Issuu

The Health of Georgia's Latino Children: Causes for Concern By Natalie D. Hernández, M.P.H; Lynn Shaull, M.A.; and Liany Elba Arroyo, M.P.H.*

Introduction Latino† children (under 18

improv i ng the health and

diabetes and heart disease.

years of age) make up a significant percentage of

well-being of Latino children is critical to the state’s future.

Factors contributing to this include the education level of

Georgia’s child population. Hispanics represent 8% of Georgia’s total population, but Latino children compose 10% of Georgia’s total child population. Latino children also represent more than onethird (35%) of the to t a l Latino population in Georgia.1 As these percentages continue to increase, it becomes increasingly evident that

This statistical brief discusses recent findings concerning Latino children’s health care status, needs, and barriers in Georgia and provides recommendations for improving their circumstances. Such findings suggest that Latino children suffer disproportionately from risk factors that can lead to many chronic diseases such as

the child and parent, family structure, language and cultural barriers, economic stability of the household, poverty, underuse of health services, and lack of a regular source of care.2 The following data and recommendations highlight areas of importance in improving the well-being of Georgia’s growing Latino child population.

Population Highlights ■ According to 2006 U.S. Census estimates, Georgia

has a child population of 2,452,225, 10% of whom

■ Georgia’s Hispanic child population increased 81%

from 2000 to 2006.4

■ Approximately 40% of Latino children in Georgia

are under five years of age.5

are Hispanic.3

Natalie Hernandez is a Project Coordinator at the National Council of La Raza’s (NCLR) Institute for Hispanic Health (IHH). Lynn Shaull was an IHH intern in 2007-2008. Liany Elba Arroyo is the Director of IHH. Nancy Wilberg, Assistant Editor of Quality Control, edited the brief and prepared it for publication. Magdalena Lezama-Escalante, Senior Design Specialist in the Graphics Design and Publications Unit, designed the brief. The preparation of this document was made possible by the support of the Healthcare Georgia Foundation and the Atlantic Philanthropies, although the authors and NCLR are solely responsible for its content. Permission to reproduce and distribute this information is granted as long as appropriate credit is given to NCLR.

†

The terms “Hispanic” and “Latino” are used interchangeably by the U.S. Census Bureau and throughout this document to refer to persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, Dominican, Spanish, and other Hispanic descent; they may be of any race.

2008 STATISTICAL BRIEF NO. 9

■ About 84% of Hispanic children are U.S. citizens,

either by birth or naturalization.6

■ In the 2005–2006 school year, Hispanic students accounted

for 8% of the total enrollment in grades Pre-K–12.7

General Health Status Parental reporting of their children’s health is used as an indicator of overall children’s health status. ■ According to the National Survey of Children’s Health,

Latino parents in Georgia were the least likely to report their

■ Almost 39% of Hispanic

■ Latino children were the least

children in Georgia received no preventive medical visits in the

likely to receive all their prescription medications (92%)

past 12 months compared to 24.5% of Whites and 23.1% of

compared to 99.2% of Whites and 97.4% of Blacks.11

Blacks.9

■ Only 18.3% of Hispanic children have a “medical

■ In 2006, 83% of Latino

child’s health as excellent (58.7%) compared to 91.1% of

children ages 19 to 35 months were fully immunized

Whites and 81.2% of Blacks.8

compared to 88% of White children.10

home”‡ compared to 50% of Whites and 36.2% of Blacks.12

Factors Influencing Latino Children’s Health Status in Georgia Access to quality medical care is

In combination, these factors limit

attributable to Hispanic adults

essential to maintaining good health. However, Hispanic families

the ability of Georgia’s Latino children to lead healthy lives and in

being employed in low-wage service sector jobs that do not

face multiple barriers, including lack of insurance and a medical

turn to become productive adults.

provide health coverage.15

home, limited English proficiency, transportation, inadequate patient–provider communication, and decreased preventive screenings, as shown in Table 1.13

