EFFECTS
OF ATOMIC EXPLOSIONS ON THE HUMAN BODY
By DONALD D. TOWLE, B.A., M.B., Ch.B.
Associate Member, Atomic Scient ists Association and Divisional Surgeon, S·IA.B. (Extract of talk given at the Brigade Surgeons Conference, London.) (Concluded from, page 341, November, 1949, issue.) I
During the initial flash, gamma rays were showered down on the earth beneath drenching every living being with enormous doses of their destructive activity, regardless of whether the people were inside or outside buildings. the phosphorous atoms in the bones and producing radioactive phosphorous. In some of the corpses the metallic fillings of teeth 'were also found to be radioactive.
These rays must have extended out- Variations in Tissue Response wards to well over It miles from ground Some of the tissues of the human level zero point. People exposed in the body are more easily damaged by open within this distance received radiations than others. The following injuries due both to flash burn and table gives some idea of the relative radiations, and possibly to blast. This sensitivity of the various body tissues. is the reason why, 'within a circle of The most sensitive tissues are placed about I mile diameter, almost all first:persons (95-100 per cent) \\Tere killed. (I) Lymphoid cells, and tissues, and Beyond Ii miles the air rapidly filters organs. off these rays so that exposed personnel (2) \Vhite blood cells (and the parts beyond this distance suffered only from of the bone marrow which produce flash burn. these cells and the red blood cells).
Gamma rays damage the body by (3) The lining cells of (a) the intestearing through the tissues and disrupt- tines; (b) reproductive organs; ing the actual atoms within the cells of (c) skin. the body. This damage consists of (4) Iuscle. stripping off the outer electrons of (5) Bone. millions of atoms which form the (6) Nerves and brain tissues. living body-cell substance. The elec- This list is not complete, but contains trons thus released are negatively the broad essentials only. It may seem charged and the remaining, damaged, strange that the delicate brain and atoms are positively charged. This nerve substance of the body are not condition is called ionization, and thus easily injured by radiations. This is the radiations of the bomb are called due to a well-known fact of medical ionizing radiations. Ionizations of the science that radiations (X-rays, gamma millions of cells within the body results rays, radium rays) act most destructin the cells being unable to function ively on cells that are "young" and properly, so producing the harmful that are being reproduced continuously effects. (groups I, 2, and 3). In this way we
Only those people near the central can see that the blood cells, which are area were exposed to neutron satura- being formed continuously, and those tion. These uncharged nuclear par- parts of the body which manufacture ticles, showered down during the chain these cells, are the most easily damaged. reaction, can easily pass through almost It also follows that tissues that are any substance. They pass though relatively "permanent", such as thick lead sheets almost as if the lead muscle and nerve tissue, are resistant was not there at all. The air between to radiation injury (groups 4, 5, and 6). the bomb and the ground below It is good to know that this is so, partially filters them off. That these because brain and spinal cord tissues particles reached the ground is Imown cannot repair themselves after any by the fact that the bones of casualties injury, and if they were damaged easily directly under the bomb were found to by radiations the destruction would be be radioactive. This was due to the permanent. As it is, those tissues neutrons smashing into the nuclei of damaged easily by radiations, if not 363
yery severely involved, can regenerate and return to normal.
If this table is studied carefully and kept in mind, most of the injuries due to radiation can be deduced, remembered, and the conditions found in injured personnel can be easily understood.
The Japanese who were very close to the explosion suffered from severe radiation injury, even if they were inside modern hea'vy buildings, and apparently shielded from the flash. Such seriously injured persons usually died within the first two weeks. On the day of the bombing they complained of nausea and vomiting. This was followed by loss of appetite, severe bloody diarrhcea, great thirst, and \yeakness. Fever developed, and the patients rapidly sank into delirium and death Persons further away from the centre, and not so seriously drenched by radiations, survived the first two weeks, and most of these subsequently died within the next four weeks. The least injured survived the radiations and are now being closely watched to detect any late effects. Persons surviving for more than two weeks often lost most of their hair (epilation). The blood-cell forming tissues in the bone marrow ceased to function, and profound amemia developed. Lack of white blood cells (protection cells) allowed the body to be easily attacked
sterility. Owing to the possible damage to the genes within the germ cells (that is, the actual substances which carry the characteristics of the individual and species), damage may appear in offspring in some future generations.
One peculiar thing noted in the healing of wounds was the appearance of keloid. This is an excessive overgrowth of scar tissue on the surface of the body. Instead of a small skin-level scar in a healing wound, the scar tissue continued to grow until it became a glistening heaped-up pink mass, rising above the skin. Removal of the mass by surgery resulted in healing by scar with the regrowth of more keloid. These keloid changes may have been due to the very high temperature of the flash, rather than to the radiations.
FLAME BURNS
These were mostly produced by secondary fires, started in the damaged cities after the initial explosion. Those who survived that explosion, but did not escape from the damaged cities within the first hour or so, were burnt to death by the subsequent holocaust. Numerous fires (possibly many hundred s) were started by the initial heat flash. As almost all of the fire-fighting departments and personnel were put out of action by the blast, the fires developed unchecked.
by germs, and large ulcers developed ALPHA AND BETA RADIATIONS in the intestines, lungs, etc. Due to These are nuclear particles, and are lack of platelets, the blood did not clot mainly found in the radioactive cloud easily, and hcemorrhages took place which forms from the bomb explosion into the skin from open wounds, into and which rises rapidly into the air. the gut, etc. In some cases, after a They are actually particles of atoms, period of dreadful illness, the body and not rays, and are not particularly tissues, when not seriously damaged, harmful outside the body as they were able to regenerate and some such cannot penetrate the skin very deeply. persons survived. However, a great However, substances giving off these number of these died indirectly from particles may gain entry into the body intercurrent infection, such as tubercu- through wounds, in contaminated food losis, pneumonia, etc. or water, or by being inhaled into the
The reproductive organs showed lungs. In plutonium bombs (all present yarious stages of damage. Many bombs) most of the plutonium is pregnant women within the circle of and in a low-level explosion gamma radiation activity miscarried IS smeared over all surrounding during the next few months. Many o?Jects. It constitutes a danger as it more showed some form of menstrual gIves off alpha particles, which if taken disorder in the following months. Men into the body may produce fatal showed damage to the cellular struc- results. ture of the testes. In some cases this Such SUbstances, if taken into the amounted to a definite degree of body, settle down in the hone marrow 364
and there continue to give off alpha and beta particles, which can then cause great damage to the nearby blood-cell forming tissues of the marrow. More than a definite, very small, amount is fatal. Once fixed in the bones, there is no known way of removing the alpha particle producing substances rapidly enough to save life.
If the atomic bomb is exploded at ground level, or beneath water, the fission products will produce definite, serious hazards. The lingering radiations in such an area may last for weeks, months, or years. At ground level explosions the vast quantities of neutrons released will smash into the nuclei of the atoms of near-by objects, and these objects will themselves become radioactive and dangerous. Such substances as iron, copper, calcium, gold, etc., are capable of becoming radioactive.
This induced radioactivity may last for long per·iods. \Vhen a substance becomes radioactive it cannot be made normal again. It has a definite rate of decay which cannot be hurried. A lump of radioactive iron, looks, feels, and appears exactly the same as a lump of ordinary iron. Water containing radioactive particles will taste exactly like normal water. Special detector machines are needed to tell one from the other.
To recapitulate, the injuries due to atomic explosions are :-
(r) Blast injuries-mostly due to falling buildings, flying debris, flying glass, etc. (up to a distance of 2-3 miles).
(2) Flash burns-Personnel in the
open exposed to initial flash, produced mainly by ultra-violet rays (up to a distance of 2! miles).
(3) Radiation injuries - Personnel within I! miles of bomb (these in juries are found even in people inside buildings, and in cellars. Bricks and walls are little or no protection, unless in great thicknesses). Produced by gamma rays.
(4) Flame burns-Due to the subsequent secondary fires.
In the case of ground-level explosions we must add damage to the body caused by:-
(a) Lingering radioactivity of the bomb fishion fragments.
(b) Unfissioned bomb residue (plutonium).
(c) Induced radioactivity by neutron bombardment in ordinary everyday substances, such as iron, steel, copper, and even in medicines containing sulphur, iodine, arsenic, etc.
