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Alternative Medicine Interventions for COVID-19 Hanan
This comprehensive resource provides a one-stop information repository, exploring all psychological aspects of COVID-19. Divided into three sections, the book covers the psycho-social impact on society and individuals and our collective cooperative behaviour, as well as philanthropic efforts, coping strategies and technological interventions, and how lessons learned will help in preparedness for the future.
Including case studies and the latest research from diverse scientific studies across different regions, this book examines how psycho-social paradigms changed as a result of the pandemic and left their watermark on the human psyche. It also explores the coping strategies adopted to deal with this common aggressor and how the techniques varied in accordance with social, cultural, and geographical factors. The final section offers new insights for the future, highlighting the psychological infrastructure required, the type of preparedness and handling strategies necessary to mitigate the impact of any future biogenic pandemics.
Combining theory and practical application, this is a valuable reading for academics and researchers as well as practising psychologists, clinical psychologists, and lawmakers who are concerned with mental health.
Editors
Dr Rajesh Verma (PhD) is Assistant Professor and Student of Psychology at Feroz Gandhi Memorial Government College, Adampur, Haryana, India. He is an air veteran and academic gold medallist and completed his doctorate from MD University Rohtak. As a report writer, he worked on a DST-funded project on cognitive preparedness. His area of interest lies in indigenous psychology, cognitive psychology, social psychology, psychometrics, organising academic events, and content writing. Recently, he organised the ICSSR-sponsored National Conference on “Bhagavad Gita: An Eternal Repository of Multi-disciplinary Lessons for Mankind”. He is techsavvy, uploads psychology curriculum content-specific videos, and writes blogs regularly. He loves to interact with students.
Dr Uzaina (PhD, CPsychol) is a Practitioner Counselling Psychologist passionate about helping families and neurodiverse children. She holds critical positions as Research and Psychology Training Lead at Geniuslane in India and the United Kingdom. Additionally, she founded Psyche Vitality and is Co-Director of the Association of Child Brain Research and CDC Solutions India. Dr Uzaina’s expertise lies in conducting diagnostic assessments and providing essential counselling and support to families. With nearly a decade of experience, she has dedicated herself to offering short-term and long-term counselling and psychotherapy services to adolescents, women, and families. She remains actively engaged in continuous research audits, furthering her commitment to advancing the field of psychology. She also takes great pride in delivering comprehensive training programmes to psychology trainees, sharing her knowledge and expertise with the next generation of professionals.
Co-Editors
Dr Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari (PhD) is Assistant Professor at Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. His research interests include forgiveness, positive body image, selfaffirmation, self-compassion, eyewitness memory, metacognition, and the psychology of women. He is an active academician with extensive publications and projects. He also holds key roles in various organisations.
Prof. Leister Sam Sudheer Manickam (PhD) currently practises telepsychotherapy, is a trainer and supervisor of gestalt psychotherapy, and is engaged in independent research. He earned his master’s degree in psychology from the University of Kerala. He did his clinical psychology training at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India, and PhD from Columbia Pacific University, the United States. He served as Professor of Clinical Psychology and as Hon. Founder Director of Centre for Applied Psychological Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Also, he served as Director of Training and Research, MHAT, Calicut, India. He had also served as Director of Wellness and Mental health at Trias Health Technologies, Bengaluru. He was formerly Professor of Clinical Psychology at JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India. He had taught at the Department of Psychiatry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India, and CSI Medical College Karakonam, Kerala, India. He was Visiting Fellow at the University of Birmingham, the UK, and is a gestalt psychotherapy trainer who had undergone training in different forms of therapy abroad. He is Fellow of several psychology and psychiatry associations in India, former General Secretary of the Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists, and initiator of the Indian Psychologists Network. He is the author of the book, Integrative Psychotherapy: Indian Perspective and has edited the book COVID19Pandemic:ChallengesandResponsesofPsychologistsfromIndia.
He was awarded Excellence in International Scholarship by Division 17 of the American Psychology Association, the United States.
Dr Tushar Singh (D. Phil) is Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, India. He obtained his D. Phil in Psychology from the University of Allahabad and served as Assistant Professor at Banaras Hindu University. His research focuses on understanding the miseries of and advocation for the rights of gender and social minorities, including but not limited to LGBTQ+, abused women, and children. He is also involved in academic administration and is associated with various national and international organisations in various capacities.
