors working on inclusive innovation products and services. Our geographical focus centres on Asia and Africa, however, we hope the cases
and critical issues presented are found to be relevant to other regions such as Latin America and the postindustrial economies, as well as providing comparative studies for global research. Moreover, we believe that, considering the many levels of the social ramifications of sustainable development, the constructive and judicious application of the concept of inclusive innovation can be of benefit to many sectors, as listed below:
• Water, Agriculture, and Food Security Issues
• Health Care and Education
• Environment and Climate
• Personal and Community Security
• Social and Political Mobilisation
• Job Creation Initiatives
• Governance
• ICT and Social Science research
• Media and Economic Development
• Mobilisation and Financial Inclusion
• Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
• Mobile Communications
• Geographical Information Systems
• Big Data
• Scientific research
2 Clarity and the Importance of Provoking Further Questions
In this work, we seek to fulfil the twin goals of bringing clarity to our understanding of inclusive innovation, on the one hand, and provoking further questions regarding the subject matter. Consequently, a characteristic of this book is the clear presentation of new and ground-breaking ideas regarding inclusive innovations coupled with in-depth consideration of the practical, theoretical, and philosophical relationships between inclusive innovation and human security.
To reflect the three-dimensional approach of the book, it is divided into three broad sections relating to (1) technology and policy, (2) business strategies, and (3) human security and the theoretical underpinnings of inclusive innovation. However, these are not necessarily mutually exclusive and although cases presented in each section cover only limited socioeconomic sectors, our expectation is that lessons from each chapter can be judiciously combined to inform a three-dimensional understanding of the subject.
In the first section of the book, we discuss the policies supporting or obstructing the development and diffusion of innovative technology. We look at issues relating to innovation in terms of the technology itself and in design processes developed to involve and cater for low-income sectors more directly. Such issues include problems relating not only to assessing needs and desires of low-income sectors but also to access and adoption, as well as the importance of considering multistakeholder perspectives beyond the laboratory. Using case studies from Nepal, Kenya, and Japan, we explore the effects, implications, and challenges of new technologies including recent significant developments in the use of ICT and renewable energy. Through these, this section explores issues involving systemic problems, the significance of interactive processes between a wide range of stakeholders, and the potential of community projects to influence mainstream innovative approaches. The main focus here can be described as a disciplined attempt to answer questions that need to be asked within the public policy realm. Those given below illustrate the wide range of questions addressed:
• What types of innovations encourage inclusiveness, and how can these be targeted by governmental policies?
• How can policy facilitate formalisation of innovations from the informal sector so as to reach a wider audience?
• How should governments optimally support inclusive innovations targeting poverty alleviation and human security issues?
• What is the ecosystem of inclusive innovations, and how can governments develop this?
• How can BOP members participate more fully in inclusive innovation processes and outcomes as consumers, producers, and as market entrepreneurs?
The second section deals with business strategies and practices; here, we suggest that inclusiveness calls for innovative approaches that no longer consider value to be simply a feature of the end product but as residing within the innovation ecosystem. The challenge then becomes to develop strategies that can leverage value from this so as to both incentivise businesses and strengthen community cohesion and skills. To explore
these, we offer two case studies of collaboration between multinationals and grassroots stakeholders, in South Africa and Kenya, that highlight issues such as the thin line between incremental innovation and adaption, and the potential of disruptive innovative strategies. As a whole, these chapters provide insight into the role of MNCs and SMEs in II and introduce questions relating to how we understand the boundaries of inclusiveness and the concept of shared value. As a whole, the section explores the following.
• How can we develop business innovations that combine profit-driven approaches and socially-driven approaches to inclusivity?
• What are the implications of inclusive innovation to firm/organizational performance?
• What organizational structure changes do private sector actors need to make to be equal to the inclusivity mission?
• What social capital and interaction forms are requisite for the success of inclusive innovations?