At the present time the treatment of radiation injury is almost nil, and in severe cases nothing at all can be done. In milder cases repeated transfusions may tide the injured person over until their own body cells begin to act once more. Penicillin and sulphonamides will be needed to combat infection during the very depressed stages. Physical injuries are treated along the usual lines. Flash burns are treated as ordinary flame burns. Anti-shock treatment is an absolute necessity in all cases. Casualties from the central area of damage are usually beyond all medical aid, even if they appear uninjured.
FIRST AID FILM STRIP
vVe have received from the Daily J\Iad 33). Lesson Three deals witb artificial School Aid Department, a copy of their respiration (frames 34 to 36) ; and Lesson film strip which deals with first aid, and Four with miscellaneous injuries such as which should appeal to those who have scalds, nose-bleeding (frames 37 to 43). the necessary instrument to show such 'With every strip is provided teacbing notes a strip. which fully describe each frame and also The film contains 43 frames, divided give other interesting data. Dr. A. David into four lessons. Lesson One deals with Belilios has supplied the notes. In one or a brief introduction of the human body two minor instances the text differs a little (frames 1 and 2), and an accident which from St. John teaching, but this does not has taken place on a school football field detract from the usefulness of the film (frames 3 to 19). Lesson Two describes strip. the treatment of wounds and includes Copies of the Flm Strip can be obtained a description of germs, the blood, and the from the Daily Mail School Aid Departchief blood-vessels. Methods of stopping ment, New Carmelite House, London, bleeding are also included (frames 20 to E.C. 4, at a cost of 12s. 6d.
365
ST. JOHN WINDOW EXHIBITION
An "At Home" was given on 9th November, by Mrs. S. L. Simpson at Simpson's Services Club, Piccadilly, London, for the Stall Holders and supporters of the St. John Exhibition and Fair which was held at St. james's Palace in l\Iay, 1948.
The Hostesses were the Marchioness of Carisbrooke, 1\1rs. Simpson, and Mrs. Hugh McCorquodale. The guest of honour was Countess Mountbatten of Burma.
The Marchioness of Cari'" brooke stated that the occasion had been generously given by IVIrs. Simpson to thank the stall holders for their work last year and to show them a magnificent working scenic model for window displays in the interests of St. John which had been possible as one of the results of money raised at the Fair.
Countess Mountbatten expressed her grateful thanks to all who had made the Fair of 1948 the brilliant success it was, and said how much the result of that Fair had been of such material help to the work of the Order, the Association, and the Brigade. Lady Mountbatten paid tribute to the work done by the Marchioness of Carisbrooke,
Mrs. Hugh McCorquodale, J\Irs. I?Of.e, and Mrs. Archie Camden, who IS 111 charge of the St. John Mobile Exhibition, which was made possible as the result of the money raised at the Fair.
Lady Mountbatten thanked Mrs. Simpson for her nice party and Dr. Simpson as well for lending St. John a window to display the magnificent model which had been so well designed and made. It was a fascinating model and everyone there, she felt sure, admired it.
Mrs. Archie Camden then gave a brief account of the successful tour made round the country of the St. John Mobile Exhibition.
Those present included Earl and Countess Beauchamp, The Countess of Bessborough, Doreen , Lady Brabourne, The Lady Janet Bailey, The Lady Bruntisfield, Sir Ernest Burdon, Lady Beatrice Pole Carew, Sir Thomas and Lady Cook, The Lord Courtauld-Thomson, Lady Dunbar-Nasmith, Countess of Granville, H.E The Minisfer for Guatemala and Madame Ydisgoras Fuentes, Rose, Marchioness of He dfort, The Mayor and Mayoress of Kensin ton, Sir Francis and Lady Joseph, Sir Otto Lund, Violet, Countess of Onslow, Marie, Marchioness of Willini!don, Major-General J. E. T. Younger, and other members of the Order; also many Commissioners and County Staffs of the Brigade.
BRIGADE SURGEONS' ANNUAL CONFERENCE
" Bigger and better than ever" was the verdict of those who attended the sixth annual Conference, held on 29th-30th October, at the Waldorf Hotel, London, under the chairmanship of the Surgeon-inChief, Dr. N. Corbet Fletcher.
At the opening ceremony, Dr. Fletcher welcomed over 150 Brigade Surgeons, and referred to the Conference which was held at Southport earlier in the year, under the chairmanship of the Deputy Surgeon-inChief.
Sir Otto Lund (Deputy Chief Commissioner) conveyed to the delegates best wishes from the Chief Commissioner, who was unable to be present. He considered such Conferences to be of the greatest help, because it enabled the Surgeon-inChief and Headquarters to bring their troubles to the Surgeons, and for the Surgeons from all parts of the country to discuss their problems together. Sir Otto pointed out that the formation of the Civil Defence Organization would mean that Brigade personnel would be in grea t demand. Likewise, they would be needed for the National Hospital Service Reserve. He pointed out that opinion was divided on the subject of lay instructors, but such lay persons coulc1 be of great. assistance to the doctors in lightening their work on t.he practical side
would be volunteers, and that training would be approximately 50 hours per year. Two schools were running, and possibly a third would be opened in Scotland. The C.D. Staff College would open in November, and he would welcome members of the Brigade to be trained there for their own purposes.
In conclusion, Sir John stressed the problems (shelters, warning systems, technical difficulties, evacuation) which confronted the Service, and stressed the importance of faked injuries in training first aid personnel.
Many questions were asked Sir John on numerous aspects of the new Service.
Atomic Explosions and their Effects
This talk was given by Dr. D. Towle (Div. Surgeon), and proved most interesting. Extracts from the talk were published in the November issue of the Gazette, and further extracts are published in this issue.
The Annual Dinner
The Surgeon-in-Chief welcomed some 190 members and guests at a very enjoyable function. Follo'wing the Loyal toasts, Major A C. White Knox (Commissioner, No. 1 District) proposed" The Order of St. John" and said how fortunate the Order was to have such a man as Lord vVakehurst as Prior. He was a man who Futul'e of Civil Defence had t.he work of the Order and its FoundaWing-Commander Sir John Hodsell, tions at heart, and he is doing a great who was introduced by the Deputy deal to help and foster the work of the Surgeon-in-Chief, st.ressed the importance Order in this country and overseas. of the work o[ the St. John Ambulance The reply was given by Sir Ernest Brigade and other voluntary organiza- Burdon (Receiver-General), ""ho said tions in the t.raining of first aid personnel he was pleased to see such a large assembly and the Hospital Reserve, thus leaving from the medical profession. To them the Authorities free to carryon with other much was due for the time and trouble important activities. they took in the training of the members Recruiting was to open on November of the Brigade. Although he was the 15 for local divisions. Each Division Receiver-General of the Order, he knew would have six sections-headquarters, something of the workings of the Brigade ambulance, warden, rescue, pioneer, and from experience gained whilst he was Chief welfare. \Varden sections would be Commissioner of the Brigade in India similar as during the last. war and trained from 1936 to 1940. He felt that the in basic first aid; rescue sections woulcl be medical profession ranked high among as the name implied, and members would those who carried out the mottoes of the be fully trained in first aid; ambulance Order. sections based on peace-t.ime service under The toast of " The St. John Ambulance the National Health Act (Scotland Brigade" was given by Sir Harold Scott excepted), and members would take a full (Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police). first aid course; pioneer sections for first He spoke of the great co-operation that he aid repair to homes, etc., and for de- received at all times from the Brigade, and contamination; welfare sections to cope expressed thanks for all the work underwith the problems such as bombed-out, taken by members of the medical prorefugees, billeting, etc. Headquarters will fession in the training and examining the cover personnel in essential posts, recon- members of the Police Forces, both in naissance parties (tactical and technical), first aid and in competitions. He felt communications and public relations. that the St. John Ambulance Brigade From local divisions would come mobile demanded great self-sacrifice from all its columns. Sir John stated that personnel members, and that in return they should 367
Countess Burm.a (Superintendent-in-Chief, Nursing Corps and DIVIsIOns) mspectmg the new Window Exhibition.
rccci\'c thc full support from all sphercs Musical honours werc accordcd him by all of the general public. present.
The response was made by Sir Otto Lund, who stated that the Surgeons were the backbone of the Brigade Referring to the present strength of the Brigade, Sir Otto said that there were 3,400 Surgeons and 600 Nursing Officers. There was a great need for more Nursing Officers,. and he urged all present to encourage the nurses and younger members of the medical profession. Among future commitments would be the 1951 Festival of Britain.