EXPLORING THE PSYCHO-
SOCIAL IMPACT OF COVID-
19
Global Perspectives on Behaviour, Interventions and Future Directions
Editedby Dr RajeshVerma andDr Uzaina
Co-Editors
Dr Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari, Prof Leister Sam Sudheer Manickam, Dr Tushar Singh
Designed cover image: Getty Images
First published 2024 by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprintofthe Taylor &Francis Group, an informa business
Singh, Dr Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari, and Prof Leister Sam Sudheer Manickam; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Dr Rajesh Verma, Dr Uzaina, Dr Tushar Singh, Dr Gyanesh Kumar Tiwari, and Prof Leister Sam Sudheer Manickam to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademarknotice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
BritishLibrary Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-032-41274-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-41275-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-35720-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003357209
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
ListofTables
ListofFigures
ListofContributors
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
SECTION 1
Impact
1 Coronavirus: The Dreaded Avatar That Surprised Humanity
RajeshVerma
2 Prevalence of Psychophysiological Complications of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
MeenakshiShukla,NitiUpadhyayandJosbertGyereh
3 Prosocial Behaviour During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
4 Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Adults With Depression and Anxiety During COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials
2.1 Eligibility criteria for studies included in the review
2.2 Summary characteristics of studies
2.3 The pooled prevalence of psychophysiological complications across studies
3.1 Main search terms used for finding relevant studies
3.2 Characteristics of the analysed studies
4.1 Population, intervention, comparators, outcomes, and settings (PICOTS)
4.2 Study-specific inclusion and exclusion criteria
4.3 Search terms
4.4 Data items to extract
4.5 Characteristics of selected studies
6.1 Example of search strategies
6.2 Details of the study included in the review
6.3 Interventions described in the identified studies
7.1 Demographic data and past adversity as reported by participants
8.1 Search strategy used
8.2 Literature review summary
8.3 Vaccine acceptance and non-acceptance rate data for various countries reported across 54 studies
8.4 Demographic and psychological factors associated with vaccine acceptance and hesitancy identified in finally included 54 studies
9.1 Delimitations of the study: inclusion and exclusion criteria for the eligible articles
9.2 Quality assessment of the included studies in a chronological order
9.3 Search terms used in the current review
9.4 Summary of meta-analysis studies on digital health interventions
10.1 Search strategy used and the number of results generated
10.2 Descriptive details of the included studies
FIGURES
1.1 Different review types
1.2 Number of studies included in different review types
2.1 Illustration of the study search, identification and screening process
3.1 PRISMA flow diagram
4.1 PRISMA flow diagram describing the selection process for relevant clinical trials used in this systematic review
6.1 Flow diagram of study selection
8.1 Review and selection of articles
8.2 Vaccine acceptance rate (a) and vaccine hesitancy rate (b) across countries
8.3 Important demographic factors (a) and psychological factors (b) associated with vaccine acceptance/hesitancy worldwide
9.1 Flowchart of PRISMA review
10.1 PRISMA flow chart showing the selection of studies at different stages
10.2 Analysis of risk of bias in the studies
CONTRIBUTORS
Amrita Deb is Associate Professor of Psychology in the Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, India. Her research and teaching interests include positive psychology, clinical psychology, and personality psychology. She is specifically interested in psychological resilience and well-being outcomes among individuals who have undergone adverse mental health experiences.
Arundhathy Gopakumar is Masters’s Student in Sports Psychology at the Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. With a deep love for sports and a keen interest in the psychological aspects of athletic performance, she is dedicated to unravelling, understanding, and exploring the mind–sports association. Her core area of interest includes sports psychology, health, and well-being.
Annsweetta James is pursuing her master’s degree in Sports Psychology from the Central University of Rajasthan. Having completed her undergraduate studies in B.Sc. Psychology, she developed a profound interest in unravelling the complexities of the human mind. Sports psychology and social psychology are the significant areas of her interest.