Th e third section discusses the theoretical underpinnings of inclusive innovation and sustainable development and how these link with human security. We consider the implications of conceptualising morality as a plurality sensitive to the specifi cs of human contexts and suggest that this could provide a more constructive foundation for inclusive society than current conceptualisation as a set of values. Leading on from this, we also explore the relatively new concept of human security in depth – through an analysis of the ways in which reconceptualising HS can improve the eff ectiveness of research and policies supporting vulnerable people and groups – and on the other hand, by examining how HS might help human society manage the macroeff ects, potentials, and risks associated with rapidly advancing technologies, such as AI, by providing a framework to integrate the political dimensions of these with the principles underlying II. Th ree case studies based in two African countries are presented and a fourth focuses on state-sponsored development policies to promote smart specialisation in Europe. Overall, we consider the philosophical and moral justifi cations for inclusive innovation by discussing questions
such as those listed below, and by asking further questions relating to some of the pertinent issues therein:
• How can we most constructively conceptualise the inclusive innovation/human security nexus?
• Where can we locate inclusive innovation in socioeconomic, sustainable development thought?
• How can we ensure that new technologies are developed and disseminated in morally acceptable and sustainable ways?
• How might artificial intelligence support or undermine inclusiveness and economic growth?
• Can our concept of morality be redefined to enable innovative developments to be more truly inclusive?
All the chapters within this book make a commendable attempt at answering their respective questions and in doing so provide answers, discussions, and, indeed, still more relevant questions. However, to reflect the interwoven nature of the issues presented, the discussions are not limited to specific sections or questions; rather, each section and chapter provides a different perspective on issues tackled throughout the book. Thus, our readers can gain an insight into the complexity and many levels of discursive threads involved; through this, we hope we will stimulate and provoke further discussion.
3 How the Book Is Organized
Part I
Innovation, Technology, and Policy
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: David J. Grimshaw
Inclusive Innovation: Beyond the Laboratory
This chapter incisively looks at diverse constraints typifying inclusive innovation beyond the laboratory. The main gist of this chapter is that although the notion of innovation is inherent in the progress of humanity,
the spread of innovation and resultant technologies is often restricted by constraints such as price, intellectual property rights, or simple lack of knowledge sharing. Some of these constraints apply to the Schumacher concept of intermediate technologies but more challenging issues arise in relation to the diffusion of new technologies. For example, what are the risks of adopting a technology with a genetically modified organism? Although the diffusion of new technologies depends on a number of factors, important amongst these is the extent to which the technology meets the needs of the end users. However, assessing user need is a complex process. The chapter therefore presents the argument that the design process can be harnessed to deliver inclusive innovation in cases where there are multiple competing science-based solutions.
A case study regarding arsenic contamination of ground water in Nepal is introduced to illustrate the ideas with reference to practice in the field. The case starts with the question (posed in 2009): ‘Can we design a cheaper, accurate sensor for arsenic?’ It goes on to discuss the selection of the science (nano or bio). During 2012–2015 a multidisciplinary group (including the author) developed an arsenic sensor for use in Nepal. Finally the case illustrates the importance of multiple stakeholder approaches extending beyond the laboratory.
There is evidence that the technology is effective but the question remains as to whether it will be adopted in the field. The discussion of this case is examined and presented within the framework of responsible innovation. In particular the concept of the design process is used to illustrate some of the practical limitations of driving innovation from science alone and the importance of going beyond the laboratory.
Chapter 3: Elijah Bitange Ndemo
Enabling an Inclusive Innovation Ecosystem and SME Development in Kenya: The Role of ICTs
This chapter explores the influence of information and communications technologies (ICTs) and, more specifically, mobile technologies on the inclusive innovation ecosystem based on a case study in Kenya.
Specifically, the chapter examines the potential of ICTs to contribute to employment-creation strategies through small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The chapter is the outcome of a study using a primarily qualitative approach, but had a mixed-methods design overall, with focus groups and qualitative field interviews. Using these two methods together made it possible to investigate the sources of technology, how innovation products evolve at the grassroots level, and their applications. Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory and general systems theory are both used to explain the growth of inclusive innovation in Kenya. The outcome is that the creation of an innovation ecosystem in Kenya has been an interactive process between developers of products and grassroots actors and that this interactivity is an important aspect of SME development in Kenya. Study respondents linked the widespread use of ICTs to improved productivity, financial inclusivity, better service delivery, greater efficiencies, and peace and stability at the grassroots level more generally.