District Surgeon M. M. Scott (No. 1 District) aptly proposed the toast of " Our Guests", mentioning Lord Horder, Sir Ernest Burdon, Sir Otto Lund, the Hon. Cozens-Hardy, and other officers connected with the work of the Brigade. He also welcomed Sir Harold Scott, and referred to the goodwill which existed between the Police and the Brigade.
Lord Horder said it was a great honour to reply to the toast. He had been connected with the work of the Brigade for more years than he cared to remember, and he stressed the need for new recruits. He would do his best when visiting various places to encourage more doctors to take up the work, especially the younger members of the profession. His work with the Joint \iVar Organization had brought him in touch with Sir Ernest Burdon, and later with Lord \iVebb-Johnson, the Hospitaller of the Order. Lord Horder appreciated the extent of the work of the Brigade, and had great admiration for the way in which it was handled.
Mrs. E. T. Milburn replied on behalf of the ladies
The final toast was that of "The Chairman ". Major Burt Hamilton (District Commissioner, Lancashire) said that Dr Fletcher had served the cause of first aid for forty years, having risen from the rank of Divisional Surgeon during that His efficiency had not meant just 12 dnlls and an annual inspection. He had been an inspiration and friend to every Surgeon in the Brigade. Dr. F letcher had stimulated many by his writinos on the Questions and Answers of The St. John Gazette. It was Dr. Fletcher who had instituted the Surgeons' Conference and every year it was becoming larger than the previous one. He was a great Surgeon-in-Chief.
Comp e ti t io ns- Old an d New Met hod s
This subject was covered by three members. The Deputy Surgeon-in-Chief, F. H Edwards, Corps Surgeon G. A. Macdonald (Nuneaton), and Div. Surgeon T W Herdman Porter (Faversham), spoke on Methods, Selecting Suitable Patients, and Training Methods. Major A. C White Knox (No 1 District) was the chairman for the session, which proved very interesting.
Sho ck-Its Pr obl ems a nd Treatment in F i rst A id
County Surgeon Major H. C. Stewart said the subject was still only partially understood, and that made it more difficult to put over to an audience. In thc new edition of the textbook, the subject of Shock had been re-written and re-cast. The first notable alteration is that in fainting or syncope, not only the treatment of this condition. but also the preventive treatment is now included. Hremorrhage is given as a type of shock itself, and not just included as a complication of other types.
This had given three types of shock, in place of tpe well known Primary and Secondary classification, and were designated Nerve Shock, Hremorrhagic Shock, and Toxic Shock.
Shock, Major Stewart pointed out. was in the first instance essentially a reflex phenomenon, which like all such reflexes, was by nature protective. The fall in blood pressure, pallor of the skin, clouding of consciousness, were all designed to help combat the pain, reduce the hremorrhage, loss of body heat and tissue fluid. The danger of the shocked condition is that certain signs and symptoms are common to the different types of shock, so that a casualty can slip almost imperceptibly from one type to another 'Y'ithout this change being realized, unless under constant and expert observation.
It is not, therefore, necessarily the shock state itself that is so harmful, but rather the causes and consequences of the shock that are dangerous. The well-known danger of overbeating severely shocked cases, especially when accompanied by hremorrhage or burns, was stressed. The aim should be rather to prevent loss of body. heat by prompt and adequate covermg and warmth, than by application of heat.
The Surgeon-in-Chief returned thanks with much feeling. It had always been his greatest wish to advance the cause and of .aid. He recalled his early days m competItIon work, and paid tribute Th e Probation e r Di v i s ional S u rge on to the assistance he had received at all Mr. R. L. Macqueen (of London), was time from Mr. E. T. Milburn, his secretary. mtroduced by County Commissioner He concluded with the words " Thank D r. Hugh Powell (Somerset) as the you from the bottom of my heart ". sp eaker on this subj ect. Mr. Macqueen , 368
who has been a member of an Ambulance Division for many years, gave his experiences of the ways in which he helps the Division before passing his final degrees. Knowing the Brigade as a layman, he knew the sort of things t he members wanted, and when he passed his final examinations he would be able to be of assistance without further training in Brigade organization.
This talk was well received, and the speaker was congratulated on his sound logical suggestions.
Films in T e a ch i n g
This session opened with the showing of a new film which has been prepared by No.1 District Film Unit. It was pointed out that it was not perfect, but it did give the idea of teaching the necessity of first aid training. A second film, depicting the work of the District Nurses was also shown.
Disc u ss ion s
After each talk, questions were asked and answered, but a special session was held to discuss Lay Instructors, The. Trilene Inhaler, the Rehearsal of Tests, the Recognition of Divisional Surgeons after long service, and other subjects.
Six groups, each under a leader, reported on their findings, and the appropriate suggestions wjll be forwarded to Headquarters for consideration.
Thus the admitted best and largest Brigade Surgeons' Conference came to an cnd; and it was decided that next year the venue should be the same place and the date similar to this year.
ST . JOHN HOUSE
The general opinion of members seems to be that Thursday is a more convenient day for the Club Evening; and therefore the day has been altered from Tuesday to Thursday. The alteration will take place as from 12th January, 1950, when it is hoped to start with a Table Tennis Tournament. Those wishing to enter tor the Tournament should make their entry to the Warden as soon as possible, as a big entry is expected. There will be no charge, but guests may order light refreshments such as teas, soft drinks, and sandwiches, with the ordinary bar amenities.
The change of day will not affect the usual monthly Social Evening, and the musical entertainment arranged for 20th January will be held as stated. For the monthly social evening the charge will be 25. 6d. per head, including refreshments. Club members may bring their friends. Application for tickets should be sent well in advance to the Warden, St J ohn House, 15/16, ColIingham Gardens, London, S.W. 5.
INVESTITURE AT ST. JOHN'S GATE
On Thursday, 24th ovember , the Lord Prior (Lord Wakehurst) held an Investiture in the Chapt er Hall, where 46 members of the Order received t heir insignia.
The Lord Luke, D.L., received the insignia of Commander; and others receiving similar insignia included County Commissioners Dr. John Clayre (Hampshire), Dr. R. R. B. H. Kennedy (Isle of Wight), and Captain ' \T. C. Knight (Bedfordshire).
Recipients came from London, Bedfordshire , Hampshire, Isle of Wight, Lancashire, Northumberland, Yorkshire, Sussex, Monmouthshire, Berkshire, Gloucestershire, vViltshire, Cornwall, and Devonshire.
SHARE THROUGH C .A . R.E . COMMITTE E
On vVednesday, 16t.h November, a further presentation of food parceJs was presented to the Brigade for distribution among those in need. The presentation took place at St. John House, where Mr. Douglas Fairbanks asked Countess Mountbatten of Burma to accept the parcels. Mr. Fairbanks is the Chairman of the Share Through C.A.R.E. (Co-operative for American Remittances to Europe) Committee, and is responsible for the sending of thousands of food and clothing parcels to Britain and Europe as a whole. C.A.R.E. is a non-profit organization of prominent American citizens which collects and raises money for the purchase of the parcels.
Making the presentations, Mr. Fairbanks expressed his great admiration for the work of the St. John Ambulance Brigade, and his pleasure that Lady Mountbatten, who was a lmost a legend in America, was able to accept them. Lady Mountbatten expressed thanks to 1\1r. Fairbanks and members of his Committee for their continued generosity. Mr. Fairbanks became acquainted with the work of the Brigade during the war, when he personally was responsible for the running of three private hospitals in this country He was well-known to her, as during the war he served under her husband for a time .
Lady Mountbatten asked Mr. Fairbanks to present a parcel to two members of the vVestminster Old People's "Welfare Association, Mrs. E. Bennett (age 85) and Mr. J. H. Errington (age 65), both members of a Darby and Joan Club.
369
ST. JOHN A MBULANCE ASSOCIATION
Bi rmi n g ham County Centre.-President J. J. Gracie was in the chair at a large meeting held on 25th ovember, in the Midland Institute, when the Director of Ambulance, Sir Bertram Ford, presented certificates to a large number of successful candidates from recent classes. 1\1r. Gracie was supported by County Vice-Presidents Lady Rafter C!-nd Mrs. Paul Cadbury, Corps President E. H. Garfield, Dr. Scurlock (Senior Administrative Medical Officer, Birmingham Regional Hospitals 1edical Board), Dr. '.Veiner (Blood Transfusion Service), Deputy Chief Constable F. J. Baguley, Brigade, County, and Corps Staffs, and members of the Association Committee.