Dr Akancha Srivastava is Associate Professor at O.P. Jindal Global University. She completed her doctorate from the Defence Institute
of Psychological Research in MoU with Bharathiar University Coimbatore, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. As a research fellow with the Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR-DRDO), she worked on various defence-related projects involving various activities like conducting psychometric assessments, development of batteries, and experiments. She also worked with the Indian Institute of Management, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Her areas of interest are organisational behaviour, human resource management, and positive psychology. She has national and international publications to her credit.
Ashutosh Tewari is Management Professional who served as Senior Venture Coach at the Venture Development Centre of GITAM University. He spearheaded the establishment of an entrepreneurial ecosystem across a vibrant community of students and faculty members across three campuses in India. He had two decades of experience in IT Services, Management Consulting, and Supply Chain Industries. He is Certified Behaviour and Mentoring Analyst, which enriches his coaching and mentoring approach. He is passionate about research in the field of development studies and is particularly interested in examining Indian perspectives and is actively exploring themes related to sustainability and social innovation.
Bhavya Chhabra is Doctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Education and Psychology at Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary. She received the Award of Master of Science in Mental Health Studies from King’s College London. She was felicitated with a Gold Award for her exceptional volunteering services to promote positive change in the community. She has working experience with differently abled people at the South London and Maudsley Hospital, National Health Service, UK. She is also a reviewer of several peer-reviewed journals
and has been invited to conferences to deliver talks and presentations.
Dr Bhawna Tushir is Assistant Professor at Christ University. With her extensive background in Malviyan and Gandhian philosophy, she has developed exceptional compassion and inclusivity that set her apart from her peers. Over the past five years, she has contributed her expertise to numerous universities, including the University of Delhi, Manipal University Jaipur, and Chaudhary Charan Singh University. In addition to her academic work, she has made significant contributions as a trainer and consultant, working with organisations such as India Vision Foundation, Christ Consultancy, and the Brain Behaviour Research Foundation of India. She is collaborating on an innovative research project with Banaras Hindu University and Mississippi State University, demonstrating her commitment to advancing knowledge in her field.
Dr Chetna Duggal is Associate Professor at the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai, India. She has almost two decades of experience as a psychotherapist. She is Programme Coordinator for the Masters in Applied Psychology and Postgraduate Diploma in Supervision for Mental Health Practice and Psychotherapy and Counselling. She is Project Director of the School Initiative for Mental Health Advocacy. This initiative endeavours to promote the wellbeing of young people in schools and other institutes through advocacy, research, and capacity building. She also heads Rahbar, a field action project to promote training, supervision, and professional development for mental health practitioners. Her research interests include counselling, psychotherapy training, school mental health, religion, and spirituality.
Charu Joshi is an alumnus of Jamia Millia Islamia University, Delhi, India. She is practising Counselling Psychologist having extensive
experience and specialises in individual and family therapy. Her core area of interest is social network analysis. She has worked on a project for the Ministry of Education titled “National Initiative of School Heads and Teachers Holistic Advancement” and studied the underlying processes and models that can build a long-term sustainable impact on classroom transactions. She is also Psychology Facilitator at 21K School, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Dr Divya Bhatia is Assistant Professor at O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India. She is Associate Director of Research and Experimentation at the Emotion & Cognition Psychology Research Centre (E-Cog) at O.P. Jindal Global University. She obtained her PhD in behavioural neuroscience from Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. She is an accomplished academician and researcher who published in peer-reviewed journals and presented her work at international conferences. Her primary focus of research is working memory and cognition. She has successfully received several research grants, such as research start-up grants, joint mobility grants, and, more recently, Global Engagement Seed Grant.
Dr Deepak Pandiaraj is Assistant Professor and Director of the ECog (Emotion and Cognition) Research Centre at O.P. Jindal Global University. He had been associated with prestigious institutes such as IIT Bombay and National Metallurgical Laboratory, Chennai, as Research Fellow. His M.Phil. research was focused on the psychology of self-conscious emotion and doctoral research on philosophical psychology approaches to communication for social/selftransformation. He developed a self-decentring communication model and applied it to analyse film, fiction, and modern science. His current research pertains to “Heuristics in Decision making”, “Phenomenology of Self-decentering”, and “Logo-therapy in the Indian context”.
