Latino Youth in the Juvenile Justice System Latino youth ages 10–17 are a rapidly growing group in the United States. In 2000 they composed 15.4% of all youth ages 10–17. By 2008 they composed 19.4% of such youth, numbering 6.4 million. As the number of Latino youth grows, they are likely to increasingly face challenges in the juvenile justice system. Latino youth already have significant need: Arrest data on Hispanic youth are not collected nationwide. However, in California in 2008, Hispanic youth composed 52.9% of all youth arrested. The majority (55.6%) were arrested for misdemeanors; just 6.7% were arrested for violent felony offenses.1 Many Latino youth are unnecessarily detained before trial. Of youth detained, more than 70% are charged with nonviolent offenses and nearly 30% are charged with technical violations of probation, parole, or court orders.2 Overall, approximately 18,000 Latino youth are held in jail or other forms of incarceration on any given day in the United States.3 Latino youth are 40% more likely to be waived to adult court than White youth and are admitted to adult jails at 1.4 times the rate of White youth.4 One-fourth (24%) of incarcerated Latino youth are held in an adult prison or jail, where they face high risks of suicide and sexual abuse, significant educational disconnection, and a high likelihood of recidivism.5 Latino youth face ethnic disparities in the juvenile justice system. Compared to White youth charged with similar offenses, Latinos are 4% more likely to be petitioned, 16% more likely to be adjudicated delinquent, 28% more likely to be detained, and 41% more likely to receive out-of-home placement.6 Some Hispanic youth face language barriers that can negatively impact the treatment they receive in the juvenile justice system.7 In 2008, 17% of Latino children ages 5–17 did not speak English very well, and 23% of Latinos under age 18 lived in a household where no one ages 14 or older spoke English very well.8 Experts agree that Latino youth strongly benefit from culturally competent services in the juvenile justice system, and anecdotal evidence suggests that culturally competent community-based prevention and alternative to detention services benefit Latino youth.9 Across the country youth are pushed from schools into the juvenile justice system, in large part as a result of zero-tolerance disciplinary policies.10 Latino youth had a 6.8% suspension rate in 2006—nearly seven percentage points lower than Black youth, but two percentage points higher than Whites.11
1
California Department of Justice, Juvenile Justice in California 2008, http://ag.ca.gov/cjsc/publications/misc/jj08/preface.pdf (accessed December 1, 2010), Table 1. 2 Neelum Arya et al., America’s Invisible Children: Latino Youth and the Failure of Justice (Washington, DC: Campaign for Youth Justice and National Council of La Raza, 2009), 39. 3 José Saavedra, Just the Facts: A Snapshot of Incarcerated Hispanic Youth (Washington, DC: National Council of La Raza, March 2010). 4 Neelum Arya et al., America’s Invisible Children, 41, 53. 5 José Saavedra, Just the Facts. 6 Neelum Arya et al., America’s Invisible Children, 6. 7 Ibid., 34–35. 8 Mark Mather and Patricia Foxen, America’s Future: Latino Child Well-Being in Numbers and Trends (Washington, DC: National Council of La Raza, 2010), 17. 9 Neelum Arya et al., America’s Invisible Children, 53–57, 63–69. 10 NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Dismantling the School-to-Prison Pipeline (New York: NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 2005), http://naacpldf.org/publication/dismantling-school-prison-pipeline (accessed December 2, 2010). 11 Daniel J. Losen and Russell J. Skiba, Suspended Education: Urban Middle Schools in Crisis (Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2010), http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/publications/suspended-education# (accessed December 2, 2010), Figure 1.