‡

■ Latino children in Georgia are

■ Poverty is often an indicator of

more than six times (38.2%) more likely to not have health

lack of access to health care. In 2006, approximately 29% of

insurance than White (6.2%) and Black (6.1%) children.14

Latino children lived under the federal poverty line.16

This disparity is partially

The American Academy of Pediatrics defines a “medical home” as a place where primary care is accessible, continuous, comprehensive, family-centered, coordinated, compassionate, and culturally competent. Places that do not have medical-home characteristics are emergency departments, walk-in clinics, and urgent-care facilities, which are more costly and less effective.

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■ While it can be assumed that Hispanic children will acquire

with their health care provider. Currently, more than one-third

■ Having a medical home has been shown to positively affect

English language skills as they grow older, their health care is

(36.7%) of Georgia's Latino population stated that they

individuals’ health.18 However, only 53.8% of Hispanic

directly impacted by their parents’ ability to communicate

speak English “not well” or “not at all.”17

children have a personal doctor or nurse compared to 89.5% of White children and 79% of Black children.19

Table 1: Fa c t o rs that Contribute to Childre n ’s Lack of Access to and Quality of Care H i s p a n ic

White

Black

C h i l dren who are unins u red

38.2%

6.2%

6.1%

C h i l dren with public ins u ra nc e

35.4%

23.4%

54.6%

C h i l dren with private ins u ra nc e

26.4%

70.3%

39.3%

C h i l dren who did not get both pre v e ntive me d ical and de ntal care in past 12 mo nt hs

59.7%

39.6%

41.6%

C h i l dren who received all ne e ded me d ical care

92.5%

98.7%

99.4%

C h i l dren with a personal do c t o r / nurse who usually or always spends e nough time and ex p l a i ns things well

31.2%

77.8%

48.6%

C h i l dren with a personal do c t o r / nurse who is cons i s t e ntly available w hen ne e de d

74.1%

96.4%

93.1%

C h i l dren with highly conc e r ned pare nts who did not get the info r mation t hey needed

94.7%

42.8%

45.9%

Source: Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, National Survey of Children's Health 2003 (Portland, Oregon: Data Resource Center on Child and Adolescent Health, 2005), http://www.nschdata.org/Content/Default.aspx (accessed June 3, 2008).

Specific Health Concerns for Latino Children Oral Health Oral health is an important part of a child’s overall well-being. Tooth decay is the most common chronic childhood disease.20 If a child has untreated dental problems, this can lead to a host of problems in 21

■ Less than half (47%) of Georgia Latino parents reported

their children's teeth to be in excellent/very good condition compared to 77% of Whites and 62% of Blacks.22 ■ Only 45% of Georgia Latino

eating, speaking, and learning. Many Hispanic children do not get

children received preventive dental care in the past 12

the recommended preventive dental care they need.

months, compared to 78% of Whites and 70% of Blacks; the

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national average for Hispanic children is 61%, as shown in Figure 1. ■ When Latino children did seek

dental care such as checkups, screenings, and obtaining sealants, only 77.5% received all the care that was needed compared to 94.2% of Whites and 90.7% of Blacks.23

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F i g u re 1: Pe rcent of Children Recieving Preve n t i ve Dental Care by Race/Ethnicity, 2003

Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, “The National Survey of Children's Health” (Rockville, M a r yland: Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 2003).

■ In metropolitan Atlanta, a survey found that 38% of

■ Among Hispanic participants ages 2–<5 in the Women,

■ Among middle school students in Georgia, 10.8% of Hispanic

Latino respondents felt that dental services were needed

Infants, and Children (WIC) program in Georgia, more than

students were obese, roughly equivalent to the percentage of

but were not available in the clinic/hospital where they

one-third (35%) we re overweight or at risk of being

White students (12.3%) but significantly lower than the

sought and received care.24

overweight compared to 26% of Whites and 24% of Blacks.26

percentage of Black students (21%).29

Obesity and Nutrition The rate of obesity of all children in the United States is conc e r n i ng parents, health professionals, and researc he rs across the country. Risk factors for obesity include lack of physical activity and poor nutrition. These risk fac tors can lead to excess body weight which in turn can lead to chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.25 Of further concern are the measures that Latino children may take to control their weight when they are obese.