Dr Garima Joshi is Assistant Professor at Christ University, Delhi. She obtained her doctorate in Clinical Neuropsychology from All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. Her research interests lie in clinical neuropsychology, studying brain–behaviour relationships, and assessing cognitive functions in various clinical populations. She is working to develop effective interventions and treatment strategies for individuals with neurocognitive impairments. She actively engages in clinical practice, assessing and treating individuals with neurological and psychological disorders. She is also well-published in various national and international peer-reviewed journals.
Josbert Gyereh is from Ghana, completed his master’s degree from the University of Chester, UK, supported by the Commonwealth Master’s Scholarship, and is presently Nursing Assistant for Barts Health NHS Trust at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. He has worked on an interdisciplinary study investigating how developmental psychology might be used in the criminal justice system. His work on systematic review at the University of Chester earned him a distinction. His areas of interest lie in systematic reviews and meta-analysis with a specialisation in advanced statistical skills in SPSS, jamovi, STATA, and R.
Mrinalini Mahajan is a New Delhi-based gold medallist Clinical Psychologist and Psychotherapist who completed her MPhil from the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. She had been a meritorious student throughout her academic pursuits securing a gold medal twice and a silver medal once. She has experience working with individuals with psychiatric difficulties and survivors of various forms of abuse. Her particular interest is working with individuals with trauma histories, which aligns with her research interest. She believes in acknowledging and appreciating
the role of social justice, intersectionality, and sociopolitical frameworks in mental health.
Dr Meenakshi Shukla is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India, and obtained her PhD from Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has received a fellowship from the University Grants Commission of India and a Commonwealth Split-site (PhD) Scholarship for her doctorate. Her research interests involve exploring the relationship of emotions and emotional disorders with health, and she has published extensively in reputed journals and presented research papers at national and international conferences. She is a member of several national and international academic bodies such as the Indian Science Congress Association, American Psychological Association, International Association of Applied Psychology, and Association for Psychological Science.
Maneela Sirisety is Doctoral Scholar working on “Psychosocial factors underlying mob behaviour in India” at Rashtriya Raksha University, Gujarat, India. Her research interests are transdisciplinary, transnational, and translational. She has working experience in prominent institutions in India, such as UNESCO MGIEP and IIM Visakhapatnam. She also has experience working with national and international non-profit organisations. Her working areas are social psychology and personality, cyberpsychology, media psychology, geriatrics, positive psychology, and entrepreneurship.
Dr Nidhi Mishra is Assistant Professor at the Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management, Visakhapatnam. She completed her Doctorate from the University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has worked in national and international research projects focusing on health and well-being, identity and collective experiences, lived experiences of stigmatised and marginalised
groups, ageing, and inclusive education. She has working experience in psycho-social gerontology. She was previously involved in the United Nations Population Funds project on Building Knowledge Base on Ageing in India. She has represented India in the United Nations International Program in Policy Formulation, Planning, Implementation and Monitoring of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing in Malta. She founded and managed Senior Express – an online initiative to promote active ageing in India.
Dr Neethu Pathiyan Satheesh is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Sports Psychology, Central University of Rajasthan. She has completed her PhD in Applied Psychology from Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry, India. Her core research areas are environmental psychology, sports psychology, and health and well-being. She has published articles in national and international journals and edited books for international publishers. She received the Prof. Deepak Bhatt Award and Dr Barbara Hanfstingl InSPA Award.
Niti Upadhyay is Research Scholar pursuing her PhD in Psychology from Banaras Hindu University. She is currently investigating the relationship of mindfulness with mental health and the role of decentring, non-attachment and emotion regulation difficulties in explaining the mindfulness–mental health relationship in her doctoral endeavour. Her research focuses on understanding mindfulness’ mechanism(s) on mental health. She is working on making an absolute model of mindfulness and mental health relationship to help plan strategies and interventions to reduce mental health problems and enhance mental health. She is currently working on a funded project related to mindfulness.