Chapter 4: Christopher Foster and Richard Heeks Drivers of Inclusive Innovation in Developing Country Markets: A Policy Perspective
This chapter seeks to bring clarity and understanding about the role that policy can play in ensuring innovation is inclusive in developing country markets. It does this through analysis of the Kenyan mobile sector, a sector that has been particularly successful in supporting suitable innovations for low-income customers. We argue that although inclusive innovation policy may mirror some elements of conventional innovation policy, it is likely that specific policy approaches can better support inclusive innovation. We offer a framework, which highlights four key dimensions of consideration for policy for inclusive innovation: scope of policy, low-income focus, scaling, and innovation intermediaries. These four dimensions outline a set of considerations that policy makers should look to include in policy formulations and instruments to promote a focus on more low-income sectors.
Chapter 5: Salaam Al Khateeb
Game-Changer Driving the Transition Towards a Sustainable Energy System in Japan?
In this chapter we present the argument for inclusive innovation in the energy sector, which traditionally has been centralized and dominated by large corporations. We present a case for community energy projects, and try to answer the question of whether such projects can be a gamechanger for the transition towards a sustainable energy system using a case study of a community energy project in Japan. We note that there is a significant gap between the potential of renewable energy resources and the rate of the actual deployment of the renewable energy technologies, particularly in Japan. We have therefore strived to attain two goals in this chapter. First, we seek to bring a good understanding of how the technological innovation system (TIS) using coupled structural and functional analysis can help to identify the systemic problems that hinder the deployment of renewable energy technologies in Japan and hence the transition of the energy system. Second, we investigated the features of community energy projects as potential game-changers and the role that they may play in contributing towards the sustainable future. We conclude with a brief analysis of the ways in which CEPs can resolve the various challenges identified using the TIS and thus support initiating, managing, and improving RET diffusion in order to achieve faster bottom-up transition into a sustainable energy system .
Part II
Business and Inclusive Innovation
Chapter 6: Nathaniel O. Agola
5Ps of Innovation Space and Leveraging Latent Value: How to Effectively Innovate and Serve at the Table of Inclusive Innovation
In this chapter, we explore the innovation space within which inclusive innovation targeting the poor and low-income groups could possibly happen. We take note that innovation for inclusivity is in its infant stage as compared to mainstream innovation as practiced by corporate entities and other organizations producing goods and services. Hence, we
Another random document with no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Moral social
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Moral social apreciación de Hostos
Author: Eugenio María de Hostos
Contributor: Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Release date: February 27, 2024 [eBook #73064]
Language: Spanish
Original publication: Madrid: Editorial-América, 1917
Credits: Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted to the public domain.
BIBLIOTECA DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES
EUGENIO MARÍA DE HOSTOS
PROFESOR DE SOCIOLOGÍA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y DE DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE
M S
A H , R. BLANCOFOMBONA
EDITORIAL-AMÉRICA MADRID
CONCESIONARIA EXCLUSIVA PARA LA VENTA: SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE LIBRERÍA FERRAZ, 25
EDITORIAL-AMÉRICA
Director: R. BLANCO-FOMBONA
PUBLICACIONES:
I
Biblioteca Andrés Bello (literatura).
II
Biblioteca Ayacucho (historia).
III
Biblioteca de Ciencias políticas y sociales.
IV
Biblioteca de la Juventud hispano-americana.
V
Biblioteca de obras varias.
De venta en todas las buenas librerías de España y América.
Imprenta de Juan Pueyo, Luna, 29, teléf. 14–30. Madrid.
MORAL SOCIAL
Publicaciones de la EDITORIAL-AMÉRICA
BIBLIOTECA DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES
Obras de los más ilustres prosistas americanos.
I. O F :
SE HAN PUBLICADO:
Profesor de Derecho público en la Universidad de la Habana.
II. A Á :
Consultor del ministerio (chileno) de Relaciones Exteriores.
III. J C. S :
Profesor de Sociología en la Universidad de Mérida (Venezuela).