■ According to the 2007 Georgia Youth Risk Behavior

■ While obesity can be halted by increased physical activity and

Surveillance System (YRBSS), the perc e nt age of Hispanic high

better nutrition, Latino youth lag behind their counterparts on

school students who are obese—defined as at or above

both of these counts. Research recommends that children

the 95th percentile for body mass index—is 14.9% compared

should be physically active for a total of 60 minutes or more per

to 15.9% for Blacks and 12.5% for Whites.27 Georgia Hispanic

day at least five days per week. Only 38.4% of Hispanic high

high school students were also more likely to be overweight

school students in Georgia reported being physically active

(22.9%) compared to Whites (15.5%).28

for this long compared to 47.3% of White students.30

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■ Among Latino middle school students, 44.8% participated in

vigorous physical activity on at least three of the past seven days compared to 61.4% of Whites.31 While reporting participating in vigorous activity, Latino middle school students were least likely to attend physical education classes every day (33%)—compared with 36% of Blacks and 43% of Whites— and play on a sports team (45%) compared to 63% Blacks and 68% Whites.32 ■ Lack of physical activity among

youth is attributed to watching television and playing video and computer games. This appears to hold true for Latino youth as well. Among middle school students, 45% of Hispanics watched three or more hours of television per day on an average school day compared to 28% of Whites.33 Similarly, 37% of Hispanic high school students

watched three or more hours of television per day on an average school day compared to only 29% of White students.34

students (51.1%, 47.1 %, and 27.6%, respectively).38 ■ While obesity is a serious problem, certain extreme

■ Eighty-eight percent of Hispanic students in Georgia reported

measures that individuals take to control their weight are an equal

consuming fruit one or more times during the past seven

problem. Although Hispanics’ perception of what constitutes a

days, compared to 81% of Blacks and 84% of Whites.35 However,

healthy body weight and image varies from other groups,

only 9.2% of Hispanic high school students reported

Hispanic children are not immune to the pressure society

drinking the recommended three or more glasses of milk per day

places on them. Attempts at weight control are prevalent even

during the past seven days compared to 10.4% of White

among middle school students. Latino middle school students

high school students.36

were more likely to exercise, go on a diet, take diet pills, or

■ Only 65.6% of Hispanic high

school students reported eating a green salad, 71.2% reported eating a potato, and 46.7% reported eating carrots one or

vomit or take laxatives than any other racial/ethnic group, as shown in Table 2.39 ■ Hispanic high school students

more times during the past seven days.37 These percentages are

were more likely to diet, go without eating, take diet pills, or

similar to White students (65.5%, 67.8%, and 42.5%, respectively)

vomit or take laxatives than other racial/ethnic group, as

and higher than those of Black

shown in Table 3.40

Table 2: Middle School Weight Loss Practice and Dietary Behaviors in Georgia, 2007 Black

White

H i s p a n ic

E xe rcised to lose weig ht or to keep from gaining weig ht

68%

71%

74%

Dieted to lose weig ht

43%

46%

48%

We nt without eating for 24 hours or mo re to lose weig ht

16%

15%

16%

Took diet pills, powde r s, or liquids without doctor’s advice to lose weig ht

Vomited or took laxatives to lose weig ht

Source: Georgia Department of Human Resources, 2007 Georgia Student Health Survey Results, OASIS Web Query Tool. Conducted by the Division of Public Health. Atlanta, GA, August 2007. http://oasis.state.ga.us/oasis/yrbs/qryyrbs.aspx (accessed June 13, 2008).