After Mr. Gracie had expressed his appreciation of the honour done to him in his being elected as President, Dr. D. J. Nicol (Chairman) gave an encouraging review of the work of the Centre since it was reorganized in April of this year. Thirty-three classes had been held with 775 persons. At present 83 persons were taking a first aid course, and 70 in Home Nursing. Classes in Hygiene and Child '.iVelfare would be held in the new year.
Dr. Nicol joined Mr. Gracie in warmly commending the fine work done by the new hon. secretary, Mr. Ernest Martin.
Sir Bertram Ford, who received an ovation, presented certificates, and with evident emotion said what it meant to him to return to his beloved city. He
congratulated the Committee in doing so much in so short a time to bring life and vigour to the Association in Birmingham. The quiet penetrating work of the Association teaches us that because we have knowledge, we have power to help others unable to help themselves. Sickness and suffering know no barriers, and with our knowledge we can spread kindliness, sympathy, and efficient service throughout the world. To his old comrades of his beloved Brigade the meeting was one of those moments he would always remember. The Lord Bishop of Birmingham (Dr. E. '.Y. Barnes), in proposing a vote of thanks to Sir Bertram, said he had learnt much that evening. It was a source of much satisfaction to see so many persons qualified to give skilled medical aid. They owed much to Sir Bertram for what he had done in the past. County Commissioner \V. E. Ballard, seconding, said he welcomed the opportunity of paying tribute to his old Chief. Only the best was good enough for Sir Bertram, and whatever he did was done with the utmost care and efti.ciency. Alderman Alldridge said he was glad to be present and to give civic recognition to the fine work of St. John. Commending the fine spirit of 1\1r. Gracie, he said that in him the Association were fortunate in having at their head a man tt human and understanding", the very qualities of which were the foundation of first aid training.
Col. Sir JaI?es.
(Chief Commissioner, Brigade Overseas) in his :eports on hIS vlSlt to the Far East referred to nine members of the Brigade II?- Hong Kong who were executed by the Japanese. The photographs of eIght of
are
above. From left (top): Privates Lal Chuen: Chan Chung, Yu Yee Chuck, Li Chak Wai; (bottom): Pnvates Yau Kmg Shun, Leung Kwok Wah, Lui Shing, and Supt. Chan Ping Kwan.
370
GENERAL POST OFFICE NATIONAL FIRST AID COMPETITION
Great enthusiasm was shown by competitors and spectators at the first national final competition held under the auspices of the St. John Ambulance Association on 15th November in the Central Hall, London.
Twenty-six teams (13 men, 13 women) throughout the day vied for the honour of winning the two new National Championship Trophies, presented by the Association, and the judges were kept fully occupied ensuring correction of marking.
Separate tests were given for tbe two sections, and competitors were called upon to work as a team and to undertake a dual practical test.
The Tests
Dr. M. M. Scott, of London, judged the men's team test, the setting for which depicted a trench being dug in a road. Tbe teams were informed that a workman had been injured in the trench, and a beavy manhole cover had trapped his legs. Initial treatment was indicated in the trench, and after the removal of the patient on to safe ground, full examination and treatment. Patient was suffering from crush injuries of the lower limbs, a large wound of the right thigh, quicklime on face, and severe shock. Equipment was availahle in near-by house, and time allowed was 15 minutes.
The men's individual tests, judged by Dr. H. Rosenberg, of "Worthing, were divided into two dual-practicals. Nos. 1 and 3 had to treat a man 'who had sus-
tained injuries in a tt bombing" injury at tbe local post office. He was found to be suffering from compound fracture of right humerus, wound on the rigbt temporal region and back of head, and shock. Nos. 2 and 4 had to deal with a postman who had slipped on the ice wbile delivering letters. A simple fracture of the right fibula and also in the right ankle region were the injuries. Both tests were to be completed in eigbt minutes.
For the women's team test, Mr H. S. Taylor-Young, of Salisbury, was the judge. The teams were visiting their old friend, Miss Smith, who is postmistress of a village sub-post office. While waiting for her return, the team members commenced practising bandaging. No. 2 doing up No. 1 for a fractured right clavicle, and No.4 doing up No.3 for a fractured knee cap. Suddenly a shot and a scream was beard from the post office, the postmistress having been attacked by a masked man. The teams found Miss Smith suffering from an entry and exit wound of right leg (one with venous and the other with capillary hcemorrbage), accompanied by a fracture, wounds of the left hand with foreign body embedded, and shock. Time allowed was 15 minutes. It was not part of tbe test, but the staging included an announcement that there was a vacancy for sub-postmistresses! !
Dr. J. G. Billington, of Birmingham, set two straightforward tests for his dual practical section Nos. 1 and 3 had to treat a young patient who had met with an
Savings Bank (Harrogate) and Engineering, Factories, and Supplies Departments team, winners of the first National General Post Office Competitions. (By courtesy of the Postmaster-General.) 371
?leeman
martyrs
depicted
accident on a fairground, and was suffering from a greenstick fracture of the right forearm and graze on the right knee; Nos. 2 and 4 had to treat an elderly woman who had slipped on a mat and sustained a fracture of the neck of the femur. The patient was unconscious for the first two minutes of the test.
Prize Distribution
The Earl of Athlone presided at the prize presentation, and after stressing the importance of first aid welcomed the Rt. Hon Wilfred Paling, M.P. (H M. Postmaster-General). Sir Bertram Ford (Director of Ambulance) announced the results, and stated that a special cup had been presented by Birmingham, and it had been decided to award this trophy for this year to the pair gaining the highest
(Morecambe)
number of marks in the individual tests (men or women).
The Postmaster-General presented the Championship trophies and individual prizes to the competitors, and expressed his pleasure at the enthusiasm shown by the competitors. He also expressed thanks to the St. John Ambulance Association.
Sir Bertram Ford proposed a vote of thanks to Mrs. Maxwell and the Associated British Picture Corporation, Ltd., for again generously supplying and erecting the stage settings; to the judges and the medical profession as a whole for their valuable services; to the stewards and patients for the assistance freely given.
COMPLEI:E RESULTS
The following is the complete results :-
GRAND PRIORY CHURCH REBUILDING FUND
Contributions to tbe Fund now total for the ever widening support received nearly { 14,000 and still continue steadily. from Divisions of the St. John Ambulance
An encouraging feature is the number Brigade. of cases where second and third donations All inquiries relating to the Appeal arrive from the same sources, showing should be addressed to the Secretary, The the growth of that sustained interest in Grand Priory Church Rebuilding Fund, the plans for the Church Restoration St. John's Gate, London,E.C. 1. which is so necessary to ensure their Supplies of the new Appeal Poster and success of Appeal Leaflets and collecting cards
The Committee are especially grateful can be obtained on application. Donations received from 24th October, 1949, to 21st November, 1949.
£50
Oldham Centre, SJAA.
£4675.2d.
Tenterden Branch, SJAA, and Tenterden Ambulance, Nursing and Cadet Divisions, SJAB.
£36 05. 7d. Kent Cadet Nursing Divisions, SJAB.
£25 " Border."
£20
Collection at Service at Scarborough Conference.
£12 125. Chingford SJAB.
£10 Nursing Division,
The Hon. Lady Henn Collins.
£7 45. 6d. Keswick Nursing Division, SJAB.
£5 55. Bermondsey Ambulance Division, SJAB. Ware Ambulance Division, SJAB.
Redbridge First Aid Class. King William Town, S.J.A.B.O.
£5 15. lid. Chester Corps and Divisions, SJAB.
£5
Major-General J. F. Martin.
£4 4s. 4d Dunstable Cadet Nursing Division, SJAB.
£4 05. Id. Whaley Bridge Ambulance and Cadet Ambulance Divisions, SJAB.
£3 105. 9d. Central Division, Birmingham, SJAB.
£3 25. 6d. Dunlop Division, SJAB. Collection at Princes Risborough Bourneville Works Division, Parochial Church. SJAB.
£2 175. Crewe .Nursing Division, SJAB.
£2 105.
Waterloo Ambulance Class, S.R.
£2 55.
Tunbridge Wells Nursing Division, SJAB.
£2 35. 3d. Bishop's Stonford Nursing Cadet Division, SJAB.
£2 25. Paignton Division, SJAB.
Helsby B.LC C. Ambulance Division, SJAB.