IV. C P :
Profesor de Sociología en la Universidad de México y Miembro del tribunal permanente de Arbitraje, de La Haya.
V. J V : Miembro del Centro de Historia, de Cartagena (Colombia.)
VI. M. O L : De la Academia brasilera.
VII. Á C R :
De la Academia de la Historia, de Venezuela.
VIII. J G F :
De la Academia de la Historia, de Venezuela.
IX. J M. R M : Presidente del Consejo Nacional de Educación en la República Argentina.
X. P M. A : Miembro de la Academia de la Historia, de Venezuela, y Ministro de Relaciones Interiores.
XI–XII. J. D. M : Miembro de número de la Academia de Historia, de Colombia.
XIII.—F O : Profesor de Derecho público en la Universidad de la Habana.
La guerra europea. Causas y pretextos. Precio: 3,50 pesetas.
La diplomacia de Chile durante la emancipación y la sociedad internacional americana. Precio: 3,50 ptas.
Etnología é Historia de TierraFirme. (Venezuela y Colombia.) Precio: 4 pesetas.
El Mito de Monroe. Precio: 4,50 ptas.
La Federación en Colombia. Precio: 3,50 pesetas.
La Evolución histórica de la América Latina. Precio: 3,50 pesetas.
Ensayos de historia política y diplomática. Precio: 4 pesetas.
El hombre y la historia. (Ensayo de Sociología venezolana.) Precio: 3 ptas.
Rosas y el Doctor Francia. (Estudios psiquiátricos.) Precio: 3,50 pesetas.
Estudios de sociología venezolana. Precio: 4 pesetas.
El ideal político del libertador Simón Bolívar. Dos gruesos vols. á 4,75 cada uno.
Los negros brujos. (Apuntes para un estudio de Etnología criminal.)— Precio: 4,50 pesetas.
XIV. J N M .:
Profesor en las Universidades de Buenos Aires y la Plata.
XV. E M H :
El Gobierno Representativo Federal en la República Argentina. Precio: 5 pesetas.
Profesor de Sociología en la República Dominicana y de Derecho Constitucional en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile. Moral Social.
DE VENTA
EN TODAS LAS LIBRERÍAS DE ESPAÑA Y AMÉRICA
BIBLIOTECA DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y SOCIALES
EUGENIO MARÍA DE HOSTOS
PROFESOR DE SOCIOLOGÍA EN LA REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA Y DE DERECHO CONSTITUCIONAL EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE
M S
A H , R. BLANCOFOMBONA
EDITORIAL-AMÉRICA MADRID
CONCESIONARIA EXCLUSIVA PARA LA VENTA: SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE LIBRERÍA FERRAZ, 25
EUGENIO MARÍA DE HOSTOS
(1839–1903)
HOSTOS, FIGURA REPRESENTATIVA
El nombre de Eugenio María de Hostos nunca fué muy popular en América. ¿Por qué? Porque no lo repiquetean consonantes de villancicos, sino que repercute en la región de las ideas, menos frecuentada que aquella otra región donde el vulgo se extasía en la música de fútiles rimas, de rimas que, naturalmente, nada tienen que hacer con el Parnaso y que horrorizarían á las Piérides.
Aunque fué maestro, porque tuvo qué enseñar, no lo siguen parvadas intonsas y bullangueras de discípulos. Los leones andan solos. Los leones son raros hasta en África. Como en América no existen semejantes cuadrúpedos crinados, ¿qué mucho que ignore el vulgo á ese león de Borinquén, espécimen desacostumbrado, y que lo tome, á lo sumo, por un gato montés?
Pero el nombre de Eugenio María de Hostos, aunque no muy difundido, aunque conservado en penumbra, como el nombre de Cecilio Acosta, sirve hoy á la América pensadora, como el nombre de Cecilio Acosta, de valiosísimo adorno. Ambos nombres deben también servirle de orgullo. Ambos nombres pertenecen á
ciudadanos íntegros, á paladines del ideal, á caballeros sin miedo y sin tacha, á escritores de primera línea, á pensadores de primera fuerza, á hombres buenos, á personajes de diez y ocho quilates.