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Table 3: High School Weight Loss Practice and Dietary Behaviors in Georgia, 2007 Black

White

H i s p a n ic

E xe rcised to lose weig ht or to keep from gaining weig ht

56%

67%

65%

Dieted to lose weig ht

33%

43%

46%

We nt without eating for 24 hours or mo re to lose weig ht

12%

16%

Took diet pills, powde r s, or liquids without doctor’s advice to lose weig ht

11%

Vomited or took laxatives to lose weig ht

Mental Health

in Georgia receive the treatment

12 months.”41 This represents

Many national studies suggest

they need before experiencing serious consequences associated

an 8% decrease from 2005— the last year data were

with untreated mental illness.

available—but was still higher than the rates for Blacks

that Latino adolescents have the highest prevalence of depressive symptoms of any ethnic group. This is also true of Georgia’s Latino children. We must increase awareness of the causes and factors related to mental health problems to ensure that children

■ In 2007, 34.1% of Latino high

school students “felt so sad or hopeless almost every day for two weeks or more in a row that they stopped doing some usual activities during the past

(33.9% in 2007 and 31.2% in 2005) and Whites (26.1% in 2007 and 25.7% in 2005), as shown in Figure 2.42 The statistics for Hispanic students mirror the national average

F i g u re 2: D e p ression Among Georgia High School Students by Race/Ethnicity

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (Atlanta, Georgia: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Adolescent and School Health, 2008).

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where 36.3% of Hispanics responded affirmatively to this

Blacks and 7% of Whites—and receive medical attention after

magnified by social, cultural, and structural factors that put them at

statement in 2007 compared to 29.2% of Blacks and 26.2% of

attempting suicide (7%) compared to 3% of Blacks and

increased risk for unintentional injuries. For example, a recent

Whites.43

1% of Whites.45

study indicated that Latino parents lack the knowledge and

■ Among Latino middle school

■ Possible reasons for high rates

students, 22% reported that they seriously thought about

of depression and suicide attempts among Hispanic

suicide compared to 19% of Blacks and 17% of Whites.

children include low rates of mental health service use due

Hispanic middle school students were most likely to

to lack of insurance, lack of bilingual/bicultural mental

make a suicide plan (14%) compared to 8% of Blacks and

health professionals, and socioeconomic status.46

11% of Whites. Thus, it is not surprising that 10% of Latino middle school students attempted suicide compared to 7% of Blacks and 6% of Whites in 2007.44 ■ Among high school students, 15% of Latinos reported that

the monetary resources to protect their families.47 Many of these families come from other countries where safety measures such as safety seats and seat belts are not traditionally used.48 ■ Unintentional injury was the leading cause of death for

■ The stresses associated with immigration and being

bicultural such as learning a new language, feeling pressure to assimilate into a new culture, homesickness, and lack of legal status may also explain the findings for Latino children

Latino children ages 1–4 and 10–14. Motor vehicle accidents, pedestrian injury, and drowning were the leading causes of mortality and morbidity.49 ■ In 2007, Latino middle school students were less likely to

they seriously considered suicide compared to 14% of

and the disparity between Latinos and other racial/ethnic

wear a seat belt while riding in a car (9.2%) compared to

Blacks and 16% of Whites. However, almost a quarter

groups.

Whites (5.4%) and Blacks (6.7%).50

(23%) of Latino high school students made a suicide plan compared to 11% of Blacks and 11% of Whites. Latino high school students were also most likely to attempt suicide (12%)—compared to 8% of

Unintentional Injuries As children grow up they are at increased risk for unintentional injuries. While adolescence is a time of risk taking, excessive risky behavior can be very dangerous. For Latino children, the risks are

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■ Latino high school students were more likely to ride in a

car with someone who had been drinking alcohol (28.5%) compared to Whites (24.5%) and Blacks (21.8%).51

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Conclusion As the number of Hispanic children in Georgia continues to grow, so do

continued economic growth, particularly as they come of age.