Ritika Chokhani is a Mumbai-based Researcher and Clinical Psychologist and completed her M.Sc. with Inlaks scholarship from
University College London. She is Research Coordinator on a project to update the National Guidelines on Psychosocial Support and Mental Health in Disasters in India through the Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) of India. She is an experienced mental health professional. Her core area of interest is mental health and psychotherapy. According to her, mental health is to be informed and guided by principles of social justice and people’s own lived experiences and know-how.
Dr Ravi Shanker Datti is Assistant Professor at the Department of Applied Psychology, GITAM School of Gandhian Studies, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. He completed his Doctorate in Health Psychology from Andhra University. He had served as Capacity Building Officer for the Global Fund project. He started his career in teaching at the Department of Psychology at Adikavi Nannaya University, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh, India, and headed the department for seven years. Beck Institute trains him as Cognitive Behavioural Therapist. He had delivered a series of lectures at James Madison University, Virginia. Further, he has extended his research collaboration on Cyberpsychology with URAL Federal University, Russia.
Shruti Dua is Assistant Professor at Rukmini Devi Institute of Advanced Studies, Delhi, India. She graduated in Psychology from the University of Delhi. She is a practising student counsellor focusing on students’ personal, academic, and professional lives. She is an experienced counsellor oriented towards dealing with human behaviour dynamics. She has presented her research works at various international and national conferences. Previously, she worked at O.P. Jindal Global University, where she was involved in research projects and taught elective courses.
Subhash Meena is working as Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Delhi, Delhi. He is an accomplished writer who has published research papers and articles in national and international journals and presented research papers at national and international conferences. He is on the editorial board of Vasant Sahastradhara: An Interdisciplinary Journal. He is actively associated with several academic bodies, such as the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, the Somatic Ink Blot Society, and the International Society for Research and Development. He received the “Young Scientist Award” in 2014 from the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology (IAAP), Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Dr Sadananda Reddy obtained his Doctoral Degree from the NIMHANS, and his work centred on “Development and Feasibility Testing of a Supported Education Program for Students with Mental Health Issues”. His work focused on Pathways to Psychiatric Care in Children and Adolescents with First Episode Psychosis. He is also Research Fellow in the IMPACT project, NIHR, funded through the University of York. He also worked as Psychiatric Social Worker at the National Institute of Mental Health in Neurosciences. He received an ICSSR grant for a project entitled “Exploring the Mental Health Help Seeking Practices and Policies Among Higher Educational Institutions in Bangalore: A Qualitative Study”.
Shikha Soni is Doctoral Research Scholar in Psychology at the Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. She completed her M.Phil. in Clinical Psychology from the Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi, India, and is registered with the Rehabilitation Council of India. She has been trained in psychological testing like psycho diagnostics, intelligence tests, and neuropsychology and therapies like cognitive behaviour therapy, behaviour therapy, supportive therapy, and marital/family therapy. Her research interests bridge the areas of positive, social,
personality, and clinical psychology. She is currently researching the area of positive adaptation to loss through the unique lens of life stories.
Vijeyata Chauhan is a research scholar who completed her master’s degree from Banaras Hindu University and is presently pursuing her M.Phil. in Clinical Psychology from Gautam Buddha University, Uttar Pradesh, India. She has experience working as a counselling psychologist with Salaam Baalak Trust, New Delhi, India, and an NGO focusing on street children in and around the national capital region. She has presented a couple of research papers at international conferences. Her academic interest lies in developing indigenous mental health interventions for the local population and bridging the gap between science and spirituality.