El nombre de Eugenio María de Hostos y el nombre de Cecilio Acosta bastarían para enseñar á esta Europa que nos denigra y á esos yanquis que nos calumnian, cómo la América no es sólo fragua de revoluciones, ni palenque de motines, ni paraíso de especuladores políticos criollos y ladrones comerciales del extranjero.
Verán, por obra de ambos ejemplos, que en medio de los alborotos democráticos y gestatores de sociedades todavía sin coherencia ni sanción, entre politiqueros sin escrúpulos, comerciantes sin decoro y arrivistas sin pudor, hubo, en la América del siglo XIX, virtudes eminentes, apóstoles encendidos, sabios auténticos, artistas de oro puro, directores de opinión incorruptibles, varones de consagración, vidas de cristal, hombres dignos del mármol.
Verán, tanto los yanquis como los europeos, que en el torbellino de una América en formación, de donde surgen, improvisados, pueblos, instituciones, fortunas, surgen también lentos, pétreos, luminosos, esos hombres que hacen el papel de montañas. Y advertirán, ya que tienen ojos y si saben y quieren ver, que desde la cima de esas montañas, en medio de la pampa rasa y los ríos en ebullición, se columbra un vasto horizonte...
HOSTOS ROMPE CON ESPAÑA
Hostos vivió sesenta y cuatro años. Nació en una de las Antillas en 1839 y murió en otra de las Antillas en 1903.
Como nació en Puerto Rico cuando Puerto Rico pertenecía á España, y como nieto de español españolizante, fué enviado á educarse en la Península desde los trece años. Se levantó en las Universidades de la madre patria. Sus condiscípulos fueron hombres que iban á llenar buenas páginas de la historia española y á figurar en los Congresos, en los Ministerios, en el Ejército, en la Prensa.
¿Empleó Hostos su influencia con figuras y figurones de la política para medrar? ¿La empleó para ascender á posiciones del Estado, á que lo llamaban sus méritos? No. La empleó para acordarse de que había nacido en América. La empleó para pedir la independencia de Cuba y Puerto Rico. Pero ningún pueblo se amputa voluntario. Hostos confundió el empeño de la unidad nacional ó posesional de España, patriótica y razonable en sí, con intransigencias de la Monarquía. Desiluso, conspiró contra el Trono y á favor de la República española con Castelar, con Salmerón, con Pi y Margall.
«Primero soy español que republicano», exclamó Castelar cuando, ya presidente de la República española, Hostos y algunos republicanos de la Península instaron sobre independencia para Cuba.
Desiluso de nuevo, aquel apóstol de libertad se convenció de que la independencia no se mendiga, sino se merece, y, si se puede, se conquista.
Era en 1868. Abandonó á Madrid, negándose á aceptar una curul en el Congreso español. Fué á la capciosa Nueva York y se consagró en alma y vida á la revolución cubana, recién prendida por Céspedes.
Pero no se alejó de Madrid sin agotar sus esfuerzos y sin luchar con el león á brazo partido, en el mismo antro de la hermosa fiera dorada. Aquel «Hostos, talentudo y corajudo», de que habla Galdós en alguno de sus Episodios Nacionales donde evoca, si no recuerdo mal, el destronamiento y platanazo de Isabel II, luchó su última lucha en la tribuna española y dijo donde podían oirlo, en el Ateneo de Madrid, valientes verdades.
«Señores: Las colonias españolas están hoy en un momento crítico. Víctimas de un despotismo tradicional, una y mil veces engañadas ¡engañadas!, señores, lo repito , no pueden, no deben seguir sometidas á la unidad absurda que les ha impedido ser lo que debieran ser, que les prohibe vivir.»
Basta. Por la zarpa se conoce el león; y por la audacia convencida y la sed de justicia, y por aquellas palabras que lo divorciaban para siempre de la madre patria, á Hostos. Rompiendo con España rompía con sus amigos, rompía con sus valedores, rompía con sus ambiciones, rompía con su juventud, rompía con su porvenir. Hostos no vaciló.