status of Hispanic children, their needs, and the barriers they face in

their health needs. Steps must be taken to ensure their safe passage

To secure Georg i a ’s future, it is imperative that state and local

accessing health care. Information should also be gathered regarding

into adulthood. While there are challenges, we must focus on Latino

agencies, community-based organizations, and local private

the development and testing of effective messages and programs

children’s well-being and meet their health-related needs to avoid

funders come together to develop a plan of action to address the

that will help decrease disparities. As Latino children now represent

greater problems in Georgia’s future. Latino children will play an

disparities Georgia’s Latino children face. Specifically, research should

almost 40% of the population under the age of five, the future of

important role in the state’s

be expanded to address the health

Georgia de p e nds on it.

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Endnotes 1. Percent ages calculated by the National

geo_id=04000US13&-

16. Percent ages calculated by the National

Council of La Raza using data from

search_results=01000US&-format=&-

Council of La Raza using data from

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2006

_lang=en (accessed September 4,

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2006

American Community Survey, “Sex by

2007).

American Community Survey, “Poverty

Age (Hispanic or Latino), Table B01001I.” Cond ucted by U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, DC, 2007, ht t p : / / factfinde r.census.gov/servlet/DT Table?_bm=y&-context=dt&ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&CONTEXT=dt&mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B0100 1I&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&geo_id=04000US13&search_results=01000US&-format=&_ l a ng=en (accessed Au g ust 21, 2007).

Status in the Past 12 Months by Sex by

8. Child and Ado le s c e nt He a l t h

Age (Hispanic or Latino), Table

Measurement Initiative (CAHMI),

B17001I. Conducted by U.S. Census

National Survey of Children's Health 2003 (Portland, Ore gon: Data Resource Center on Child and Ado le s c e nt Health, 2005),

Bureau. Washington, DC, 2007, http://fac t f i nder.cens us. gov/servlet/DT Table?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US13&ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-

http://www.nschdata.org/Content/Def

_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-

ault.aspx (accessed June 3, 2008).

mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B1700

9. Ibid.

1I&-format=&-CONTEXT=dt (ac c e s s e d May 29, 2008).

10. Centers for Disease Cont rol and Prevention, “Estimated Vaccination

17. Percent ages calculated by the National

Coverage with Individual Vac c i nes and

Council of La Raza using data from

“Racial/Ethnic Differe nces in Childre n ’s

Selected Vaccination Series Amo ng

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2006

Access to Care,” American Journal of

Children 19-35 Months of Age by

American Community Survey,

Public Health 90 (2000): 771-1774.

State–U.S.”, National Immunization

“Language Spoken at Ho me by Ability

Survey, Q3/2005-Q2/2006 (Atlanta,

to Speak English for the Population 5

Georgia: National Immunization

Years and Over (Hispanic or Latino),

Pro g ram, 2006),

Table B16006. Conducted by U.S.

http://www.cdc.gov / vac c i nes/stats-

Census Bureau. Washington, DC, 2007,

surv/nis/tables/0506/tab29_43133_rac

http://fac t f i nder.cens us. gov/servlet/DT

e _ i a p . x ls (accessed May 29, 2008).

Table?_bm=y&-context=dt&-

2. Robin M. Weinick and Nancy A. Kra us s,

3. U.S. Census, “Sex by Age.”. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid, Table B050031. 7. U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2006 American Community Survey, “School Enrollment by Level of School for the Population 3 Years and Over (Hispanic

ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&-

11. CAHMI, Children’s Health 2003.

CONTEXT=dt&12. Ibid.

mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B1600

13. Marilyn Aguirre - Molina, Carlo s. W.

6&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-

or Latino), Table B14001.” Conducted

Molina, and Ruth Enid Zambrana, eds.,

currentselections=ACS_2006_EST_G2000

by U.S. Census Bureau. Washington,

Health Issues in the Latino Community

_C05010&-geo_id=04000US13&-

DC, 2007,

(San Fra ncisco: Jossey Bass A. Wiley

search_results=01000US&-format=&-

ht t p : / / factfinde r.census.gov/servlet/DT

Company, 2001).

