Ancient Cities
The third edition of Ancient Cities surveys the cities of the Ancient Near East, Egypt, and the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman worlds from the perspectives of archaeology and architectural history, bringing to life the physical world of ancient city dwellers by concentrating on archaeological evidence.
Urban form is the focus: the physical appearance and overall plans of cities, their architecture and natural topography, and the cultural and historical contexts in which they flourished. Attention is also paid to non-urban features such as religious sanctuaries and burial grounds, places and institutions that were a familiar part of the city dweller’s experience. Objects or artifacts that furnished everyday life are discussed, such as writing systems, pottery, sculpture, wall paintings, mosaics, and coins. Ancient Cities is unusual in presenting this wide range of Old World cultures in such comprehensive detail, giving equal weight to the Preclassical and Classical periods, and in showing the links between these ancient cultures. In this new edition, in which Andrew Goldman has joined Charles Gates in updating the volume, readers and lecturers will be delighted to see a major revision of the chapters on Greek cities in South Italy and Sicily, the Etruscans, the development of the capital city, Rome, during the Republic as well as the Empire, and the end of the ancient city.
This new edition includes several new and updated user-friendly features, such as:
Clear and accessible language, assuming no previous background knowledge.
Lavishly illustrated, with almost 350 line drawings, maps, and photographs, including new contributions from Neslihan Yılmaz Tekman adding to her already acclaimed illustrations.
Suggestions for further reading for each chapter.
A companion website with images, study guides, and an interactive timeline.
With its comprehensive presentation of ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern cities, its rich collection of illustrations, and its companion website, Ancient Cities remains an essential textbook for university and high school students across a wide range of archaeology, ancient history, and ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Classical Studies courses.
Charles Gates has recently retired as Senior Lecturer of archaeology and art history at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. A classical archaeologist with a particular interest in the Aegean Bronze Age and early Greek archaeology, he is now taking part in the preparation of the final reports of the excavations at Kinet Höyük (Turkey), a Bronze and Iron Age port city in the northeast corner of the Mediterranean.
Andrew Goldman is Professor of ancient history at Gonzaga University, Spokane, Washington. A specialist in Roman archaeology, he is preparing a monograph about Gordion (central Turkey) during the Roman Empire.
Ancient Cities
The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt,
Greece, and Rome
Third Edition
Illustrations by Neslihan Yılmaz Tekman
Charles Gates and Andrew Goldman
Designed cover image: Terme di Nettuno, Ostia Antica.
Photo: robertharding/Alamy Stock Photo
Third edition published 2024 by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprintofthe Taylor &Francis Group, an informa business
© 2024 Charles Gates and Andrew Goldman
The right of Charles Gates and Andrew Goldman to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademarknotice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2003
Second edition published by Routledge 2011
BritishLibrary Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gates, Charles, 1950– author. | Goldman, Andrew (College teacher), author. | Yılmaz, Neslihan, illustrator.
Title: Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece, and Rome / Charles Gates and Andrew Goldman; illustrations by Neslihan Yılmaz Tekman.