Mrs Edith Davidson.
Welsh pool Nursing Division, SJAB.
In memory of Jean Moore, Finsbury Nursing Division, SJAB.
£2 In memory of Miss Alice Tracey, Walthamstow Nursing Division and Miss E. A. Tracey, Bath Nursing Division, SJAB. Rudheath Nursing Division, SJAB.
£1 95. 8d. Aberbargoed Division, SJAB.
£1 55. Sir Bertram Ford Division, SJAB.
£1 15. B.S.A. Small Heath Division, SJAB.
J. Hepburn.
Dr. D. Hardy Kinmont.
Miss H. M. Perrett.
£1
Miss C. M. Tracey. H. W. Wards Division, Birrningham SJAB.
185. County of Suffolk, SJAB.
175. 9d. Crewe "B" Ambulance Division, SJAB.
155. 9d. Congleton SJAB.
155. Nursing Division, Kings Heath Division, SJAB. I25. 3d. Birmingham" B " Corps, SJAB.
115.
Mersey Ironworks Ambulance Division, SJAB.
105. Mrs. Moys-Jolliffe.
85. Austin Works Division, SJAB. C.E.M. Division, SJAB.
75. 9d • A. C. O. Beckett.
55. 6d. Port Sunlight Corps, SJAB.
55. Congleton Ambulance Division, SJAB.
45. 2d. Helsby B.LC.C. Nursing Division, SJAB.
45. Crewe Cadet Nursing Division, SJAB.
25. 6d. Macclesfield Ambulance Division, SJAB.
Errata.- The entry, Borough of Tenterden £10 lOS. in the June, 1949, issue, is cancelled and amended in this issue.
DEMONSTRATION FIRST AID POST
At an exhibition of health education material, held at Central Hall, Westminster, London, on 8th and 9th November, in conjunction with the Central Council for Health Education Con-
IndIVIdual Trophy. Nos. 1 and 3, Savmgs Dept. (Harrogate),
methods of water supply and waste disposal.
An unfortunate incident occurred before the Exhibition was opened to the delegates in that the Nursing Officer-inCharge was taken ill on arrival, and later ference, a First Aid Post was set and had to be removed to hospital in an -staffed by officers and members of the ambulance. The Ambulance Sister on No. 1 (Prince of \i\Tales's) District 01 the duty took charge of a difficult situation Brigade. The Post took the form of a most efficiently, attended to her patient working exbibit, showing in addition to the behind a screen, and at the same time, usual equipment, apparatus for air dis- dealing with interested visitors wishing to infection and steriliza60n, and improved view the Post.
373
COUNTY OF BIRMINGHAM
HEADQUARTER NOTES
Carrying of Handbags.-Except on ceremonial occasions, Officers and members of Nursing Corps and Divisions may use a black handbag or black shoulder bag.
Insurance of PersonneL-From 1st January, 1950, all units of the Brigade.at Home will make arrangements for msurance in accordance with particulars sent out by Headquarters. County Policies will be taken out by Commissioners, the premiums being met from County Funds, and if necessary collected from Corps and Divisions. The B.F.1 will remain the official record, and will be utilized by Commissioners for compiling a total of all officers and members in the County.
A special Brigade Order embodying the complete arrangements will be issued to Corps and Divisions as soon as possible.
members on their 40th birthday, and expressed regret that l\liss E. M. Wydham, who joined the Division in 1911, and who was later made supermtendent, was unable to be present. Dr. Massie urged members to use their influence with the younger folk and ge.t them to classes. During the evenmg a presentatIon was made to Supt. Miss Blaber by Sister Rogers (of the 126 Nursing Division), a former ursing Officer of the Croydon Division. Miss Blaber in reply gave a brief history of the Division, and thanked Dr. Massie for the valuable assistance he gave. She aiso paid tribute to the work carried out by Secretary Mrs. Shorter.
LANCASIDRE DISTRICT
Todmorden.-Congratulations to Nurse Joan Bentley, a former member of the Todmorden Nursing Cadet Division, on winning the Professor John Hill Abram proficiency prize of ten guineas, and a NO.1 (PRINCE OF WALES'S) DISTRICT share in the Sir John Shute Memorial East Barnet Division.-The annual com- Prize, which awards were received at the petition in first aid for the Corporal Liverpool Royal Infirmary recently. Francis Partos Cup was won by Cpl. Preston.-The 'War Memorial to the G. 'V. Titford, Pte. L. Young being the memory of the members of the Corps who runner-up. Supt. C. VV. Bowyer con- gave their lives during the Second World gratulated the winner, and thanked Area Vvar, was unveiled by Asst. Commissioner Competition Secretary A. S. 'Veymouth W. H. Gastall at the Preston Corps for setting and judging the tests. Headquarters on 23rd ovember. Knightsbridge Nursing Division held a Manchester.-Post Office" A " Division meeting at St. John House to wbich held a presentation dinner and social to invitations had been sent to District Supt. mark tbe retirement of Supt. L. J. Riley, Miss vVorkman, District Officers Mrs. B.E.M., Asst. Postmaster W. Batten ?Iatthews, and Miss Milne, and members eulogized the work of Mr. Riley during of the Central Area Nursing and Ambu- bis association with the Brigade and the lance Divisions. It was delightful to have Manchester Post Oftice Divisions, which so many present. Corps Supt. Mrs, were first formed in 1933. Mr. VV. Brooks Blagden introduced Dr. Henry Rowan, (late Asst. Postmaster), Corps Treasurer of who gave a talk on "Tuberculosis-its the Manchester and Salford Corps, resymptoms, methods of prevention, and ferred to Mr. Riley's earlier work in the modern methods of treatment". The Brigade up to the time when he earned the lecture was extremely interesting, and a B.E.M. during the war. Div. Secretary film illustrated the latter part. Miss J. K. Vance, on behalf of the members of Workman expressed thanks to the doctor, the Post Office Divisions and colleagues of and this was seconded by Miss 'iVatson. Newton Street Post Office, presented Croydon Nursing Division celebrated its Mr. Riley with a chiming door bell and an 40th birthday by holding a social evening umbrella for Mrs. Riley, who was unable at which some 140 guests were present, to be present. Mr. Riley expressed an including Councillor and Mrs. Stewart, appreciative" Thank you". He rePresident l\Irs. F. E. Massie, Div. Surgeon gretted that the time had come wben he F. E. Massie, District Officers the Misses must leave a very fine body of men. G. and M. Tuckwell, District Nursing The final parade carried out by Mr. Officer Miss Durrant, and District Officer Riley followed the next day, when Dr. D. G. Goldie. The President, after cutting Adams presented the Divisional Challenge the birthday cake, welcomed the guests, Cup to Div. Secretary Vance. Among and congratulated Miss Blaber on being other awards was the third Bar to the Admitted a Serving Sister of the Order. Service Medal to Mr. Ri.ley, and Service She also. presenter! certificates to the Medals to S/Sergt. J. Seymour, Sergt. C. winners of the Walker Cup. District Nelson, Cpls. S. Phillips, W. Simmons, Officer Miss Tuckwell congratulated the and Pte. S. Bourne.
374
Officers Dance.-A successful dance attended by many officers and friends was held at the Botanical Gardens, Edgbaston. A/County Commissioner W. E. Ballard and Mrs. Ballard, A/Asst. Commissioner M. L. Hayne and Mrs. Hayne, an9. members of the County Staff were present. Corps Supt. Miss E. M. Rogers and Supt. Mrs. Victor Gardiner organized the event. Appointment. - Congratulations to Corps Officer W. R. Lloyd on his appointment as County Officer for Special Duties. lVIr. Lloyd will devote much of his time to training Brigade personnel, and so increase their efficiency. He has had good experience in this and in administrative duties.
Demonstration.-Members of the G.E.C. (vVitton) "B" Division (Supt. H. F. Hearnshaw) co-operated with the G.E.C. (Witton) Test Department to demonstrate artificial respiration, Eve's Rocking Method and the use of the TOVOX Apparatus, at Messrs. Bulpitts, Ltd. This was much appreciated, and the Welfare Officer of the firm conveyed grateful thanks, the result of the demonstration being a much keener interest in first aid and a team formed to help in emergencies.
Flag Day.-It is now known that the sum of £2,340 was obtained as a result of the biennial Flag Day held in the summer. The Birmingham Speedway" fans" gave the fine sum of £152, and Supt. G. A. Robbins, han. secretary of the Flag Day Committee, is to be congratulated on his fine organization.