FOREWORD
The pandemic of COVID-19, after shaking the entire humanity, has forced modern man walking on the path of progress to rethink the risks involved in the journey of development. Coronavirus had suddenly engulfed most of the countries of Asia, Europe, and North America and affected many states of India as well. Unfortunately, no country was fully prepared to face such a disaster. This highly contagious and deadly virus had severely affected personal and social lives by disrupting the rhythm and pace of life globally. With the passage of time, the number of patients affected by it increased tremendously. Everyone’s life was getting disturbed under the shadow of this terror. This invisible virus gave rise to an infectious disease – its medium or carrier could be any person or object already infected. It was so subtle that it could not be directly experienced and inferred only by its manifestations. It could be detected only by a special type of diagnostic test. Its symptoms were also not visible initially in many patients and appeared quite late. The difficulty was that its symptoms were similar to unhealthy conditions like the common cold, cold, runny nose, cough, difficulty in breathing and fever, which attack the body system together. The World Health Organization termed it an “epidemic”. The disease’s transmission mode was through coughing, sneezing, shaking hands, and coming in contact with a surface where the virus is present. That’s why it spread quickly and became fatal if proper medical help
did not reach in time. It had adversely impacted national economies and jeopardised various developmental projects at global levels. It forced countries to redefine their economic and political equations with other countries. Against this backdrop, Exploring the PsychoSocial Impact of COVID-19: Global Perspectives on Behaviour , InterventionsandFutureDirections, jointly edited by Verma, Uzaina, Singh, Tiwari, and Manickam, is a welcome contribution to health psychology. It offers the state of psychological knowledge about health-related challenges faced by humanity in coping with COVID19. Drawing upon the findings from diverse scientific studies across different regions, they furnish evidence about the psycho-social cost of this epidemic in terms of psycho-social and psychophysiological challenges faced by the people, including grief and bereavement. The contributions to this volume bring together the variability in the pattern of prosocial behaviour and the effectiveness of interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), spirituality, and positive adaptation in the context of a pandemic. Finally, the volume examines the issue of vaccine reluctance and the potential of digital health technologies and infrastructure.
Indeed, the situation created by the virus was unique and unprecedented in many respects. The course of events leading to contact with the virus was of unavoidable nature. The person coming in contact with an infected person in any manner became the carrier of infection. Hence, the process of infection went on uninterruptedly. In such a situation, breaking the spread link became an ultimate challenge, and the possibility of virus infection substantially increased. The nature of the problem was further complicated by the high degree of similarity of this disease with cold and fever. Symptoms similar to cough, cold, and fever made it like pneumonia, and lung infection became fatal. Due to poor immunity in the case of diabetes and heart disease, etc., this infection increased the difficulties of the sick. It was not easy to detect, and, interestingly, people avoided its disclosure, although infected people
recovered by getting proper treatment on time. Therefore, it was not in anyone’s interest to ignore the disease by acting with preconceived notions. But, the prejudices did operate, and the story of the struggle to overcome this complex health issue took many turns. The virus was new to humanity, and, in the initial stages, no definite medicine for a clear line of treatment was available. Without a vaccine or a definitive drug, the only way to contain the infection was prevention, that is to prevent human-to-human contact. Keeping this in mind, the decision was taken to impose a lockdown. The decision to lock down was extremely difficult and painful; yet, there was no other way to save lives.
Due to this, the work of businesses; traffic operations; and running of educational institutions, courts, parliament, and legislative assembly all came to a standstill. It had a detrimental effect on the daily routine of common people. The migrant daily wage labourers were forced to leave the cities for their villages. Despite the extreme difficulties, people accepted the lockdown, and thankfully the efforts yielded good results. But the sparse events of not complying with social distancing norms were also witnessed. The possibility of infection increased rapidly because more contact started pouring in continuously from different regions. Due to such irresponsible behaviour, controlling the infection became a real problem. The government had to make tough decisions to deal with this worrying situation.
The collective war of humanity against COVID-19 was unprecedented. The fear of infection was intense as no one knew when and how someone will come into its grip. Everyday things were arranged to be managed through online modes such as “booking” and e-paying, and the material was delivered. People were continuously hooked to their TV sets for updates within the walls of their homes. The lifestyle was new, and the unexpected change disrupted people’s lives. People of different age groups and professions were asked to redefine their habitual ways and familiar
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So they waxed rich and happy, and there never was a time when a man was hungry that he did not have some good things to eat, and it very seldom happened that any of these hard workers found himself without an appetite at meal-time.
For people who work hard and well are very apt to have all they want and to want all they have. If they do not want it to use themselves, they want it to sell or give away.
So, in time the people of this country became not only very comfortable but very wealthy.
They had great barns full of grain and vast stores of everything needful for their use and livelihood, and as they often sold their surplus productions to other nations, they had great vaults full of money.
But they all worked away every day, just the same as they used to, because they were so accustomed to toil, that they would not have been happy without work.