Description: Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2024. | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Identifiers: LCCN 2023040121 (print) | LCCN 2023040122 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367232184 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367232214 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429278815 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Cities and towns, Ancient. | Urban archaeology Middle East. | Urban archaeology—Egypt. | Urban archaeology—Mediterranean Region. | Middle East—Antiquities. | Egypt—Antiquities. | Mediterranean Region—Antiquities. Classification: LCC HT114 .G38 2024 (print) | LCC HT114 (ebook) | DDC 930— dc23/eng/20231117
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023040121
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023040122
ISBN: 978-0-367-23218-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-23221-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-27881-5 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9780429278815
Typeset in Garamond by codeMantra
Access the Instructor and Student Resources: www.routledge.com/cw/gates
Contents
Listofillustrations
Prefacetothefirstedition
Prefacetothesecondedition
Prefacetothethirdedition
Introduction: Goals, the approach, defining the city, determining dates, and some practical information
PART 1 CITIES OF THE NEAR EAST AND THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN: NEOLITHIC, BRONZE AGE, AND IRON AGE
CHAPTER 1 NEOLITHIC TOWNS AND VILLAGES IN THE NEAR EAST
CHAPTER 2 EARLY SUMERIAN CITIES
CHAPTER 3 MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES IN THE LATE THIRD AND SECOND MILLENNIA BCE
CHAPTER 4 CITIES OF THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
CHAPTER 5 EGYPT OF THE PYRAMIDS
CHAPTER 6 EGYPTIAN CITIES, TEMPLES, AND TOMBS OF THE SECOND MILLENNIUM BCE
CHAPTER 7 AEGEAN BRONZE AGE TOWNS AND CITIES
CHAPTER 8 ANATOLIAN BRONZE AGE CITIES: TROY AND HATTUSA
CHAPTER 9 CYPRIOTS, CANAANITES, AND LEVANTINE TRADING CITIES OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE
CHAPTER 10 NEAR EASTERN CITIES IN THE IRON AGE
CHAPTER 11 PHOENICIAN AND PUNIC CITIES
PART 2 GREEK CITIES
CHAPTER 12 EARLY GREEK CITY-STATES OF THE IRON AGE (ELEVENTH–SEVENTH CENTURIES BCE)
CHAPTER 13 ARCHAIC GREEK CITIES, I: THE DORIC AND IONIC ORDERS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE, AND EAST GREEK CITIES TO THE IONIAN REVOLT
CHAPTER 14 ARCHAIC GREEK CITIES, II: ATHENS AND SPARTA
CHAPTER 15 GREEK SANCTUARIES: DELPHI AND OLYMPIA
CHAPTER 16 ATHENS IN THE FIFTH CENTURY BCE
CHAPTER 17 GREEK CITIES AND SANCTUARIES IN THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD
CHAPTER 18 HELLENISTIC CITIES
PART 3 CITIES OF ANCIENT ITALY AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE
CHAPTER 19 GREEK CITIES OF MAGNA GRAECIA
CHAPTER 20 ETRUSCAN CITIES
CHAPTER 21 ROME: FROM ITS ORIGINS TO ITS EXPANSION
CHAPTER 22 ROME DURING THE LATE REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 23 ROME IN THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS
CHAPTER 24 ITALY OUTSIDE THE CAPITAL: POMPEII AND OSTIA
CHAPTER 25 ROME AFTER AUGUSTUS: IMPERIAL PATRONAGE AND ARCHITECTURAL REVOLUTION
CHAPTER 26 ROMAN PROVINCIAL CITIES
CHAPTER 27 LATE ANTIQUE TRANSFORMATIONS AND THE END OF THE ANCIENT CITY
Glossary
Illustrationsources Index
Illustrations
1.1 The Near East: Neolithic towns
1.2 The fertile crescent in the earlier PPNB, ca. 7500–6500 BCE
1.3 Tower with staircase, PPNA, Jericho
1.4 Anthropomorphic figurine, PPNB, Ain Ghazal. Archaeological Museum, Amman
1.5 Overall site plan, Çayönü
1.6 Plans, Neolithic and Chalcolithic levels, Çayönü
1.7 Plan, Central area (in 2007), Göbekli Tepe
1.8 Complex C (foreground) and Complex B, Göbekli Tepe
1.9 Partially excavated Stele from Complex D, Göbekli Tepe