_lang=en (accessed October 6, 2007).

Table?_bm=y&-context=dt&ds_name=ACS_2006_EST_G00_&CONTEXT=dt&mt_name=ACS_2006_EST_G2000_B1400

18. Aguirre-Molina, Molina, and Zambra n a ,

14. CAHMI, Children’s Health 2003.

Health Issues, 81 15. Aguirre - Molina, Molina, and Zambra n a , 19. CAHMI, Children’s Health 2003.

Health Issues, 57.

1I&-tree_id=306&-redoLog=false&-

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20. U.S. Department of Health and Hu m a n Services, “Oral health in America: a report of the Surgeon General” (Ro c k v i l le, MD: National Institute of Dental and Cra n i ofacial Research, 2000). 21. U.S. General Account i ng Office, “Oral Health: Dental Disease is a Chronic Pro b lem Amo ng Low-Income and Vu l ne rable Popul a ti ons” (Washington, DC: U.S. General Account i ng Office, 2000).

28. Ibid.

46. S heryl H. Kataoka, Lily Zhang, and Ke n neth B. Wells, “Unmet Need for

29. Georgia Department of Human Resources, 2007 Georgia Student Health Survey Results. OASIS Web Query Tool. Cond ucted by the Division of Public

Children: Variation by Ethnicity and I ns u rance Status,” American Journal of Psychiatry 159, no. 9, (2002): 1548-

Health. At l a nta, GA, August 2007, http://oasis.state.ga.us/oasis/yrbs/qry yrbs.aspx (accessed June 13, 2008).

Mental Health Care Amo ng U.S.

1555. 47. Crystal Ricke t ts, Krista Jones, Richard Falc o ne, Gloria Del Castillo and

30. CDC, 2007 Youth Risk.

Rebeccah Brown, “Know le dge,

31. Georgia Department of Human

Attitudes and Behaviors of Hispanic

Resources, Georgia Student Health .

Parents Re g a rd i ng Motor Vehicle Restra i nt.” (Annual Meeting Scientific

22. CAHMI, Children’s Health 2003.

32. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

Association, Boston, MA, November

24. Ana Soler, Hispanic Community Needs

34. Ibid.

2006).

Assessment: Atlanta, Fulton, Cobb,

Session, American Public Health

35. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

Counties (At l a nta, Georgia: Children’s

36. Ibid.

49. Centers for Disease Cont rol and

He a l t h c a re of At l a nta, 2000).

37. CDC, 2007 Youth Risk.

Death Re p o r ts, 2003 (Atlanta, Georg i a :

38. Ibid.

National Center for Injury Prevention

Gwinnett, Rockdale, Hall, and DeKalb

25. Aguirre - Molina, Molina, and Zambra n a ,

Prevention, WIS QA RS Lead i ng Causes of

Health Issues, 87

and Cont rol, 2004), 39. Georgia Department of Human

26. Georgia Department of Human

http://webappa.cdc. gov/sasweb/ncipc/

Resources, Georgia Student Health .

Resources, “Overweight and Obesity in Georgia, 2005” (Atlanta, Georg i a :

40. Ibid

Division of Public Health, April 2005).

41. Ibid.

27. Centers for Disease Cont rol and

2006). 50. Georgia Department of Human Resources, Georgia Student Health .

42. Ibid.

Prevention (CDC), 2007 Youth Risk

51. Ibid.

Behavior Surveillance System (Atlanta,

43. CDC, 2007 Youth Risk.

Georgia: National Center for Chronic

44. Georgia Department of Human

Disease Prevention and Health Pro motion, Division of Adolescent and S c hool Health, 2008).

mortra t e. html (accessed September 2,

Resources, Georgia Student Health . 45. Ibid.

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