30 The essence of law and the nature of international law
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‘Law of Nations or International Law (Droit des gens, Völkerrecht) is the name for the body of customary and conventional rules which are considered legally binding by civilised States in their intercourse with each other.’ – Lassa Francis Lawrence Oppenheim (1858–1919)67 ‘[T]he norms designated as “international law” are really “law” in the same sense as national law.’ – Hans Kelsen68 ‘Public international law covers relations between states in all their myriad forms, from war to satellites and from trade to human rights, and regulates the operations of the many international and regional institutions.’ – Malcolm N. Shaw (born 1947)69
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW676869
Renaissance multi-centric state system Peace of Westphalia universalism law of nations Francisco de Vitoria Francisco Suárez Alberico Gentili Hugo Grotius De Jure Belli ac Pacis Samuel von Pufendorf Richard Zouche Emer de Vattel Reformation first wave of international law Hague Peace Conferences First World War second wave of international law League of Nations Kellogg-Briand Pact Second World War third wave of international law United Nations Organisation non-state actors
67 L. Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise, Vol. I: Peace (1st edn, Longmans, Green and Co 1905) 3. 68 Hans Kelsen, General Theory of Law & State, A. Javier Trevino (intro) (Transaction Publishers 2006) 328. 69 Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law (8th edn, Cambridge University Press 2017) 2.