1.10 Houses (reconstruction), Çatalhöyük
1.11 House shrine (reconstruction), Çatalhöyük
1.12 Erupting volcano and town, wall painting, Çatalhöyük. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara
1.13 Seated fat woman (goddess?), terracotta figurine, Çatalhöyük. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara
2.1 Mesopotamia: Bronze Age cities
2.2 Overall site plan, Uruk
2.3 Plan, White Temple, Uruk
2.4 White Temple (reconstruction), Uruk
2.5 Plan, Eanna Precinct, Uruk
2.6 Uruk Vase, alabaster, from the Eanna Precinct, Uruk. Iraq Museum, Baghdad
2.7 Uppermost register, Uruk Vase
2.8 Head of a woman, limestone, from the Eanna Precinct, Uruk. Iraq Museum, Baghdad
2.9 Rolling out a cylinder seal
2.10 City plan, Habuba Kabira
2.11a Obverse, Stele of the Vultures, ED III from Telloh (Girsu). Louvre Museum, Paris
2.11b Reverse, Stele of the Vultures
2.12 The Temple Oval (reconstruction), Khafajeh
2.13 Bronze Lintel with Imdugud (Anzu) and stags from Ubaid. British Museum, London
2.14 Worshippers, stone figurines, from Tell Asmar. Iraq Museum, Baghdad; and Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, University of Chicago
2.15 City plan, Ur
2.16 Ur, plan of Royal Tomb Grave 789
2.17 Lyre (reconstructed) from Ur. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia
2.18 “Peace,” the obverse of the “Royal Standard,” inlaid panel, from Ur. British Museum, London
2.19 Diagram: (a) true arch; (b) barrel vault; (c) groin vault; and (d) corbelled arch
2.20 Diagram: The pitched brick vault: (a) view from below; and (b) in cross section
3.1 Bronze head, Akkadian period, from Nineveh. Iraq Museum, Baghdad
3.2 Stele of Naram-Sin from Susa. Louvre Museum, Paris
3.3 Gudea, seated statue made of diorite, from Telloh (Girsu). Louvre Museum, Paris
3.4 Plan, the religious center, Ur
3.5 Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu (reconstruction), Ur
3.6 Stele of Ur-Nammu, Ur. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia
3.7 House plan, Isin-Larsa period, Ur
3.8 House interior (reconstruction), Ur
3.9 Stele of Hammurabi from Susa. Louvre Museum, Paris
3.10 Plan, Palace of Zimri-Lim, Mari
3.11 Investiture of the king, wall painting, Mari. Louvre Museum, Paris
3.12 Goddess holding a flowing vase, statue from Mari. Aleppo Museum
3.13 Main functional units, Palace of Zimri-Lim, Mari
4.1 The Indus Valley civilization
4.2 Plan, the Citadel, Mohenjo-Daro
4.3 The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro
4.4 City plan, Lothal
4.5 Stamp seals with (a) unicorn and (b) humped bull, both from Mohenjo-Daro. National Museum, Karachi (a); and Islamabad Museum (b)
4.6 Dancing girl, bronze figurine, from Mohenjo-Daro. National Museum, New Delhi
5.1 Egypt
5.2 Narmer Palette: obverse, cross section, and reverse. Slate palette from Hierakonpolis. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
5.3 Mastaba tomb of Queen Merneith (reconstruction), Abydos
5.4 Mastaba tomb of Queen Merneith (reconstruction), Saqqara
5.5 Overall site plan, Abydos
5.6 Plan, the Archaic cemetery, Abydos
5.7 Royal funerary enclosures, Abydos
5.8 Plan, the Step Pyramid, and Funerary Complex of Djoser, Saqqara
5.9 The Step Pyramid and Funerary Complex of Djoser (reconstruction), Saqqara
5.10 Djoser, seated statue, from Saqqara. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
5.11 The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Menkaure (left) and Khafre (right), Giza
5.12 Plan, the Necropolis, Giza
5.13 Cross sections, Pyramids of Djoser (at Saqqara), Khufu (at Giza), and Khafre (at Giza)
5.14 Khafre, seated statue, from the Valley Temple of Khafre, Giza. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
5.15 Menkaure and Khamerernebty, statues from the Valley Temple of Menkaure, Giza. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
5.16 Sun Temple of Niuserre (reconstruction) from Abu Gurab