HOSTOS COMIENZA SU ODISEA BENEFACTORA
Al pie de esa tribuna del Ateneo español empezó la odisea de este Ulises hambriento de ideales. Esa odisea no terminó sino al caer Hostos, exánime, en el hoyo de la tumba.
De Madrid sale para Nueva York. De Nueva York, desde donde ha difundido por la Prensa sus libertadoras ideas, se embarca, dos años después, para Cuba, que arde en guerra y en anhelos de libertad. Va á pagar su tributo de sangre, va á dar el ejemplo de Martí, va á regar con sus venas su idea. El mar lo salva: naufraga.
Partiendo del principio boliviano de que América, nuestra América, es úna aunque en fragmentos, y que esa América úna y múltiple debe ser solidaria de todas y cada cual de sus partes; pensando, como Bolívar, que á la solidaridad de 1810 debe América el sér y que se perderá ó se salvará conjuntamente, el joven tribuno de Madrid, el periodista independiente de Nueva York, el náufrago de Cuba, se convierte en legado voluntario de la revolución Antillana y se va por toda la América latina predicándola, rediviviendo el ejemplo de aquellos monjes exaltados y convencidos que se iban por Europa preconizando la necesidad de las cruzadas.
Fué de país en país. No tenía dinero: escribió, peroró, trabajó, ganó la vida. Las puertas se le cerraban en las narices. Los miopes no veían. Los Rivadavia de entonces, los Santander de entonces, los Páez de entonces, no alcanzaban otro horizonte sino el que se divisa desde los campanarios de sus natales aldeas respectivas. ¡No importa! Hostos continúa su prédica. ¡Cerca de cuatro años duró aquella cruzada de la libertad!
Este es uno de los genuinos caballeros del ideal. Recuerda á Colón, implorando de corte en corte el apoyo que le falta para realizar el
sueño más grande que hubo en cabeza humana, si es verdad que el descubrir un mundo ignoto y presentido fué el sueño de Colón. Recuerda á Miranda, mendigando también de corte en corte apoyo para sus quimeras libertadoras. Es, en verdad, como dijo Michelet de Miranda, un Don Quijote de la libertad. En 1872 está en Santiago de Cuba, en 1873 en Brasil, en Buenos Aires; en 1876 en Nueva York, en 1877 en Caracas, donde se casa, en 1879 en Santo Domingo.
Y por donde va, va haciendo bien. Un día llega al Perú: aquel apóstol de la dignidad humana abre campaña á favor de los emigrados chinos, sumergidos en esclavitud por los criollos. Otro día llega á las Repúblicas del Plata: aquel apóstol del progreso proclama el primero en la República Argentina la importancia del ferrocarril trasandino. El reconocimiento le rinde homenaje: la primera locomotora que escala los Andes lleva por nombre «Eugenio María de Hostos». Otro día va á Chile: aquel apóstol de la igualdad aboga por que se abran las carreras científicas á la mujer. Por Cuba y Puerto Rico escribe, viaja, perora, combate, se multiplica.
Fué durante su vida entera un benefactor de América. Llevó en América de país en país la luz de la enseñanza, como en Grecia llevó Homero, de villa en villa, la luz del canto. En Venezuela comienza á difundir, en el colegio de Soteldo, lo que aprendió en España, lo que la vida y el cotidiano estudio le fueron enseñando. Es profesor de Derecho constitucional, por una serie de años, en la Universidad de Santiago de Chile; por otra serie de años es profesor de Sociología, Derecho internacional y Derecho penal en la República Dominicana.
Y cuando no enseña desde la cátedra, enseña desde la Prensa ó por medio del libro. Y su mejor enseñanza la dió viviendo una vida pura, austera, de deposición, de sabiduría, de bondad, de utilidad, de amor.