COUNTY OF BUCKINGHAM
High Wycomhe.-County Supt. Lady Denham met Nursing personnel of the
High Wycombe and Ernest Turner Electrical Divisions at the Health Centre in November. Nursing Cadets and Marlow Cadet Officers also attended. Introduced by County Officer Miss Mitchell, Lady Denham praised the splendid work being carried out under what were undoubtedly very trying conditions.
Stokenchurch.-The local divisions held their annual service at the Parish Church. The Rector gave an address on the inspiring history of the Order, and Brigade Officers read the Lesson. The collection was in aid of the Priory Church Rebuilding Fund.
Siough.-The first competition for the Buck Cup, presented by Mr. and Mrs. Buck, and open to all members of the South Bucks Corps, was held last month. J. Dedman, of the I.C 1. Division, gained first place. The judges were County Surgeon Kipping and Dr. Cosgrave.
COUNTY OF CAMBRIDGE
March.-Beauty through nature and beauty through art were to be seen at the Palace Hall, March, where the fifth annual chrysanthemum fruit and vegetable show, which also included handicrafts, of the March Division was held. The opener was Mr. F. D. Grounds, who paid tribute to the Cadets in their achievement in reaching the finals of the ational Competitions, and also as exhibitors in the handicraft section of the Show. A/Supt. \V. Atkinson introduced the speaker, and also expressed thanks to the judges.
COUNTY OF ESSEX
Chelmsford Area.-The Margaret Lucas Cup competition was held recently when
IMPORTANT NOTICE
As and from the January, 1950, issue THE ST. JOHN GAZETTE will be renamed
THE REVIEW OF THE ORDER OF ST JOHN
and many new features will he incorporated.
The pages will he increased to the pre-war size; and more photographs and illustrations will he included.
As more paper is now availahle it is also possible to print a of copies; and Secretaries of Division.s ca? now forward .orders for I.ncrease.d supplies. Similarly, readers can inform theIr frIends that copIes are avaIlable eIther from the Publishing Office, or they can he ordered through any newsagent.
ALL COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE REVIEW SHOULD BE ADDRESSED TO ST. JOHN'S GATE, LONDON, E.C. 1.
375
five teams from the Ambulance and ursing Divisions in the area competed. Chelmsford ursing Division gained the trophy for the third year in succession. Asst. Commissioner Dr. J. T. Whitley and Miss K. Trillwood, Superintendent Health Visitor, were the judges. Roxwell Nursing Division were placed second.
EAST, SOUTH, AND NORTH DEVONSHIRE
Exmouth.-Commenting on Exmouth's contribution to the County Ambulance Service, Mr. H. Jarvis Graves (Chairman of the Exmouth V.C.), speaking at the dinner of the Exmouth Division, said, " It used to cost us £350, the equivalent of a td. rate (to run the ambulance service), and now it cost £1,840, the equivalent of a 2id. rate." County Ambulance Officer Lt.-Col. C. K. Congdon, explained that under the National Health Service the County Council had to either run the ambulance service themselves or "farm out". In their wisdom they took the latter alternative. Referring to membership of the Brigade, Col. Congdon said that people joined to do something for their fellow men. They found happiness by helping other people.
In a tribute to the Exmouth St. John, Chief Constable Col. R. M. Bacon said he did not suppose there was any part of the county where the response to urgent calls was quite so spontaneous. A history of the Order, the Association, and the Brigade, was recounted by County Commissioner Dr. Morton Palmer, and replying to the toast of " The Association ", Mr. N. Dart said they wished to justify the confidences of the County Council. Supt. W. ]. Perriam thought they had the best divisions in the county. The Cadet Division was growing each week, and the Nursing and Ambulance Divisions played their part. During the first year uneler the National Health the Exmouth ambulances carried 1,126 patients a distance of 21,768 miles; 689 voluntary hours were given by the women and 788 hours by the men. During the summer 757 casualties had been treated at the beach hut on Exmouth sea front. Other speakers paid tribute to the work of St. John at a function over which Mr. P. ]. Dixon (Chairman Exmouth Centres S.].A.A.) presided.
COUNTY OF DURHAM
the arrangements being in the capable hands of Sergt. N. Holmes.
COUNTY OF NORFOLK
Yarmouth.-A large attendance was made at the general meeting of members of the Gorleston and Yarmouth units of the Brigade (adults and cadets). County Commissioner Sir Thomas Cook presided, supported by the Mayor (Mr. F. Kruber), who presented Service awards to Supt. L. C. Banham, Amb. Officer F. H. B. Kemp, Amb. Officer T. Styles, Sergts. A. H. Jackson, and H. Winter, Cpls. W. Berry and H. Burgess, and Pte. T. Hatchett, County Supt. Dr. May Rutledge, Asst. Commissioner Dr. VV. E. Rutledge County Cadet Officer Mrs. G. E. Portal, County Officer R. C. Hannant, and Supts. S. C. Burtonshawand L. C. Banham. Sir Thomas referred to the great progress which had been made by all St. John branches since the war, and paid tribute to Supt. H. G. Oglesby, who had now been placed on the Reserve.
Civil Defence.-Brigadier A. L. KentLemon (President Sheringham Division), has been appointed as representative of the Brigade on the County Civil Defence Committee.
No.7 Area Dinner was held at Aylsham, under the .chairmanship of 1\1r. C. A. Mileham (Div. President), who welcomed a representative gathering. Asst. Commissioner Dr. A. G. Holman proposed " The Brigade", the response being by the County Commissioner. He thanked all ranks for their co-operation, and stated that the St. John family in Norfolk was not only large but also united. There was no sign of their organization becoming redundant, on the contrary, the post-war years were making ever increasing demands upon time and energy of all members. All recruits must be 100 per cent convinced of the obligations which they were expected to fulfil. Lady Cook responded to the toast of " The Ladies ", proposed by Supt. Lawn. Lady Cook (County President, Nursing Division) stated that they wanted more women with initiative, and who were prepared to work hard, because the greatest calling for any woman was nursing. County Supt. Dr. May Rutledge referred to the various duties performed by St. John Nursing personnel.
Diss.-County Commissioner Sir Thomas Cook, accompanied by Admiral Hetton-Ie-Hole Ambulance Division, H . Taylor (President), inspected a strong one of the units of the newly formed parade of local divisions in the Corn Hall. Mid East Durham Corps, held its annual Winfarthing.-Divisional inspection was dinner on 19th November. About 70 carried out by the County Commissioner, people were present. Amb. Officer J. W. who presented awards to members. Collings presiding in the unavoidable Thorpe.-The Rev. R. Fielding (Presiabsence of the Superintendent.. An dent) presided at the presentation of excellent entertainment was provlded; awards, and welcomed County President 376
Lady Cook, who presented some sixty awards to members. Those present included Mr. A. Richardson (Chairman, Thorpe Parish Council) and members of the Couuty Staff.
COUNTY OF NORTHAMPTON
Northampton.-When members of the Headquarters Division celebrated their Golden Jubilee in September, the Jubilee Certii'icate was not fully prepared. Receni.ly at a meeting held at Headquarters, the Certificate issued by the Chief Commissioner was officially presented by County Supt. Mrs. D. Gibbons. Mrs. Gibbons was introduced by Corps Supt. ]'drs. E. Carpenter, the Certificate being received by Supt. Mrs. F. K. Hall.
COUNTY OF NORTHUMBERLAND
Newcastle upou Tyne Corps.-The new Headquarters of the Corps was officially opened by the Lord Mayor, Councillor A. Charlton Curry, who was accompanied by the Lady and County Commissioner Stanley Embleton. Leased from the Corporation for 21 years, the Hall, dating back to 1607, is scheduled by I<.oyal \Varrant as an Ancient :l\1onument. Standing in its own grounds on the edge of lovely Jesmond Dene, the building still retains many original features, including an oak door of the Jacobean period, mullioned windo\\'s, and three stone fireplaces all marked with apparently contemporary" Tudor" heads. Cleaned and redecorated by the members, the Hall provides oftices, store rooms, rest rooms, a large lecture hall, and a Medical Comforts Depot. Cadets presented the Lord Mayor wilh a bound copy of the History of the Order, and the Lady Mayoress with a bouquet. In declaring open the new Headquarters, the Lord Mayor stressed the importance of voluntary service of which St. John Ambulance Brigade was a shining example. Prior to the opening a short service of dedication was conducted by the Rev. R. S. Chapman and the L<?rd Mayor initiated a new ambulance WhICh the Corps, in conjunction with the Vickers Armstrong Corps, hope to use in carrying out many of their public duties. The ambulance is the first half of a mobile first aid unit.
knowledge for all Civil Defence workers, and the brunt of the teaching of this knowledge would fall on St. John members. After the dinner the Mayor presented awards which, he said, were the outward and visible signs of their endeavours and achievements. "Now, as in the past, you carryon the traditions of voluntary service, and I hope the St. John Ambulance Brigade will never lose its individuality or fall from the high place it has in the heart of the people of Banbury."