6.1 Town plan, Kahun
6.2 Plan, the Citadel, Buhen
6.3 Outer fortification wall (after excavation), Buhen
6.4 Regional plan, Thebes
6.5 Plan, the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
6.6 The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri
6.7 Plan, the Temple of Amun, Luxor
6.8 Plan, the Temple of Amun, Karnak
6.9 Central passageway, Hypostyle Hall, Temple of Amun, Karnak
6.10 Akhenaten and his family worshipping the Aten, relief sculpture, from the Royal Tomb, Amarna. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
6.11 Overall plan, Amarna
6.12 Plan, City center, Amarna
6.13 Plan, House, Amarna
6.14 House (reconstruction), Amarna
6.15 Plan, Deir el-Medina
6.16 Ground plans of three tombs, Valley of the Kings, Thebes: (a) Tomb of Thutmose III; (b) Tomb of Ramses VI; and (c) Tomb of Tutankhamun
6.17 Coffin for the Organs, Tomb of Tutankhamun. Egyptian Museum, Cairo
6.18 Exterior, Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel
7.1 Aegean Bronze Age Towns, second millennium BCE
7.2 Plan, the Palace of Minos, Knossos
7.3 Fresco of the Bull Leapers, partly restored, from Knossos. Herakleion Museum
7.4 Snake goddess or priestess; faience figurine, head and left forearm restored, from Knossos. Herakleion Museum
7.5 Lentoid flask with octopus; Marine Style, LM IB; from Palaikastro. Herakleion Museum
7.6 Palace of Mallia from the northwest (reconstruction)
7.7 Town plan, Gournia
7.8 House model, terracotta; MM IIIA; from Arkhanes. Herakleion Museum
7.9 Thera (Santorini)
7.10 West House, Akrotiri, Thera
7.11 Ship Fresco (detail); South wall, West House; Akrotiri, Thera
7.12 Overall site plan, Mycenae: the Late Bronze Age
7.13 Gold funeral mask; Shaft Grave V, Grave Circle A; Mycenae. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
7.14 Grave stele; Shaft Grave V, Grave Circle A; Mycenae. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
7.15 Dromos and entryway, Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
7.16 The Lion Gate, Mycenae
7.17 Plan, Palace of Nestor, Pylos
8.1 Anatolia and the eastern Mediterranean in the Late Bronze Age
8.2 Plan, the Citadel, Troy: Major Buildings
8.3 Troy: citadel and lower city
8.4 Troy II, ramp and southwest gate
8.5 City plan, Hattusa (Boğazköy)
8.6 Reconstructed fortification wall, Hattusa
8.7 The Lion Gate, Hattusa. (The lion head on the left was reconstructed in 2011.)
8.8 The Great Temple, Hattusa
8.9 Plan, the Sanctuary at Yazılıkaya
8.10 Meeting of the Gods, relief sculpture, Yazılıkaya
9.1 “Oxhide” ingots of copper, ca. 1200 BCE. (a) From Serra Ilixi, Sardinia and (b) from Enkomi
9.2 God standing on an ingot, bronze figurine, from Enkomi. Cyprus Museum, Nicosia
9.3 City plan, Enkomi
9.4 Diagram: cross-section of wall construction as practiced in Building 18, Enkomi
9.5 City plan, Ugarit.
9.6 Postern gate, Ugarit
9.7 Plan, Royal palace, Ugarit
9.8 House plans from the city center, Ugarit
9.9 Plan, Temple of Baal, Ugarit
10.1 The Near East in the Iron Age
10.2 Plan, the Iron Age Citadel, Kalhu
10.3 Lamassu from Khorsabad. Louvre Museum, Paris
10.4 Assurnasirpal supplicates the god Assur by a sacred tree, relief sculpture from Kalhu. British Museum, London
10.5 City plan, Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
10.6 Citadel plan, Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad)
10.7 City plan, Nineveh
10.8 Capture of Ethiopians from an Egyptian city, relief sculpture, from Nineveh. British Museum, London
10.9 Assurbanipal and his queen, relief sculpture, from Nineveh. British Museum, London
10.10 Multi-period plan, Old City, Jerusalem
10.11 Overall city plan, Babylon
10.12 Plan, Inner city, Babylon
10.13 Ishtar Gate (reconstruction), Babylon
10.14 Dragon, panel of glazed bricks, Ishtar Gate, Babylon
10.15 Plan, Persepolis
10.16 Apadana, Persepolis: Platform viewed from the northeast