So, of course, they became richer and richer, and jollier and jollier until at last they became so prosperous and happy that other nations began to take notice of them. It was rather unusual, in those days to see a whole nation so jolly.
The people in the adjoining countries were by no means so happy and prosperous. Most of them were much better pleased with fighting than with work, and it, therefore, often happened that they were hungry when there was very little to eat.
For war is a very bad thing for crops. It is sometimes as injurious as a long drought. For somebody must plant and hoe or there will be little to eat in a land, and if the people spend most of their time in warfare there cannot be much agricultural work going on.
But these outside people, especially those who lived in the land of Voldor to the north of the country of the Cabordmen, had an idea that it was a great deal easier to make war and capture supplies than to raise crops themselves.
This is why, after having carefully watched the Cabordmen for some years, and noting their great possessions, they resolved to make war upon these industrious and jolly people.
So they gathered together an army, which was an easy thing for them to do, and invaded the country of the Cabordmen.
Our jolly friends were much astounded and distressed when the great army of the Voldorites marched over their borders.
THE VOLDORITES MARCH INTO THE COUNTRY OF THE CABORDMEN
Now the poor Cabordmen knew not what to do. They were not soldiers, and, indeed, there was not so much as a single sword or spear or shield in the whole country. They never had gone to war and they were not prepared for it, nor did they know anything about fighting. It was altogether a new business to them.
They gathered together and held hasty consultations, but they could decide upon no plan to repel the invaders. What could they—a nation of simple, jolly husbandmen—do against a great army of well armed and practised warriors?
There seemed to be nothing left for them but to surrender at once, and let the Voldorites help themselves to whatever they wanted. In this case the poor Cabordmen and their families would not only be stripped of every thing, but it was very likely indeed that the invaders would carry off many of them as prisoners, and take them to Voldor, and make them cultivate the land of their captors.
This was terrible to think of. But they could devise no plan to escape this dreadful fate.
The Voldorites were now encamped upon the northern edge of their territory, which was yet uninhabited and barren. The enemy so far had met with none of the Cabordmen, but many of the latter had seen the great army from afar without having made themselves visible.
Night came on while the people were in this fearful condition of fear and suspense. Less than a day’s march would bring the fierce enemy into their midst. No one went to bed, for who could sleep at such a time? No fires or lamps were lighted. They all gathered together by the faint light of the new moon, and bewailed their sad condition.
There was only one person among them who seemed to have retained his courage and thoughtfulness. This was a young man named Adar Gan Ip.
He was named Adar because he was a painter. Ip was his family name, and he was called Gan after his grandfather. He was the only painter in the whole nation, and he had learned his trade in a neighboring country, where he had been to sell grain.
He principally painted signs and portraits. He did not paint many portraits, because the people had but little time to sit for them, but he painted a good many signs on barns and granaries. People liked to have their names on their barns. He had no paint but one pot of
white paint. So when he painted portraits he painted only old men, so that the white paint would do for their hair and beards as well as for their faces. Having no colored paint for eyes, he always painted portraits with the faces turned around, so that the eyes could not be seen.
This young man was, as I have said, the only person among the Cabordmen who seemed to have his wits about him.
He conceived a plan of safety, and lost no time in putting it in execution.
The Cabordmen placed great confidence in him because of the excellence of his portraits, and so when he told them his plan—or that part of it which they were to carry out—they agreed to it at once.
What they were to do was very simple; each person was to take two days’ provision, and to clear out of the country, every man, woman, and child of them. They were to march away as fast as they could over the south border, and to stay there until they heard from Adar Ip. They were to take nothing with them but their two days’ provision and the clothes they wore, which were generally scanty, as the climate was mild, and were to leave their houses and fields, and everything just as they were at that time. Doors all open, and everything lying where it had been last used.
So up got every man, woman and child, took food for two days, and departed, leaving Adar Ip behind. They were all great walkers, being so accustomed to activity in the field, and before morning they had all passed out of sight over the south border of the land.
Then with his pot of white paint in one hand, and his brush in the other, went Adar Ip, at the first peep of day, to the grave-yards of the Cabordmen. There were three of these, not very far from the centre of their country, which was a small country as you may well imagine.