COUNTY OF SURREY
During the month of October, MajorGeneral Salisbury-Jones (Asst. Chief Commissioner) visited the County of Surrey, and paid calls on numerous Divisions. The first call was to Guildford, where he inspected the ambulances and headquarters. The Mayor of Guildford, the Earl and Countess of Onslow, Lady Peters, Lady Henriques, Mrs. Lankester, Dr. Soutar (M.O.H., Surrey County Council), and others being among those who supported the visit. Lunch was taken at Reigate. In the afternoon visits were paid to Redhill and Reigate Ambulance and Nursing Headquarters, Dorking, Horley, Godstone, and Caterham. At each place the members had staged various incidents connected with Brigade work, and at Caterham the County VicePresident for Nursing Cadets conducted an enrolment ceremony. Other divisions co-operated with the Divisions mentioned, so as to bring as many personnel as possible in the Eastern Area of the County to the notice of General Salisbury-Jones. At the end of the day the Inspecting Officer, who was accompanied by the County Commissioner and members of the County Staff, expressed his pleasure with all he had seen and congratulated the members on their efforts.
Cobham Divisions second annual dinner was held on 12th November. Asst. Commissioner Capt. P. H. Ellis spoke of 1949 as the year of achievement for the Divisions, having after a long struggle, obtained their own Headquarters. This was also a birthday year, the present Ambulance Division being twenty-one years old. Capt. Ellis referred to the excellent work carried out by the ambu-. COUNTY OF OXFORD lances-880 to 1,000 miles per month-all Banbury.-The annual dinner of the with voluntary personnel. Mr. Robin Banbury Divisions was held on 12th Marx (President, Ambulance Divisio?-), November. County Surgeon T. F. Briggs, said he was pleased to be connected WIth in replying to the toast of "The Order an organization in which people of all and the Banbury Division", moved by political beliefs, religions, and creeds Mr. Douglas Dodds-Parker, M.P., all work together with the object of that the men's Division was formed m assisting humanity.
November, 1928, and that in a few days' Cranleigh.-The Ambulance, Nursmg, time the Division would be coming of and Cadet Divisions combined for a age. First aid is now regarded as essential recruiting week which resulted, in the 377
first instance, in 16 new members A Display Night was held in the Village Hall, staging a domestic accident with three casualties, and showing contrasts between the well-meaning but misplaced efforts of neighbours and the efficient methods as practised by St. John personnel. A street accident was also staged with four patients. On this occasion County President Countess of Lindsay, County Supt. Mrs. Lionel Heald, County Officer Mrs. Henry, and County Surgeon Capt. Dickinson were present. The Divisions also collected £20 for the Priory Church Rebuilding Fund
CO UNT Y OF STAFF ORD
Wes t B ro mwic h Headquarters Division recently held its first individual first aid competition for a cup presented by Corps Surgeon C. E. Matthews, is also Surgeon to the Division. Pte. Joseph S. Stevens received the cup from Dr. Matthews, Sergt. Norman P. Smith being the runner-up.
EAST R ID ING OF Y ORKSIDRE
In January, 1941, a few enthusiasts in Brough District decided to form an Ambulance Division. Interest became widespread, until in 1943 all the Divisions in the Area applied for permission to become the Humberside Corps. Eventually there arose a clamour for Headquarters, and Manor House, Brough, was bought for this purpose. Strenuous efforts were made to get the premises into good order, and the culmination of the efforts resulted in the Headquarters being opened by the Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry Pownall, who was accompanied by Asst. Superintendent-in-Chief Mrs. Girouard.
After inspecting a guard of. honour, i.he key of the Manor House was handed to the Chief Commissioner by Dr. Norman Rymer (Deputy Chairman of the Trustees).
After the dedication of the Headquarters, a memorial tablet was unveiled i.o the memory of Pte. MacKenzie, the only member of the Corps who lost his life during the 1939-1945 war. The Chief Commissioner inspected Brigade personnel on the lawn, and took the salute at the march past, being supported by County Commissioner Dr. N. Jennings, Asst. Commissioner G. Edwards, County Supt. Mrs. Edwards, the Chief Constable, members of the County Staff.
Chief Commissioner congratulated the members on an excellent turn-out, and on the work they were doing, stressing the necessity now for personal recruiting and personal influence to make the power of the Brigade more potent.
WEST
RI D ING OF Y ORKSHIRE
B rig ho use Corps 47th annual meeting was held on 4th November, with President A. :l\1arsden in the chair. He congratulated the members on an excellent tear's work; there had been no material increase in numbers, but with the active nucleus of members the Corps possesses, they need have no fear for the future. Corps Supt. Hirst spoke of the great progress which had been made by hard work, and he had much praise for the Cadet Parents' Association. Asst. Commissioner H. Harrison referred to the l\ledical Comforts Depots which were now being taken over by the Authorities, and to Civil Defence recruitment. He urged members to support the drive for C.D personnel.
HEA DQ UA R TE R S IN LANCASID R E
Southport headquarters, situate in Scarisbrick Street, was originally a boarding-house suitable for conversion to meet the requirements of the units with
sufficient space behind in Wright Street on which to erect the commodious hall they now own. For a long time money was scarce, and the day when all calls could be met seemed far, far away. But it arrived in 1942, helped considerably by a legacy of {200, free of duty, bequeathed by the last Amb. Sister Mrs. Stretton.
To-day it is far less difficult to keep the premises in good repair than it was to clear the mortgage.
There is ample accommodation with assembly and lecture rooms, offices, kitchen, stores, and caretaker's quarters, and the sub-letting of rooms to local societies is a source of considerable revenue.
The Hall was officially opened on October 1, 1926, by the then Sub-Prior of the Order, Major-General the Earl of Scarbrough, who was presented with a gold key by the architect; Mr. J. C. H. Sandbach.
378
,riOt\! for
Headquarters: Priory House, 4 Cathedral Road, Cardiff.
GENERAL INTEREST
H e adquart e r N ot es. Dr. Edgar Llewellyn, Surgeon-in-Chief for Wales, told the Ambulance Committee of the Priory on 29th ovember something of his experiences as Senior Officer of the party of Welsh members who attended the 40th Anniversary celebrations of the Brigade in Malta in October. He paid tribute to the excellence of the arrangements made by Headquarters, to the untiring energy and kindness of the Superintendent-in-Chief, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, and to the Commissioner for Malta, Lt.-Col. J. L. Abela, for the wonderful hospitality extended, which was beyond praise. Dr. Llewellyn, who was accompanied on the visit by his wife, the Vice-President of the Cardiff Centre, brought back with him a letter from Col. Abela, which was read to members present at the meeting.
The Priory for \Vales has now no responsibility in regard to ambulance transport in its" home town" of Cardiff, where the first co-ordinated system of Ambulance Transport outside the Metropolitan area had its origin in 1918. It was reported recently to the Health Centres Sub-Committee of the Cardiff City Council that the Agency arrangements with the Priory had terminated on 1st October, and the following resolution was passed :-
"That this Sub-Committee place on record their appreciation of the extremely valuable services rendered by the Priory for Wales, Order of St. John of Jerusalem, and its Principal Secretary and other officers concerned to the Municipal Ambulance Service since its inception."
Davies was quite severely cut about the feet through contact with stones and shingle, but he immediately applied artificial respiration, and eventually the girl recovered and was taken home "
GL A MORGA N
B arry Count y Area - The report of the summer season's work at the First Aid Station on Barry Island is always a striking example of the value of First Aid. This year there has been an increase of 2,237 in the number of cases treated over the 1948 figures, and the analysis given below indicates the varied types of injuries and ailments dealt with by the Ambulance and Nursing members who undertake on rota in an entirely voluntary capacity, regular duties throughout the holiday season when the Station is staffed daily from 9 a.m. to sundown.