10.17 Darius receives homage, relief sculpture, from Persepolis
11.1 Phoenician and related cities in the eastern Mediterranean
11.2 Plan, Tyre
11.3 Phoenicians transporting logs by sea in an Assyrian relief sculpture from Dar-Sharrukin (Khorsabad), late eighth century BCE. Louvre Museum, Paris
11.4 Phoenician ships: warship (above) and hippos(below)
11.5 Plan, harbor and promontory, Atlit
11.6 Central shrine, Sanctuary at Amrit
11.7 Phoenician expansion in the central and western Mediterranean
11.8 Regional plan, ancient Gadir
11.9 City plan, Gadir
11.10 Plan, early Carthage
12.1 Greece and the Aegean basin
12.2 Kinet Höyük in the Iron Age (reconstruction)
12.3 Town plan, Zagora
12.4 Temple model, clay, from the Argive Heraion. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
12.5 Plan, “Heroon,” Lefkandi
12.6 The Dipylon Amphora. Geometric vase found in the Kerameikos cemetery, Athens. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
12.7 The Macmillan Aryballos. Protocorinthian vase found in Thebes. British Museum, London
12.8 Early Temple of Hera, eighth century BCE, Samian Heraion
12.9 The second Temple of Hera and the Samian Sanctuary of Hera (Heraion), seventh century BCE
12.10 Mantiklos’s dedication to Apollo, bronze figurine, from Thebes (Boeotia), Greece
12.11 Lydian and Greek coins in the Numismatic Museum, Athens. Not drawn to the same scale. (a) Lydian silver coin, sixth century BCE, with lion and bull and simple punch mark. (b) Athenian silver tetradrachm, fifth century BCE, with Athena and owl. (c) Gold stater from Panticapaeum, mid-fourth century BCE, with Pan and a griffin
13.1 Elevations of the Doric and Ionic Orders: key elements
13.2 Typical ground plan of a Greek temple
13.3 Stone foundations, Temple of Apollo, Thermon
13.4 Plan, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra
13.5 Restored elevation, Temple of Artemis, Kerkyra
13.6 The fourth Temple of Hera, Samian Heraion
13.7 City plan, ancient Samos
14.1 City plan, Athens, Iron Age through the Roman Empire
14.2 Plan, Agora, Athens, ca. 500 BCE
14.3 The Nessos Amphora. Protoattic vase, ca. 615 BCE, found in Athens. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
14.4 Three revelers on an Attic red-amphora painted by Euthymides. From Vulci. Antikensammlungen, Munich
14.5 Colossal kouros, Heraion, Samos: (a) front; (b) back of head; and (c) side. Archaeological Museum, Samos
14.6 Kleobis and Biton. Archaic kouroi found in Delphi. Archaeological Museum, Delphi
14.7 Kore no. 682 from the Athenian Acropolis. Acropolis Museum, Athens
15.1 Plan, Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi
15.2 Siphnian Treasury (reconstruction), Delphi
15.3 Gods vs. Giants, North Frieze (detail), Siphnian Treasury, Delphi. Archaeological Museum, Delphi
15.4 Stoa of the Athenians and Temple of Apollo (reconstruction), Delphi
15.5 Charioteer of Delphi, bronze statue, Delphi. Archaeological Museum, Delphi
15.6 Plan, Sanctuary of Zeus, ca. 400 BCE, Olympia
15.7 Fallen Warrior, West pediment, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina. Glyptothek, Munich
15.8 Fallen Warrior, East pediment, Temple of Aphaia, Aegina. Glyptothek, Munich
15.9 Temple of Zeus and Ash Altar (reconstruction), Olympia
15.10 Apollo, Lapiths, and Centaurs. West pediment (detail), Temple of Zeus, Olympia. Archaeological Museum, Olympia
16.1 Attica
16.2 Plan, the Acropolis, Athens, fifth century BCE
16.3 The Acropolis (reconstruction), Athens, fifth century BCE
16.4 The Parthenon, seen from the west
16.5 Parthenon, South Metope no. xxxi
16.6 Parthenon, West Frieze, Slab II, nos. 2–3
16.7 Parthenon, West Pediment (reconstruction), after the drawings of Carrey (1674) and Quatremère de Quincy (1825)
16.8 The Varvakeion Athena, a marble statuette; a Roman copy of the Athena Parthenos. National Archaeological Museum, Athens