HOSTOS, MAESTRO
Hostos, hombre múltiple en la producción y los conocimientos, es filósofo, moralista, sociólogo, tratadista de Derecho constitucional, de Derecho penal, de Derecho de gentes. Es también crítico literario y novelador. Es además maestro. Considerémoslo por algunos de tan varios aspectos. Como maestro puede decirse que la cátedra fué para Hostos otro vehículo de su pensamiento, nueva forma de producción. Algunos de sus libros, y no de los menos profundos, fueron la enseñanza oral, la palabra y el espíritu vivificantes del profesor, cogidos al vuelo y escritos, no quiero decir redactados, según el prospecto, la metodología de Hostos, por discípulos de talento, de gratitud y devoción. Hostos se parece á Bello en que desechando métodos viejos y textos ajenos, inició á varias generaciones en la ciencia, por medio directo, transfundiendo su espíritu en obras personales. No es lo común ni en Oxford, ni en Bonn, ni en París, ni en Salamanca, ni menos en centros universitarios de Hispano-América, que pensadores iniciales, mentes primarias, hombres que hayan sabido arrancar á la esfinge una parcela ó varias parcelas de secreto y verdad, ejerzan el profesorado. Ejercen el profesorado por lo común hombres muy beneméritos, pero muy adocenados, repetidores de ciencia ajena, que son depósitos, no pozos artesianos. On peut être professeur et avoir beaucoup de talent, podría decirse parodiando una frase cáustica. Un Hæckel, un Renán en Europa; un Bello, un Hostos en América, son excepciones. Por eso dejan rastros de luz, y el calor de sus espíritus se difunde en el tiempo.
Cuando parte de la Tierra, en el mes de Noviembre, se envuelve en pasajera onda cálida y uno mira desprenderse como lluvia de oro,
fina lluvia de estrellas errantes y vertientes, las Leonidas, es porque la Tierra tropieza en su viaje con un antiguo cometa desagregado. Hæckel, Renán, Bello, Hostos, son también antiguos cometas. El calor de su espíritu se difunde, no en el espacio sino en el tiempo. Sus discípulos, su pensamiento, sus obras, que de cuando en cuando topamos en nuestro camino, resplandecen como lluvia de estrellas.
Hostos no se limitó á enseñar lo que él mismo aprendiera; enseñaba lo que tenía por dentro, lo que el estudio hacía fructificar. Daba sus propios frutos. Fué como Sarmiento, un educador; pero con más preparación científica que Sarmiento, con más disciplinas intelectuales y con más equilibrio y profundidad de espíritu. Además, la preocupación de Sarmiento, fué la de enseñar á leer á la Argentina; la de Hostos, la de enseñar á pensar á la América. En las obras de Sarmiento chispea un talento de diamante. Hay adivinaciones magníficas. Hay aciertos geniales. Pero al relámpago precede y sigue la obscuridad. Se advierte que aquella súbita luz brota del cerebro como de un choque de piedras; no es una claridad constante de antorcha. Hay deficiencias; principalmente de cultura. Aquel hombre lo aprendió todo por sí y á la carrera. No supo nada bien, ni á fondo. Supo, sí, ver ciertos aspectos sociales como son. No embotó su juicio americano con el criterio de libros europeos; ni remedó constantemente, para hablar de nosotros, el hablar de otros hombres respecto de otros pueblos. Aun cuando se inspiró á veces más de lo que hubiera sido menester, en algún autor extranjero, Sarmiento, por lo general, bebió en su vaso, que no era pequeño. Supo ver y hablar. Esa es su gloria. Por ello es talento autóctono, virgíneo.
Hostos le es superior en cuanto pensador, lógico y moralista, con la ventaja, además, de una base escolar, en el sentido inglés de la palabra, de que Sarmiento careció. Hostos no es repetidor vulgar, ni acomodador hábil de lo ajeno, ni abrillantador de piedras opacas, ni chalán que engorda con arsénico el cuartago que va á vender. No.
Hostos es pensador original y auténtico. Él conoce los problemas sociales é institucionales de América. En vez de criticarlos grosso modo, los descoyunta y analiza. Y cien veces arroja luces nuevas. Y cien veces presenta un nuevo aspecto de las cosas ó asoma nueva idea. Su acierto y novedad son constantes. En él no existen las intermitencias de Sarmiento. Su claridad es la del sol. Y los eclipses, como se sabe, no son frecuentes. Mientras Sarmiento arriba á la