Fractures suspected: Clavicle, humerus, elbow, forearm, ,yrist, fingers, thigh, patella, ankle, toes, skull
Dislocations: Thumb, elbow, fingers, ankle, toes, shoulder . Animal Bites: Dog, monkey, horse, donkey, parrot, snake, rat
Foreign bodies in the eye
Foreign bodies in ear
Fish bone in throat
Insect stings
Blisters
Burns
Scalds
Biliousness
Splinters,
CA R MA R THENSHI R E Sunburn
The Commissioner, 1\1r. Cecil Williams, Epilepsy reported to Priory Headquarters an act Internal hcemorrhage of gallantry on the part of a member of Cerebral hcemorrhage Burry Port and Pembrey Ambulance Abdominal pains
Division which has merited an award of Sunstroke and heatstroke the Humane Society. The details Toothache of the occurrence are as follows:- Heart attack
"On 23rd June last, John Gwynfryn Convulsions
Davies of 43 Clift Terrace, Burry Port, Malaria . saw a little girl in difficulties while bathi?g Spine injury in the Old Harbour, Burry Port. DaVIes Diabetic coma ran to her rescue without even waiting to Asthma undress and after a tremendous struggle F luid on knee . against' an outgoing tide which. w3;s Displaced cartilage running very strongly succeeded III hIS Shock and collapse rescue and brought the girl ashore
Heada.che
Fainting
Earache.
Childbirth
Hernia
Food poisoning
Alcoholic poisoning
Concussion
Tonsilitis
Muscular cramp
Mental derangement
Cases treated during Summer months, 1949 No. bleated. 61 33 13 I 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4,932
At the Lost Children's Creche on the island, Brigade personnel cared for 1,627 children who became lost among the crowds on the sands until they were reclaimed by parents or others responsible.
Bridgend County Area.-Dr. Robert Baird Milne was honoured by the members of the Bridgend Ambulance and Nursing Divisions at a dinner held on the occasion of his retirement after twenty years' service as Divisional Surgeon. County Councillor H. P. Williams, who presided, said he was extremely pleased to see the Doctor's services recognized, though it was regrettable that the Brigade would no longer have his association and help.
Lady Supt. Mrs. H. A. Wright and Div. Supt. S. Tozer jointly made the presentation of a coffee table to Dr. Milne, both expressing the regret and appreciation felt by all members of their Division for all the doctor had done for them.
Dr. Milne thanked the Divisions for their gift, and the kind remarks made by
their representatives and the Chairman, who was himself a staunch supporter of the Brigade. He had pleasure in introducing Dr. T. D. Llewellyn and Dr. Coulter, who had accepted appointment as Divisional Surgeon to the Ambulance and Nursing Divisions respectively.
Ambulance Officer A. Harvey extended a welcome to Dr. Coulter and Mrs. F. 'Wright to Dr. Llewellyn. A bouquet was presented to Mrs. Milne by Mrs. Buffry, Vice-President of the Nursing Division, in token of her kind help at all times, and a presentation was made by Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. L. M. Richardson to Cadet Officer P. Harries to mark the occasion of his recent marriage.
Pontypridd County Area. Long services in the Pontypridd Corps were recognized at a social evening held at Trehafod on 5th November, at which President C. P. Oliver, Treforest Di\'ision, presided. The awards were presented by 1\1r. H. G. Joshua (Chairman ofthe Pontypridd V.D. Council), who observed that the Brigade was one of the few organizations whose members look for no personal gain in rendering disinterested service to their fellows, irrespective of religious creeds or political associations. He presented Bars for 20 years' efficient service to Cadet Supt. F. Wells, Ambulance Officer 1. Ebenezer, and Sergt. C. H. Mann. Recipients of the Service Medals for 15 years were Corps Officer H. Needs, Ambulance Officer J. Hobbs, Capt. T. \V. Elliott, Sergt. 1. Jenkins, Sergt. E. Lloyd, and Pte. A. Pearce. A pleasing item in the programme, which was drawn up by County Officer H. Clift, was the presentation of a cheque to the Brigade by the Pontypridd Cycling Club.
MONMOUTHSHIRE
Assistant Commissioner H. J. Lewis, Silwrain County Area, was the guest of honour at a presentation meeting for the Trethomas Ambulance, Nursing, and Cadet Divisions at Trethomas on 19th November, when he paid tribute to the splendid spirit of co-operation between the \'arious units.
Vice-President W. G. Short presided, and guests attended from two counties and several Corps. The presentations included warrants of appointment to Dr. E. C. Ellis (as President Nursing Cadet Division), Mr. H. H. Collins (as President Ambulance Cadet Division), Ambulance Officer J. A. Parry, and Cadet Officer K. Price.
The occasion marked the final round of t he Trethomas Ambulance Divisional Individual Competition in which Supt. B. St okes gained highest marks for the second year in succession, receiving the Michael Bishop cup at the hands of VicePresident \V. H. Bishop. Medals were awarded to the winner and runner-up, Ambulance Officer I. Thomas. Corps
Supt. G. E. Davies congratulated Supt. Stokes upon his success, at the same time paying tribute to his unfailing service to the Division. Tea was provided by Lady Div. Supt. Mrs. 1. Rundle and members of the Nursing Division.
CITY OF CARDIFF
Nearly 100 officers and members of the Cardiff and District Nursing Corps were entertained on 24th November at the Cardiff Castle Brigade Headquarters by their Vice-President, Mrs. S. Hauser. The guests included Commissioner Capt. F. P. Robathan, Asst. Commissioner Major A. H. G. Field, Lady County Supt. Miss G. Richards, and Mrs. A. Stephens and Mr. Hauser. Miss Richards took the opportunity of explaining the part the Brigade was expected to play in the National Hospital Service Reserve. Miss E. King, a Nursing Officer in the Brigade, had been appointed as County Representative, and would be meeting all the Divisions in due course to assist in promoting the work of enrolling and training volunteers as Nursing Auxiliaries.
RAILWAY AMBULANCE NEWS
LONDON MIDLAND REGION
The 24th annual report of the ambulance movement in England and Wales on the London Midland Region for the year ended 30th June, 1949, shows that sound progress has been made. Awards.-A pleasing note is the fact that more than twice as many members of the staff took their first certificates than in the previous year. Nearly 1,100 certificates were gained, an increase of
report pays tribute to the members of the Medical Profession, Honorary District and Class Secretaries, Instructors and members of District Committees, who have continued to generously give their services and assistance. Thanks are also expressed to the St. John Ambulance Association and to the Priory for Wales for their efficient and willing help, and to the Railway Executive for facilities granted.
570. In every section an increase is WESTERN REGION
A Trethomas (Mon.) St. John Family. Cadet
Supt. L. T. Rundle, Lady Supt. Mrs. Iren Rundle, Cadets Peter and Olive Rundle.
reported, the total awards being 6,293 Cheltenham Spa.-Mr. W. M. Short, as against 5,368 in the previous twelve Stationmaster, presided at the presentamonths. Although not yet up to the peak tion of awards and social evening. Mr. years, the fact that more persons are taking R. H. B Nicholls (Div. Supt.) presented the up first aid is an encouraging sign. awards and congratulated the class on its Service Awards.-Since the formation of increased membership. He also appealed the Centre 5,595 Long Service Medals for still more members, emphasizing the have been gained, 3,000 Bars for 20 years, value of a knowledge of first aid. Others 1,517 for 25 years, 641 for 30 years, 295 for present included Mr. F. C: Da:ris (Div. 35 years, 83 for 40 years, and 18 for 45 Engineer), Mr. L. R. Morns (DIV. Loco. years. Supt.), Mr. F. C. Lewis (Goods Dept.). Recognition of Services.-During the Dr. Bruce Wallace (Class Lecturer), and period under review eleven members Mr. G. Walker (Class Secretary), who received Promotions or Admissions to the arranged an enjoyable programme. Order of St. John.
Competitions.-Good progress was made Fishguard.-Sir Felix J. Pole has in the development of competition work. presented two silver cups to the The crowning glory was the success of and Goowick Class for annual compehCamden A in gaining first place .the tions. One cup is for Beginners' Section Inter-Regional Ambulance CompetltIOn. (certificate or voucher holders only) and Remarks.-Mr. G. S. Hill, Regional the other for an Advanced Section Ambulance Secretary, in concluding his (medallion of label holders). 381