16.9 Propylaia, southwest wing, as restored, and Temple of Athena Nike with bastion, from northwest
16.10 Erechtheion, West Façade.
16.11 Lysikrates Monument, Athens
16.12 Houses (reconstructed), fifth century BCE Athens
16.13 Plan, Agora, Athens, ca. 400 BCE
16.14 Hephaisteion, Athens. View from the southwest
17.1 The Conquests of Alexander the Great
17.2 Plan, the Sanctuary of Asklepios, Epidauros
17.3 Plan, Theater, Epidauros
17.4 Theater, Epidauros
17.5 City plan, Priene
17.6 Bouleuterion, Priene
17.7 Bouleuterion, interior (reconstruction), Priene
17.8 Theater (reconstruction), Priene
17.9 Plans, House No. 33, Priene: (a) Phase 1-West; and (b) Phase 2
17.10 House No. 33 West (reconstruction), Priene
17.11 House plans, Olynthos
17.12 Transport amphoras from the Athenian Agora: (a) Chian, fourth century BCE; and (b) Rhodian, third century BCE
17.13 The Alexander Mosaic, House of the Faun, Pompeii. Archaeological Museum, Naples
17.14 Portrait of Alexander the Great (the Azara Herm). Roman Imperial copy of an original by Lysippos. Louvre Museum, Paris
17.15 Mausoleum (reconstruction), Halikarnassos
18.1 Major Hellenistic cities and kingdoms
18.2 Plan, Temple of Apollo, Didyma
18.3 City plan, Pergamon
18.4 Gaul killing his wife and himself, Roman copy in marble, after a Hellenistic bronze original. Palazzo Altemps, Rome
18.5 Theater, Pergamon
18.6 Great Altar and Upper Agora (reconstruction), Pergamon
18.7 Great Altar (detail), Pergamon. Pergamon Museum, Berlin
18.8 City plan, Alexandria
18.9 Serapis, basalt statue, Roman copy of an early Hellenistic original. Villa Albani, Rome
18.10 Overall plan, Delos
18.11 Plan, City center, Delos
18.12 Plan, Hypostyle Hall, Delos
18.13 Hypostyle Hall (reconstruction), Delos
18.14 Plan, Agora of the Italians, Delos
18.15 Sinope in its larger landscape and city plan (insert)
19.1 Map of Italy and central Mediterranean
19.2 Map of major cities of Magna Graecia
19.3 City Plan, Paestum
19.4 Plans, Archaic and Classical temples from Paestum
19.5 Temple of Athena, Paestum
19.6 Tomb of the Diver, Paestum
19.7 City Plan, Syracuse
19.8 Silver decadrachm from Syracuse
19.9 Plan, Morgantina
19.10 Plan of the Agora, third century BCE, Morgantina
20.1 Map of Etruria
20.2 Villanovan hut-urn
20.3 City plan, Marzabotto
20.4 House plans from (a) Acquarossa and (b) Marzabotto
20.5 Plan, temple and sanctuary of the Portonaccio, Veii
20.6 Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple such as the Portonaccio Temple, Veii
20.7 Apollo, terracotta statue from Veii
20.8 The sanctuary of Pyrgi
20.9 Terracotta plaque from Temple A, Pyrgi
20.10 Terracotta sarcophagus of a married couple from Caere (Cerveteri)
20.11 Terracotta funerary urn from Volterra
20.12 Wall painting, Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia
20.13 Tumuli, Banditaccia Cemetery, Caere (Cerveteri)
20.14 Street of Tombs, Banditaccia Cemetery, Caere (Cerveteri)
20.15 Tomb of the Shields and Chairs, Caere (Cerveteri)
21.1 Map of Latium
21.2 City plan, Rome, Republican period
21.3 Plan of Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
21.4 The Forum Romanum, Republican period
21.5 Plan of Gabii in the Middle Republic
21.6 Diagram, legionary fort at Novaesium
21.7 City plan, Cosa
21.8 Arx temples, Cosa
21.9 Forum of Cosa
22.1 Pont du Gard