The Cabordmen, being very healthy, seldom died of any disease but old age; and there were not very many persons buried in the three grave yards. In the first, and largest, there were seventy-two graves; in the second, forty-one, and the third, a new one, only
thirteen. The graves were all leveled and sodded over, so that the surface of the grave yard seemed like a beautiful lawn.
In one enclosure were the grandfathers, in another the grandmothers, and in the third the very old maids and bachelors who had died. There were no grave-stones or anything of the kind, but at the gate of each enclosure was a board, stating how many persons were buried therein. Every time it was necessary, which was very seldom, Adar Ip painted out the old number on the board and put in a new one.
When our young painter reached the first grave yard he quickly painted three ciphers after the figures on the board by the gate. Then running to the second enclosure he painted a three and two ciphers on that board, and on the third, he painted a six and a five and a four after the figures that were already there. Then he hurried away and hid himself.
In the course of the morning the Voldorite army reached the settlements of the Cabordmen. They did not stop long at the first houses, but hurried on, carefully looking out on every side for some sign of resistance from the people. But they saw no such sign, and they saw no people. This naturally surprised them very much. And the farther they went the more they were surprised.
At last the leaders ordered a halt, and gathered together for consultation.
“I cannot imagine,” said the chief, “what this means. We must look out for some ambush or trap By the way, has any one seen any of these Cabordmen?”
Careful inquiries were made, but no one had seen a Cabordman since they had entered the country,
“This is indeed remarkable,” said the chief of the Voldorites. “I cannot imagine what it means. No ambush has been discovered, no fortifications, no people. The houses are all open. Everything seems as if no enemy were expected. All their valuables are here. Where are they?”
Nobody knew, but just then a man who had been in the vicinity of the grave-yards came running to the place where the officers were gathered together, and he urged them to come back with him and see what he had seen.
They all followed him, and when they saw the boards at the entrance of the enclosures they were utterly astounded.
“What!” cried the chief, walking from one enclosure to another, “Here lie buried seventy-two thousand Cabordmen, and here fortyone thousand and three hundred Cabordwomen, and here thirteen thousand, six hundred and fifty-four unmarried Cabordmen and women! Comrades, we have found them! The whole nation lies buried here!”
A deep silence fell upon the group of officers, and upon the vast body of soldiers that had gathered around them.
At length the chief spoke again:
“It must have been a terrible pestilence,” he said. “The whole nation lies buried here. I have added up these figures. I know there were not more than one hundred and twenty-six thousand nine hundred and fifty-four of them all put together. They are all dead and buried here. It must have been awful!”
Some of the officers and soldiers then began to whisper together. Then some one said out loud that this must be a dreadfully unhealthy country. Then some of them began to move away as if they were going to the rear to attend to something important in that direction. Then the chief mounted his horse and rode away, and in ten minutes that whole army made up its mind that it would be exceedingly imprudent to remain any longer in such an unwholesome country, and away they all marched towards Voldor.
The farther they went the more frightened they became, and soon a perfect panic pervaded the army, and they set off at the top of their speed, horsemen and footmen for their own barren but salubrious land.
THE FLIGHT OF THE VOLDORITES.
Away they went over the hills and the plains, and in two hours there was not a Voldorite in the land of the Cabordmen.
Then uprose Adar Ip, and fled towards the southern border to inform his countrymen of their happy deliverance.
They all returned quickly and found everything as it had been left. Nothing had been taken, for none of the invaders wanted anything that had been in a land where such a terrible mortality had prevailed.
Great was the joy and great the gratitude exhibited towards the ingenious young Ip. The people presented him with a well filled granary, and ordered him to paint on its walls at the public expense, the history of his exploit.
“I wonder,” said one old man, “who they thought buried all these people, if everybody was dead.”
“I don’t know,” said Adar Ip. “But I think that they had such a high opinion of the industry and prudence of our people that they supposed we had doubtless made suitable arrangements for a contingency of this kind.”
After this, the Cabordmen were never again disturbed, and they became jollier than ever.
Transcriber’s Notes
pg 257 Changed: shelter of the Esquimax snow houses to: shelter of the Esquimaux snow houses
pg 272 Changed: The small volcanes are more active to: The small volcanoes are more active
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