22.2 Types of Roman wall facing
22.3 Temple of Portunus, Rome
22.4 Theater of Pompey on the FormaUrbis
23.1 Plan, Palatine Hill
23.2 Augustus of Primaporta
23.3 Plan of the Roman Forum, Forum of Julius Caesar and the Forum of Augustus in 14 CE
23.4 Forum of Augustus, Temple of Mars Ultor
23.5 Plan, Campus Martius with the major Augustan monuments indicated
23.6 Reconstruction of the Mausoleum of Augustus
23.7 Ara Pacis, Rome
23.8 Procession on the Ara Pacis
24.1 Bay of Naples
24.2 City plan, Pompeii
24.3 Plan of the Forum, Pompeii
24.4 Plan, Stabian Baths, Pompeii
24.5 Plan, House of the Surgeon, Pompeii
24.6 Plan, House of the Faun, Pompeii
24.7 Plan, House of the Vettii, Pompeii
24.8 Atrium, House of the Vettii, Pompeii
24.9 Mysteries wall paintings, Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii
24.10 Ostia and its Harbor System
24.11 City Plan, Ostia
24.12 Piazzale dei Corporazione
24.13 Horrea of Epagathus
24.14 Apartment House, Ostia
24.15 Garden House complex, Ostia
24.16 House of Amor and Psyche, Ostia
25.1 Map of the Roman Empire
25.2 City Plan of Rome, imperial period
25.3 Plan, Domus Aurea
25.4 Octagonal dining room, reconstruction
25.5 Octagonal dining room, interior
25.6 Plan, Flavian Palace
25.7 Plan, Hadrian’s Villa
25.8 Canopus, Hadrian’s Villa
25.9 Pantheon, Rome
25.10 Brick stamp from Rome
25.11 Plan and cross-section of Cella, Pantheon
25.12 Arch of Titus, Rome
25.13 Emperor in triumphal procession, Arch of Titus
25.14 Triumphal procession with Menorah, Arch of Titus
25.15 Trajan’s Column, Rome
25.16 Relief sculpture, Trajan’s Column
25.17 Colosseum, Rome
25.18 Cross-sectional view, Colosseum
25.19 Plan of the imperial fora
25.20 Trajan’s market, Rome
25.21 Plan, Baths of Trajan, Rome
25.22 Air view, Baths of Caracalla, Rome
26.1 Hadrian’s Arch, Athens
26.2 Regional plan, Ephesus and Environs
26.3 City plan, Ephesus
26.4 Library of Celsus and South Gate of the Agora, Ephesus
26.5 City plan, Perge
26.6 North Nymphaeum (reconstruction), Perge
26.7 North Nymphaeum, Perge
26.8 South Gate, Hellenistic period, Perge
26.9 Plan, Court of Honor, Perge
26.10 City plan, Palmyra
26.11 Plan, Temple of Bel, Palmyra
26.12 Temple of Bel, Palmyra, view from the southeast (the building was destroyed in 2015)
26.13 City plan, Jerash
26.14 Oval Forum, Jerash
26.15 City plan, Lepcis Magna
26.16 City plan, Nimes (Nemasus)
26.17 City plan, London (Londinium)
26.18 City plan, Trier (Augusta Treverorum)
26.19 Porta Nigra, Trier
27.1 Plan, Piazza Armerina
27.2 Mosaic from Piazza Armerina (detail): comic chariot race
27.3 Plan, Diocletian’s palace, Split
27.4 Diocletian’s palace (reconstruction), Split
27.5 Peristyle Court, Diocletian’s palace
27.6 Plan, Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome
27.7 Constantine the Great, colossal marble sculpture. Capitoline Museums, Rome
27.8 Arch of Constantine (north side), Rome
27.9 Siege of Verona, relief sculpture, southwest frieze, Arch of Constantine
27.10 Plan (reconstruction), Old St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome
27.11 Old St. Peter’s Basilica (reconstruction), Rome
27.12 City plan, Jerusalem, fourth century CE
27.13 Plan (reconstruction), Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, fourth century CE
27.14 Plan, Byzantine Constantinople (Istanbul), to 1453
